Since the late 1960s, the sociological studies of policing and of football culture/hooliganism have been increasingly steadily. However, few authors have considered how these areas overlap, namely, the sociology of football policing. This thesis represents the first detailed ethnographic study of police officers and stewards at football matches and their relationships with the supporters. Research was conducted via participant observation and interviews and focused on the police perspective of events. The work of Erving Goffman facilitated this research by highlighting the various interaction teams that are present among the police and the stewards, and how each team interacts with the football supporters in different ways. The supporters and the police/stewards interact according to understood (but not formally recognised) rules of behaviour. Only when these informal rules are violated do the police utilise their legally granted powers. This division of the police into separate interaction teams suggests that the police only appear on the surface to be a united force, but in fact operate as several differentiated units. In addition, this study has suggested some developments to Goffman's ideas, such as the hierarchical relationships among certain interaction teams and the possibility that two teams can co-operate in staging the same performance. The Appendix contains a reflection on the roles gender, nationality and educational background played in executing the methodology.

What are the effects of profiling a minority group? I propose that being profiled lowers an individual's opinions of police as well as harms the police-community relationship. I analyze the results of a snowball sample consisting of qualitative interviews of six young African American males who think they have been racially profiled. The interviews were conducted in 2003 and 2004. A look at the process of racial profiling is included, and several explanations for law enforcement behavior emerged out of the interviews, including ideas of black criminality, acceptance, disrespect, and the presence of window tint. Furthermore, several significant effects emerged including a lowering of opinion on law enforcement, the detailing of a tension between citizens and police, and an analysis of respondent views on the quality of policing. The respondent beliefs about the importance of race and image symbols as well as neighborhood context as determinants of police attention also emerged. The results illustrate that there are several significant drawbacks to the practice of racially profiling young African American men.

Esta dissertação analisa o uso da força não letal pela polícia nas ações de policiamento e o papel que a qualificação profissional pode desempenhar como fator inibidor da violência policial e da exposição ao risco dos atores envolvidos nessas ações, retomando a discussão sobre a ação não-letal da polícia sob outro foco: a relação treinamento-performance. Embora a característica militar seja um fator preponderante nas relações entre os policiais, para efeito desta pesquisa, não é considerada determinante da violência policial. Este estudo visa explorar o cotidiano da relação polícia-cidadão e os determinantes do comportamento individual do policial nesses encontros. A hipótese central deste trabalho estabelece que o treinamento tem um papel significativo como um fator capaz de reduzir o emprego abusivo de força nos encontros do policial com o público e de melhorar a qualidade do trabalho policial de uma maneira geral, aumentando o grau de proteção, tanto do profissional quanto do público, e diminuindo a exposição de ambos ao risco. Esta dissertação O Uso da Força Não Letal Pela Polícia nos Encontros com o Público, introduz uma inovação metodológica, e representa um teste do método que utiliza a técnica da Observação Social Sistemática (OSS) do trabalho policial - a grande contribuição dessa pesquisa, em razão de ser uma técnica inédita em pesquisas acadêmicas no Brasil. / This text analyzes the use of non lethal force for the police in the policing and the role that the professional qualification can carry out as factor that can to inhibit the police violence and of the exhibition risk to the actors involved in those actions, retaking the discussion about the non lethal action of the police under other focus: the relationship training-performance. Although the military characteristic is a preponderant factor in the relationships among the policemen, for effect of this research, it is not considered determinant of the police violence. This study seeks to explore the daily of the relationship policecitizen and the determinant of the policeman\'s individual behavior in those encounters. The central hypothesis of this work establishes that the training has a significant role as a factor capable to reduce the abusive employment of force in the policeman\'s encounters with the public and of improving the quality of the police work in a general way, increasing the protection degree, so much of the professional as of the public, and decreasing the exhibition of both to the risk. This text - Use of the Non Lethal Force For the Police in the Encounters with the Public, introduces a methodological innovation, and it represents a test of the method that uses the technique of the Systematic Social Observation (SSO) of the police work - the great contribution of that research, in reason of being an original technique in academic researches in Brazil.

