Brottsutredning av brott som begås i en nära relation innebär omfattande belastningar för utredarna som möter brottsutsatta och våldsutövare, granskar grafiskt material och samtidigt ska navigera sig inom en stor myndighet. Syftet med denna studie var att granska vilka belastningar som polisutredare upplever i sin yrkesutövning, vad som skyddar från belastningar och om det finns skyddsfaktorer som saknas. Dessa frågor besvarades genom intervjuers med sju utredare inom Brott i Nära Relation och en tematisk analys. Teorier om hanteringsmekanismer och systemteori har använts för att fördjupa förståelsen av det empiriska underlaget. Studien visade att de olika belastningarna kunde delas in i två fält. Det första fältet var yrkesrelaterade påfrestningar där påträngande insyn i människors liv och traumatiska berättelser var återkommande. Organisatoriska påfrestningar var det andra fältet och innefattade hög arbetsbelastning, personalbrist samt bristande förståelse från ledande aktörer inom myndigheten. Det kollegiala stödet och chefens inställning till medarbetarnas mentala hälsa var den skyddande faktor som frekvent återkom i samtliga intervjuer. Studien visade även att de skydd som erbjöds av arbetsgivaren ibland fungerade undermåligt, dels på grund av svårigheter att prioritera skydd, dels kollegors negativa inställning. Det lyftes även önskemål att skyddet skulle vara mer frekvent återkommande, och finnas i nämnare anslutning till arbetsplatsen. Slutligen önskade utredarna att ledande aktörer i myndigheten skulle få en ökad förståelse för arbetets påfrestande natur. / Investigating domestic violence entails substantial strain on the investigators that meet victims and perpetrators, reviews graphic material and simultaneously must navigate within a sizeable governmental authority. The aim of this study was to examine what strains the investigators experienced in their profession, what protective aspects where there and what protective measure was lacking. These questions were answered through interviews with seven domestic violence investigators and through thematic analysis. Theories of coping and systems theory was applied to expand the comprehension of the empirical foundation. The study showed that these strains could be separated into two factions. The first faction was strains related to the professional practice where invasive insight into people’s lives and traumatic reports where frequently occurring.  Organizational strains were the second faction and included a high workload, lack of staff and a dearth of understanding from the leaders in the authority. Support from colleagues and the closest manager’s attitude towards mental health in the employees was frequently brought up in the interviews as protective aspects. The study also showed that the protective aspects offered by the employer was deficient in some respects. This was in part because of difficulties in prioritizing the protection, and in part due to colleagues’ negative attitude towards these protections. The investigators expressed desires about how the protection could be more frequent and remain in a closer proximity to the workplace. Finally, the investigators coveted an increased understanding of the straining work from the employers.

This study was conducted with the aim to critically analyse how the crime of human trafficking for sexual exploitation can be identified in order to develop practical guidelines to be used during the identification of this crime in South Africa. In this study the researcher conducted a review of pertinent literature, both international and national, to gain an understanding of the problem being researched. The explanatory sequential mixed-method design was used with the main purpose to use the qualitative data to help explain in more detail the initial quantitative results obtained. The explanatory sequential mixed-methods design assisted the researcher to follow a procedure whereby the mixed-mode survey design was applied to collect data through questionnaires. These questionnaires were in the form of mailed, self-administered surveys and in-person interviews with human trafficking provincial coordinators, police officials and investigators of human trafficking within the nine provinces country wide during the first quantitative phase of this study. The data were analysed and followed up during the second qualitative phase with interview schedules that were used in semi-structured one-on-one interviews with the following persons: police investigators working at the SAPS organised crime units who dealt with and investigated cases of human trafficking where victims were trafficked for sexual exploitation; state prosecutors working at the National Prosecuting Authority who dealt with, identified and prosecuted human trafficking cases where victims were trafficked for sexual exploitation in South Africa; NGOs who work in the field of counter-trafficking and victim assistance; and an international police investigator who dealt with, identified and investigated human trafficking cases where victims were trafficked for sexual exploitation. The researcher is of the opinion that this study (analysing how the crime of human trafficking for sexual exploitation can be identified in order to develop practical guidelines to be used during the identification of this crime in South Africa) presents a significant contribution to the identification of human trafficking for sexual exploitation