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Análise da influência dos parâmetros espectrais da RMN-CWFP em medidas quantitativas em fluxo / Analysis of spectral influence of the NMR CWFP parameters in flow quantitative measurementsMarchi Netto, Antonio 17 September 2009 (has links)
A seqüência de pulsos RMN-CWFP (Ressonância Magnética Nuclear - Precessão Livre de Onda Contínua) tem encontrado diversas aplicações na ciência. O presente trabalho analisa a grande sensibilidade dessa seqüência em relação a variações de seus parâmetros espectrais, exclusivamente em uma caracterização teórico-experimental da RMN-CWFP em fluxos do tipo plug-flow, exemplificados por medidas online através do transporte de sementes por uma esteira sob um campo magnético constante no tempo. Foram feitas simulações e medições em várias condições, variando os fatores que influenciam as medidas, como ângulo de nutação (?), ângulo de offset (?), tempo entre pulsos (Tp), gradiente (G), velocidade (v) e tempos de relaxação longitudinal (T1) e transversal (T2). Em determinadas condições fixas de ângulo de nutação, precessão, tempo entre pulsos, gradiente e velocidade, foi observado que poderia existir um ponto nulo com dependência entre T1 e T2. Esse fenômeno foi estudado e algumas aplicações foram sugeridas. O trabalho também validou a seqüência de pulsos CWFP em fluxo como ferramenta para análises quantitativas da massa de óleo em sementes. / The NMR-CWFP pulse sequence (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - Continuous Wave Free Precession) has met several applications in the science. The present work analyses the high sensibility of this sequence to its spectral parameters variation, exclusively in a theoretical and experimental characterization of the flow NMR-CWFP of the kind plug-flow, exemplified by online measures by seeds transport through a mat under a magnetic field constant in time. Simulations and measurements were made on several conditions, varying the factors that have measurement influence, like flip angle (??, offset angle (??, time between pulses (Tp), gradient (G), velocity (v) and longitudinal and transversal relaxation times (T1 and T2). Under certain conditions of flip angle, precession, time between pulses, gradient and velocity, it was noticed that there might be a null point with T1 and T2 dependence. This phenomenon was studied and some applications have been suggested. The work has also validated the CWFP pulse sequence as a quantitative tool to quantitative analysis of seeds oil mass.
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Análise da influência dos parâmetros espectrais da RMN-CWFP em medidas quantitativas em fluxo / Analysis of spectral influence of the NMR CWFP parameters in flow quantitative measurementsAntonio Marchi Netto 17 September 2009 (has links)
A seqüência de pulsos RMN-CWFP (Ressonância Magnética Nuclear - Precessão Livre de Onda Contínua) tem encontrado diversas aplicações na ciência. O presente trabalho analisa a grande sensibilidade dessa seqüência em relação a variações de seus parâmetros espectrais, exclusivamente em uma caracterização teórico-experimental da RMN-CWFP em fluxos do tipo plug-flow, exemplificados por medidas online através do transporte de sementes por uma esteira sob um campo magnético constante no tempo. Foram feitas simulações e medições em várias condições, variando os fatores que influenciam as medidas, como ângulo de nutação (?), ângulo de offset (?), tempo entre pulsos (Tp), gradiente (G), velocidade (v) e tempos de relaxação longitudinal (T1) e transversal (T2). Em determinadas condições fixas de ângulo de nutação, precessão, tempo entre pulsos, gradiente e velocidade, foi observado que poderia existir um ponto nulo com dependência entre T1 e T2. Esse fenômeno foi estudado e algumas aplicações foram sugeridas. O trabalho também validou a seqüência de pulsos CWFP em fluxo como ferramenta para análises quantitativas da massa de óleo em sementes. / The NMR-CWFP pulse sequence (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - Continuous Wave Free Precession) has met several applications in the science. The present work analyses the high sensibility of this sequence to its spectral parameters variation, exclusively in a theoretical and experimental characterization of the flow NMR-CWFP of the kind plug-flow, exemplified by online measures by seeds transport through a mat under a magnetic field constant in time. Simulations and measurements were made on several conditions, varying the factors that have measurement influence, like flip angle (??, offset angle (??, time between pulses (Tp), gradient (G), velocity (v) and longitudinal and transversal relaxation times (T1 and T2). Under certain conditions of flip angle, precession, time between pulses, gradient and velocity, it was noticed that there might be a null point with T1 and T2 dependence. This phenomenon was studied and some applications have been suggested. The work has also validated the CWFP pulse sequence as a quantitative tool to quantitative analysis of seeds oil mass.