As a conclusion, the Chinese state's coercive capacity that has been solidified under enforced "decentralization" in the reform era, does not necessarily coincide with state building theories that are based on Western European countries' historical experiences. Western theories regard "modern state building" as a process within which the state gradually centralizes and monopolizes the coercive power "from top to bottom." However, the development pattern of state coercive capacity in China during the reform era suggests a somewhat different path composed of two stages: decentralization from top to bottom and re-centralization from top to bottom. In this sense, the experience of solidifying state coercive capacity in reform China enriches existing state building theories by adding a new angle for understanding state building. / First, decentralization of coercive force characterizes the institutional arrangement that undergirds state coercion in reform China Enforced decentralization reflects historical continuity of institutional design in state coercion; at the same time, "devolution of power" has been the center's strategy to mobilize resources from localities more effectively, while making localities to cope with challenges rising from transitional local society directly. Based on a panel data of provincial level localities in 1988-2004 period, and a field research in three county-level localities of Shandong province, this study finds out that "enforced decentralization" has contributed to the growth of police force. Though, depending on each locality's specific situation, the degree that decentralization has contributed to the reinforcement of local coercive capacity has some variations. Additionally, through a "two-way fixed effect regression model," I examined existing theories that have explained reinforcement of state coercive capacity. It was found out that the key determinants for the growth of state coercive capacity in reform China includes: crime rate, economic development, revenue, and urban-rural division in localities. / In post-Mao era, the police forces were perceived to be CCP's instrument for controlling society rather than the state's apparatus for guaranteeing crime control and law enforcement. The reform, however, changed Chinas social landscape greatly. Along with the transformation in the functions of the state, the functions of the police forces experienced changes as well. Through an empirical study, this research discusses how variations in institutional arrangement put impact on the state's capability of exerting coercion. By unpacking the development of basic power structure in reform China (state coercion and police forces), and by examining the underlying mechanism of such development, this research attempts to explore how the functions of the state as well as the nature of governance in China has been transformed. / Second, along with the development of state coercion mechanism under decentralization, some negative effects of state-enforced decentralization have also started to come out. In order to maintain a sustainable development of state coercive capability, at the latter period of reform, the state started to re-emphasize central monitoring and administrative centralization. While strengthening the center's monitor and control over local police apparatus through reorganization of public security administrative system, the center also attempted to facilitate its penetration into local society. Nevertheless, it has been found out through my fieldwork that the effort of re-centralizing the coercive power is greatly constrained by decentralized institutions that have been established in the earlier stage of the reform era. / The object of this research is police force in reform China: the context and mechanism that enabled transition in state coercive capacity in the reform era. Three things have been aimed in this research: first, to describe how state coercive capacity has been developed in China; second, to analyze how the establishment of relevant institutional mechanism has affected state coercive capacity and how those institutions work; third, to explore how the state has made a functional transition in governing local society which is getting more diversified. / Third, the growth of police force indicates the growth of fundamental governing capacity of the state. It has influenced the pattern and even the nature of governance in China tremendously. The tradition in Chinese administration, "centralized minimalism" at grassroots level, would be revitalized and strengthened throughout the reform. At the same time, with the changes in external conditions that affect governing capacity, state apparatus under the Chinese Communist Party's control is in functional transition: from "controlling a few dangerous classes in society" to "answering to diversified demands on security within society." / 樊鵬. / Adviser: Shaoguang Wang. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: A, page: 2231. / Thesis (doctoral)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 312-322). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Fan Peng.

This research considers the use of Australian police officers as peacekeepers on Cyprus and, in particular, evaluates their performance. It is a longitudinal study considering three aspects of performance, namely effectiveness, efficiency and quality. / thesis (PhD)--University of South Australia, 2001.

Mobile police officers perform many of their daily duties within vehicles. Combined workspace inflexibility and prolonged driving exposure creates a risk for developing musculoskeletal issues. Limited research exists that quantitatively describes postural and load exposures associated with mobile police work. This study characterized officer activity during a typical workday and recommended a cruiser configuration that minimized musculoskeletal risk through laboratory quantification of physical loading during simulated police patrol tasks. A field study captured and analyzed digital video of traffic constables (N = 10) using custom Regional Enforcement Activity Characterization Tool (REACT) software. Mobile data terminal use represented over 13% of in-car activity time and was identified as a primary site for targeted design change. A laboratory study included 20 (10 male, 10 female) participants aged 18-35 with no recent history of right upper limb or low back disorder. Five mobile data terminal (MDT) locations and two driver seat designs were tested in two simulated police patrol testing sessions in a custom driving simulator. A self-selected mobile data terminal location reduced mean right shoulder elevation angle as well as perceived discomfort in both the low back and right shoulder relative to all other tested locations. Muscle activity was lowest at the self-selected location and current MDT location for all recorded muscles, with significant effects shown in posterior deltoid (p < .0001) and supraspinatus (p < .0001). Using a global ranking system, the self-selected location was identified as the best of all tested locations, followed by the current mobile data terminal location. The ALS driver seat effectively reduced discomfort (p < .0001) in the low back during a simulated police patrol session from 15.4mm in the Crown Victoria seat to 11.1mm on a VAS scale. Under these experimental conditions, a self-selected MDT and ALS driver seat reduced discomfort and physical loading compared to the current configuration.