incidents in South Africa and subsequently presents practical guidelines that can be used during the identification of this phenomenon in South Africa. SUMMARY “Modern slavery – be it bonded labour, involuntary servitude, or sexual slavery – is a crime and cannot be tolerated in any culture, community, or country... [It] is an affront to our values and our commitment to human rights.” (US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report, 2010) This study was conducted with the aim to critically analyse how the crime of human trafficking for sexual exploitation can be identified in order to develop practical guidelines to be used during the identification of this crime in South Africa. In this study the researcher conducted a review of pertinent literature, both international and national, to gain an understanding of the problem being researched. Relevant international legislation which informs South African legislation was accordingly considered in order to explain the current legal framework that forms the foundation to address this problem. A survey was conducted to gain insight into the phenomenon of human trafficking in South Africa. Thereafter interviews were conducted in order to understand the meaning provided by individuals to the problem researched. The researcher also explored how the federal police in Australia address the specific problem relating to the identification and investigation of human trafficking, as they have appointed a leading human trafficking task team focusing on this phenomenon in specific. Links and associations were identified through the knowledge and facts gained in this study, exploring past events and theories developed from former research relating to this topic. This formed the foundation of the study in order to describe and explain future application of findings emanating from this research. The explanatory sequential mixed-method design was used with the main purpose to use the qualitative data to help explain in more detail the initial quantitative results obtained. The explanatory sequential mixed-methods design assisted the researcher to follow a procedure whereby the mixed-mode survey design was applied to collect data through questionnaires. These questionnaires were in the form of mailed, self-administered surveys and in-person interviews with human trafficking provincial coordinators, police officials and investigators of human trafficking within the nine provinces country wide during the first quantitative phase of this study. The data were analysed and followed up during the second qualitative phase with interview schedules that were used in semi-structured one-on-one interviews with the following persons: police investigators working at the SAPS organised crime units who dealt with and investigated cases of human trafficking where victims were trafficked for sexual exploitation; state prosecutors working at the National Prosecuting Authority who dealt with, identified and prosecuted human trafficking cases where victims were trafficked for sexual exploitation in South Africa; NGOs who work in the field of counter-trafficking and victim assistance; and an international police investigator who dealt with, identified and investigated human trafficking cases where victims were trafficked for sexual exploitation. Through a critical analysis of the identification process of the phenomenon of human trafficking for sexual exploitation, the purpose of this research was to gain a better understanding of this phenomenon and establish, develop and provide practical guidelines, procedures and recommendations to the South African Police Service to identify these cases more successfully. The specific research objectives and research questions answered in this study to address the research aim were divided into five categories:  Explore and describe the phenomenon of human trafficking.  Determine the nature and extent of the legal arena to criminalise human trafficking, to prevent human trafficking, and to protect trafficking victims upon which South African legislation is based.  Explain how the identification of the phenomenon of human trafficking fits into the policing process.  Explore the current situation regarding the procedures followed to identify the phenomenon of human trafficking for sexual exploitation.  Develop practical guidelines, procedures and recommendations for police officials to identify human trafficking for sexual exploitation incidents more successfully. The trafficking of women and children for commercial sexual purposes lies in the expansion and ever growing sexual entertainment industry, which is most importantly a demand-driven phenomenon. The exploitation of victims for profit through the use of force, fraud or coercion remains the common denominator of this crime and the trade of human beings continues to evolve into new and more multifaceted forms of exploitation, using debt contracts and other means to coerce people for the purpose of profit gain. Women and children are perceived as the most exploitable and controllable and therefore are deemed to be the most in demand to contribute to this expanding and very competitive economic market driven by maximum profit. It is imperative and fundamental to have an understanding of the trafficking of persons as a crime committed against an individual and therefore it is of the utmost importance that police personnel serving in the South African Police Service (one of the