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Thermal Decomposition and Growth of Short Alkylated NaphthalenesYANG, JUN 04 April 2007 (has links)
No description available.
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Analysis and LQ-optimal control of infinite-dimensional semilinear systems : application to a plug flow reactorAksikas, Ilyasse 07 December 2005 (has links)
Tubular reactors cover a large class of processes in chemical and biochemical engineering. They are typically reactors in which the medium is not homogeneous (like fixed-bed reactors, packed-bed reactors, fluidized-bed
reactors,...) and possibly involve diferent phases (liquid/solid/gas). The dynamics of nonisothermal axial dispersion or plug flow tubular reactors are described by semilinear partial differential equations (PDE's) derived
from mass and energy balances. The main source of nonlinearities in such dynamics is concentrated in the kinetics terms of the
model equations. Like tubular reactors many physical phenomena are modelled by partial differential equations (PDE's). Such systems are called distributed parameter systems. Control problems of these systems can be formulated in
state-space form in a way analogous to those of lumped parameter systems (those described by ordinary differential equations) if one introduces a suitable infinite-dimensional
state-space and suitable operators instead of the usual matrices.
This thesis deals with the synthesis of optimal control laws with a view to regulate the temperature and the reactant concentration
of a nonisothermal plug flow reactor model. Several tools of linear and semilinear infinite-dimensional system theory are extended and/or
developed, and applied to this model. On the one hand, the concept of asymptotic stability is studied for a class of infinite-dimensional
semilinear Banach state- space systems. Asymptotic stability criteria are established, which are based on the concept of strictly m-dissipative operator. This theory is applied to a nonisothermal plug flow reactor.
On the other hand, the concept of optimal Linear-Quadratic (LQ) feedback is studied for class of infinite-dimensional linear systems. This theory
is applied to a linearized plug flow reactor model in order to design an LQ optimal feedback controller. Then the resulting nonlinear closed-loop system performances are analyzed. Finally this control design strategy is extended to a large class of first-order hyperbolic PDE's systems.
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Comparative study of complete- mix and plug flow first-order kinetic models of constructed wetlands.Ackah, Louis Akainya 01 May 2013 (has links)
Constructed Wetlands are used in many parts of the world for the treatment of wastewater from diverse sources. They are effective, low cost and sustainable alternative to most conventional wastewater treatment processes. They are engineered to mimic many of the same processes that occur in natural wetlands but within a more controlled environment. The need for proper design of constructed wetlands for secondary and tertiary wastewater treatment is of utmost importance in meeting today's stringent water quality standards. Subsequently, numerous design tools have been proposed for the assessment of constructed wetland performance. Currently, applied modeling approaches include regression models, mass loading versus outflow concentration analysis, Monod type analytical models and first-order removal kinetic models. The principal objective of this research was to estimate the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal using both the plug flow and complete-mix first order kinetic models. Results obtained by these models were then validated by comparing with published data from the Arcata constructed wetland. This study also investigated the sensitivity of effluent BOD quality to variation in influent concentration, temperature and hydraulic retention time. Analysis of the results revealed that variations in the field conditions influenced the removal rate of BOD in each zone of the wetland. The design reaction rate coefficient for each zone varied and was corrected for using the Arrhenius expression. The BOD removal performance of the Arcata wetland and any wetland operated under similar conditions was found to be better modeled by the plug flow model at zero background concentration. The study also found the BOD removal to be much influenced by the influent concentration and minimally influenced by temperature and hydraulic retention time.