Mobile police officers perform many of their daily duties within vehicles. Combined workspace inflexibility and prolonged driving exposure creates a risk for developing musculoskeletal issues. Limited research exists that quantitatively describes postural and load exposures associated with mobile police work. This study characterized officer activity during a typical workday and recommended a cruiser configuration that minimized musculoskeletal risk through laboratory quantification of physical loading during simulated police patrol tasks. A field study captured and analyzed digital video of traffic constables (N = 10) using custom Regional Enforcement Activity Characterization Tool (REACT) software. Mobile data terminal use represented over 13% of in-car activity time and was identified as a primary site for targeted design change. A laboratory study included 20 (10 male, 10 female) participants aged 18-35 with no recent history of right upper limb or low back disorder. Five mobile data terminal (MDT) locations and two driver seat designs were tested in two simulated police patrol testing sessions in a custom driving simulator. A self-selected mobile data terminal location reduced mean right shoulder elevation angle as well as perceived discomfort in both the low back and right shoulder relative to all other tested locations. Muscle activity was lowest at the self-selected location and current MDT location for all recorded muscles, with significant effects shown in posterior deltoid (p < .0001) and supraspinatus (p < .0001). Using a global ranking system, the self-selected location was identified as the best of all tested locations, followed by the current mobile data terminal location. The ALS driver seat effectively reduced discomfort (p < .0001) in the low back during a simulated police patrol session from 15.4mm in the Crown Victoria seat to 11.1mm on a VAS scale. Under these experimental conditions, a self-selected MDT and ALS driver seat reduced discomfort and physical loading compared to the current configuration.

Ungdomar är den mest brottsutsatta gruppen i samhället och många av de brott som begås av ungdomar kommer aldrig till polisens vetskap. Det finns en kunskapslucka när det gäller anledningar att vittna och anmäla brott. Detta för att få en tydligare bild av ungdomars synpunkter på att anmäla brott och syftet i denna studie var därför ungdomar benägenhet/attityd till att vittna och anmäla brott. Studien gjordes i form av en kvalitativ intervjustudie, där 15 gymnasie elever i åldrarna 16-18 år varav nio manliga och sex kvinnliga från två olika skolor deltog. Resultatet visar att erfarenheter, förtroendet för rättsväsendet och rädsla är bidragande faktorer i beslut om man ska kontakta eller samarbeta med polisen. Rädsla i olika former beroende på brott var den mest betydande anledningen. För att öka benägenheten för ungdomar att våga vittna och anmäla brott krävs kunskap och förtroende för polisen.

This research is based on the frame of main body of An Integrated Reference Framework for Public Management written by Wang, Ming-Shan including the relationship with four spheres-economy, society, politics and government as well as the management level of V.C.S. (value, capacity, support) by Moore. In the public affairs realm, policing social order is one of the important fields. Good social order is a basic cornerstone in a democratic society as well as a vital supportive power for economic development. The police are not only the ones who enforce the policies but are also public managers. With the modernization, diversity and democratization of the society, the police transfer its role from authoritarian to egalitarian, from safeguarding the people to serving the public, from condescension to quality. Through this transferability, it produces enormous impacts on the effectiveness of official enforcement. Economy, society, politics, government are four variables which influence each other as well as effect social order. Under high economic development, contrasting behavior or transaction behavior gradually increase; in society, with people's interaction, partnership conflict and media's support, it produces multi-society learning; in politics, legislators who are elected by the voters in a democracy era have the rights to make laws related to social order as well as effective policing enforcement by examining the budget. In the government, the police department is on of the government organizations and each measure taken by the government will have an effect on the social order. There are still arguments on the role for the police department related to serve the people or control crime. In this research, enforcing the law is the born-duty for the police and serving people is also the common responsibility for all official divisions. Therefore, the public values of the police should combine the two. Promoting the intelligence of the police, emphasizing on-job training, enhancing professionalism; politicians give up the myth of resultant numbers, eliminate the culture of hiding reported cases, the government really invest the police, the most important thing is to give them lawful support. In this way, the public will experience the police are our police.

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