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Modelagem e simulação de um reator catalítico de membrana inerte permseletiva a hidrogênio com transferência de calor e massa / Modeling and simulation of a catalytic reactor with a permselective to hydrogen inert membrane with heat and mass transferPossani, Germano, 1986- 17 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Teresa Massako Kakuta Ravagnani / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T16:55:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Dentre os termoplásticos mais utilizados atualmente na indústria, pode-se mencionar o estireno, principal responsável pela produção de plásticos e borrachas. No processo de fabricação de estireno, a principal rota química é por meio da desidrogenação de etilbenzeno, com o hidrogênio como subproduto. A conversão de etilbenzeno nesta reação é em torno de 50,0 %, devido ao equilíbrio termodinâmico. Para deslocar esse equilíbrio e aumentar a produtividade de estireno,foram desenvolvidas novas configurações de reatores, tal como os reatores com membrana. eatores equipados com membranas de paládio fornecem uma seletividade maisalta ao estireno uando comparados com reatores equipados apenas com membranas porosas. Para explorar o otencial desse tipo de reator, modelagens matemáticas foram desenvolvidas a fim de determinar os parâmetros cruciais que regem esses processos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi modelar e simular um reator de leito fixo catalítico, envolto por uma membrana inerte permseletiva ao hidrogênio com transferência de calor e massa, sendo composta por uma camada de aço inoxidável de 1,6 mm de espessura, a qual serviu de suporte para a deposição de um filme de 20 µm de paládio. Para essa modelagem foram utilizados os métodos de Runge-Kutta-Gill para o cálculo das variáveis no sentido axial, tanto no retentato quanto no permeado, considerando no retentato um leito fixo catalítico descrito pelo modelo Pseudo-homogêneo, e para os cálculos das equações não lineares das frações molares das espécies e do fluxo mássico de hidrogênio na direção radial do reator foi utilizado o método de Newton-Raphson. Foram analisados os perfis de temperatura, pressão e concentração dos componentes da reação axialmente, considerando a transferência de massa e energia através da membrana, além dos valores para a conversão do etilbenzeno e produtividade em relação ao estireno. Como resultados das simulações foram obtidos valores para a conversão e produtividade de 50,3 % e 35,2 %, respectivamente, para o reator na condição de reator de leito fixo catalítico convencional, e 71,2 % e 60,2 %, para o reator na condição de reator de leito fixo catalítico envolto por uma membrana permseletiva ao hidrogênio, sendo estes valores 41,6 % maiores para a conversão do etilbenzeno e 71,0 % maiores para a produtividade em relação ao estireno. Concluiu-se que com a implementação da membrana no reator em estudo, considerando também a troca térmica na membrana, esta é uma boa opção como nova alternativa para o processo de fabricação do estireno / Abstract: Among the most widely used thermoplastics in the industry, styrene can be mentioned, the main responsible for the production of plastics and rubbers. In the manufacturing process of styrene, the principal chemical route is by means of dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene, with hydrogen as a byproduct. The conversion of ethylbenzene in this reaction is around 50,0 % due to thermodynamic equilibrium. To overcome this equilibrium and increase the productivity of styrene, new reactor configurations were developed such as membrane reactors. Membrane reactors equipped with a palladium membrane provide a higher selectivity compared with reactors that are equipped only with a porous membrane. To explore the potential of this type of reactor, mathematical models were developed to determine the crucial parameters governing these processes. The aim of this study was to model and simulate a fixed bed catalytic reactor, surrounded by a permselective to hydrogen inert membrane with heat and mass transfer, composed by a layer of stainless steel of 1,6 mm thickness, which served as support for deposition of a 20 µm film of palladium. For this modeling the Runge-Kutta-Gill method was used to calculate the variables in the axial direction, both in tube side and in permeate side, considering in tube side a catalytic fixed bed described by Pseudo-homogeneous model, and for the calculations of nonlinear equations of the mole fractions of species and the mass flow of hydrogen in the radial direction it was used the method of Newton-Raphson. Profiles of temperature, pressure and concentration of reaction components on axial toward were analyzed considering the heat and mass transfer across the membrane, besides the values for ethylbenzene conversion, selectivity and productivity in relation to styrene. As the simulation results, values were obtained for the conversion and productivity of 50,3 % and 35,2 %, respectively, putting the reactor on condition of conventional catalytic fixed bed reactor, and 71,2 % and 60,2 % for the reactor on condition of catalytic fixed bed reactor surrounded by a permselective membrane to hydrogen, then , the obtained values were 41,6 % higher for the conversion of ethylbenzene and 71,0 % higher for the productivity of styrene. It was concluded that with the implementation of a membrane in reactor under study, also considering the heat transfer in the membrane, this technology is a good option as new alternative to the styrene manufacturing process / Mestrado / Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica / Mestre em Engenharia Química
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Process Intensification Techniques for Continuous Spherical Crystallization in an Oscillatory Baffled Crystallizer with Online Process MonitoringJoseph A Oliva (6588797) 15 May 2019 (has links)
<div>
<p>Guided by the continuous manufacturing
paradigm shift in the pharmaceutical industry, the proposed thesis focuses on
the implementation of an integrated continuous crystallization platform, the
oscillatory baffled crystallizer (OBC), with real time process monitoring.
First, by defining an appropriate operating regime with residence time distribution
(RTD) measurements, a system can be defined that allows for plug flow operation
while also maintaining solid suspension in a two-phase system. The aim of
modern crystallization processes, narrow crystal size distributions (CSDs), is
a direct result of narrow RTDs. Using a USB microscope camera and principal
component analysis (PCA) in pulse tracer experiments, a novel non-contact RTD
measurement method was developed using methylene blue. After defining an
operating region, this work focuses on a specific process intensification
technique, namely spherical crystallization.</p>
<p>Used mainly to
tailor the size of a final dosage form, spherical crystallization removes the
need for downstream size-control based unit operations (grinding, milling, and
granulation), while maintaining drug efficacy by tailoring the size of the
primary crystals in the agglomerate. The approach for generating spherical
agglomerates is evaluated for both small and large molecules, as there are
major distinctions in process kinetics and mechanisms. To monitor the spherical
agglomeration process, a variety of Process Analytical Technology (PAT) tools
were used and the data was implemented for scale-up applications.</p>
<p>Lastly, a
compartmental model was designed based on the experimental RTD data with the
intention of predicting OBC mixing and scale-up dynamics. Together, with
validation from both the DN6 and DN15 systems, a scale independent equation was
developed to predict system dispersion at different mixing conditions. Although
it accurately predicts the behavior of these two OBC systems, additional OBC
systems of different scale, but similar geometry should be tested for
validation purposes.</p>
</div>
<br>
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CPFD Modeling of a Novel Internally Circulating Bubbling Fluidized Bed for Chemical Looping CombustionMcIntyre, Christopher 27 April 2021 (has links)
Pressurized chemical looping combustion (PCLC) is a promising next generation carbon capture technology which operates on the fundamentals of oxyfuel combustion to concentrate carbon dioxide in the flue gas stream. Oxygen is supplied through cyclic oxidation and reduction of a solid metal oxide between an air reactor and fuel reactor to prevent the direct contact of fuel and air. CanmetENERGY-Ottawa, in collaboration with Hatch Ltd., is designing a pilot scale PCLC system which uses ilmenite as the oxygen carrier and a novel fluidized bed design called the Plug Flow Internally-recirculating Reactor (PFIR). The PFIR consists of an annular bubbling fluidized region in which particles are circulated by angle jets through two reactive zones separated by baffles. The overall objective of this thesis was to provide key design parameters and insight for the construction of the pilot facility.
Experimental work was first conducted investigating the minimum fluidization velocity (Umf), gas bubble size, and tube-to-bed heat transfer coefficients of different ilmenite particle size distributions (PSDs) at varying pressures up to 2000 kPa. The data was compared to a variety of literature correlations. The Saxena & Vogel (1977) constants for the Wen-Yu type correlations (Remf=√C12+C2Ar-C1) resulted in the best fit for predicting the Umf of the PSDs with Sauter mean diameters (SMD) less than 109 μm, while the Chitester et al. (1984) constants resulted in better predictions for the larger particle size distributions (SMD greater than 236 μm). Gas bubble size was found to be marginally impacted by pressure, with the Mori & Wen (1975) correlation best fitting the data. The heat transfer coefficient was found to also be marginally increased by pressure with the the Molerus et al. (1995) correlation matching the atmospheric data. A computational particle fluid dynamic (CPFD) model of the experimental unit was then created and validated using the obtained data for minimum fluidization velocity and bubble size. The accuracy of the model was found to be dependent on the particle close packing factor input variable, with a value of 0.58 resulting in the best results for each of the ilmenite PSDs modeled. Finally, a CPFD model was created for a cold flow design of the PFIR to investigate the impacts of different operating parameters on the solids circulation rate and gas infiltration rate between the two reactor zones. This model used the validated parameters of the previous CPFD model to add confidence to the results. The impacts of increasing superficial gas velocity, fluidizing gas jet velocity, bed height, and pressure were all found to increase the solids circulation rate through their respective impacts on the momentum rate of the fluidizing gas. A polynomial function was fit between these two variables resulting in a method to predict the solids circulation rate. Similarly, the rate of gas infiltration between sections was found to be dependent on the solids circulation rate, allowing for a function to be made to predict the gas infiltration at different operating conditions.
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STRIPPING DE AMÔNIA DE LIXIVIADO DE ATERRO SANITÁRIO EM REATORES DE FLUXO PISTONADOCampos, Danuza Costa 09 July 2009 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2009-07-09 / By the population growth, the production of municipal solid residues is enhancing,
and consequently the final disposal of such residues has been one of the major
environmental problems faced in large urban centers. Lately the most used form of
arrangement is the sanitary landfill, and when the residues are biodegraded inside
the landfill cells they produce leachate and biogas. The leachate is a highly liquid
pollutant, besides having high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen. Treating leachate
is a very difficult task once its composition is very complex. A kind of treatment that is
being developed is the stripping of ammonia where this chemical will be removed
from the leachate by the mass transfer of the liquid phase to gas. Therefore, this
paper addressed to study the ammonia stripping process in leachate liquids using
plug-flow reactors in series. In order to accomplish the experimental part four plugflow
reactors in series were built, with average height of 50 centimeters, without
forced air supplier and without the leachate pH adjustment. The leachate samples
used was from the metropolitan landfill of João Pessoa city, Paraiba, which was
collected and transported to the EXTRABES laboratory and made the physicalchemical
caracterization. The experimental monitoring system consisted of four
distinct phases, with applied superficial loads of 450, 500, 600 and 700 kg NH4
+.
ha 1.dia 1, hydraulic detention time equal to 65, 60, 50 and 38 days, and it was
obtained an average efficiency of ammonia nitrogen removal around 96.1%, 99.7%,
99.5% and 98.5% respectively. At the end of monitoring, the reactor was discharged
and made microscopic examinations of the remaining sludge reactor and each can
observe the presence of bacteria fototróficas anoxigênicas, cocci, bacilli and algae.
Can be found in this study that the higher the applied superficial load, was greater
efficiency of removal of ammonia nitrogen, which may be load tested to verify the
larger surface of contaminant removal. / Com o aumento populacional, a geração de resíduos sólidos urbanos vem
aumentando, e com isso a disposição final desses resíduos vem sendo um dos
graves problemas ambientais enfrentados nos grandes centros urbanos. A forma de
disposição mais utilizada ultimamente é o aterro sanitário, e quando os resíduos são
biodegradados dentro das células dos aterros, esses geram lixiviado e biogás. O
lixiviado é um líquido altamente poluidor, haja vista, possuir altas concentrações de
nitrogênio amoniacal. Tratar lixiviado é uma tarefa muito difícil devido a sua
composição ser muito complexa. Um tratamento que vem sendo desenvolvido é o
stripping de amônia, no qual a amônia vai ser removida do lixiviado por transferência
de massa da fase líquida para a fase gasosa. Com isso, o presente trabalho tem
como objetivo estudar o processo de stripping de amônia em líquidos lixiviados,
utilizando reatores em série de fluxo pistonado. Para a realização da parte
experimental foram construídos quatro reatores em série de fluxo pistonados, com
altura média de 50 centímetros, sem alimentação forçada de ar e sem correção do
pH do lixiviado. O lixiviado utilizado foi proveniente do aterro metropolitano de João
Pessoa, onde foi coletado e transportado até as dependências físicas do laboratório
da Estação Experimental de Tratamento Biológico de Esgoto Sanitário EXTRABES
e feito a caracterização físico-química. O monitoramento do sistema experimental
constou de quatro fases distintas, com cargas superficiais aplicadas de 450, 500,
600 e 700 kg NH4
+.ha 1.dia 1, tempo de detenção hidráulica igual a 65, 60, 50 e 38
dias, e obteve-se uma eficiência média de remoção de nitrogênio amoniacal em
torno de 96,1%, 99,7%, 99,5% e 98,5%, respectivamente. Ao final do
monitoramento, os reatores foram descarregados e feitos exames microscópicos no
lodo remanescente de cada reator e pode-se observar a presença de bactérias
fototróficas anoxigênicas, cocos, bacilos e algas. Pode ser constatado nesta
pesquisa que quanto maior a carga superficial aplicada aos reatores, maior foi
eficiência de remoção de nitrogênio amoniacal, podendo ainda ser testadas cargas
superficiais maiores para verificar a remoção desse contaminante.
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Desenvolvimento de um aplicativo computacional para dimensionamento técnico e econômico de biodigestores tipo tubular / Development of an computacional application for technical and economical sizing of tubular type biodigestersAlves , Anelisiane Maria 23 March 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-03-23 / Technological and economic development occurred through the extraction of the environment and industrialization in a globalized model of society. This model is now fully dependent on sources of energy to continue to function. However, due to the environmental politicization and the problematization of the use of fossil sources, the search for an alternative energy model has been the subject of academic research and public policies for some years. The present work focuses on the development of a computational program that will provide the user, often unaware of the research in development, with the access and the necessary guidance for the implantation of a tubular rural biodigester. The application was developed in Java language, where the technical and economical sizing methodology used takes into account data such as the type and number of animals and the user's monthly electricity consumption. After the program processes the calculation routine, the user is presented the results in 3 different screens, one containing a generic image with the nomenclature adopted for the estimated dimensions, a screen with technical information of the design and a final screen with information of economic projection. This work is expected to disseminate and democratize alternative research and technologies through the use of digital technology. / O desenvolvimento tecnológico e econômico ocorreu através do extrativismo do meio ambiente e da industrialização em um modelo globalizado de sociedade. Esse modelo encontra-se hoje plenamente depende de fontes de energias para continuar funcionando. Entretanto, em decorrência da politização ambiental e da problematização quanto ao uso de fontes fósseis, a busca por um modelo energético alternativo tem sido tema de pesquisas acadêmicas e políticas públicas há alguns anos. O presente trabalho tem como foco o desenvolvimento de um programa computacional o qual proporcionará ao usuário, muitas vezes alheio às pesquisas em desenvolvimento, o acesso e o direcionamento necessários para a implantação de um biodigestor rural tubular, devendo ser informados apenas alguns dados bases. O aplicativo foi desenvolvido em linguagem Java, onde a metodologia de dimensionamento técnico e econômico utilizada levam em conta dados como o tipo e número de animais e o consumo mensal de energia elétrica do usuário. Após o programa processar a rotina de cálculos, é apresentado ao usuário os resultados em 3 telas diferentes, uma contendo uma imagem genérica com a nomenclatura adotada para as dimensões estimadas, uma tela com informações técnicas do dimensionamento e uma tela final com informações de projeção econômica. Espera-se com esse trabalho a difusão e a democratização de pesquisas e tecnologias alternativas através do uso da tecnologia digital.
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