key role players within the Criminal Justice System), are conversant with the means of trafficking, what it constitutes and what attributes and features this phenomenon includes. Through the development of practical guidelines, procedures and recommendations for police officials to identify human trafficking for sexual exploitation incidents more successfully, data obtained from both literature and interviews contributed immensely in the identification of incidents of human trafficking in order to prevent and address this crime successfully. The researcher is of the opinion that this study (analysing how the crime of human trafficking for sexual exploitation can be identified in order to develop practical guidelines to be used during the identification of this crime in South Africa) presents a significant contribution to the identification of human trafficking for sexual exploitation incidents in South Africa and subsequently presents practical guidelines that can be used during the identification of this phenomenon in South Africa. / Police Practice / D. Litt. et Phil. (Police Science)

This study was conducted with the aim to critically analyse how the crime of human trafficking for sexual exploitation can be identified in order to develop practical guidelines to be used during the identification of this crime in South Africa. In this study the researcher conducted a review of pertinent literature, both international and national, to gain an understanding of the problem being researched. The explanatory sequential mixed-method design was used with the main purpose to use the qualitative data to help explain in more detail the initial quantitative results obtained. The explanatory sequential mixed-methods design assisted the researcher to follow a procedure whereby the mixed-mode survey design was applied to collect data through questionnaires. These questionnaires were in the form of mailed, self-administered surveys and in-person interviews with human trafficking provincial coordinators, police officials and investigators of human trafficking within the nine provinces country wide during the first quantitative phase of this study. The data were analysed and followed up during the second qualitative phase with interview schedules that were used in semi-structured one-on-one interviews with the following persons: police investigators working at the SAPS organised crime units who dealt with and investigated cases of human trafficking where victims were trafficked for sexual exploitation; state prosecutors working at the National Prosecuting Authority who dealt with, identified and prosecuted human trafficking cases where victims were trafficked for sexual exploitation in South Africa; NGOs who work in the field of counter-trafficking and victim assistance; and an international police investigator who dealt with, identified and investigated human trafficking cases where victims were trafficked for sexual exploitation. The researcher is of the opinion that this study (analysing how the crime of human trafficking for sexual exploitation can be identified in order to develop practical guidelines to be used during the identification of this crime in South Africa) presents a significant contribution to the identification of human trafficking for sexual exploitation incidents in South Africa and subsequently presents practical guidelines that can be used during the identification of this phenomenon in South Africa. SUMMARY “Modern slavery – be it bonded labour, involuntary servitude, or sexual slavery – is a crime and cannot be tolerated in any culture, community, or country... [It] is an affront to our values and our commitment to human rights.” (US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report, 2010) This study was conducted with the aim to critically analyse how the crime of human trafficking for sexual exploitation can be identified in order to develop practical guidelines to be used during the identification of this crime in South Africa. In this study the researcher conducted a review of pertinent literature, both international and national, to gain an understanding of the problem being researched. Relevant international legislation which informs South African legislation was accordingly considered in order to explain the current legal framework that forms the foundation to address this problem. A survey was conducted to gain insight into the phenomenon of human trafficking in South Africa. Thereafter interviews were conducted in order to understand the meaning provided by individuals to the problem researched. The researcher also explored how the federal police in Australia address the specific problem relating to the identification and investigation of human trafficking, as they have appointed a leading human trafficking task team focusing on this phenomenon in specific. Links and associations were identified through the knowledge and facts gained in this study, exploring past events and theories developed from former research relating to this topic. This formed the foundation of the study in order to describe and explain future application of findings emanating from this research. The explanatory sequential mixed-method design was used with the main purpose to use the qualitative data to help explain in more detail the initial quantitative results obtained. The explanatory sequential mixed-methods design assisted the researcher to follow a procedure whereby the mixed-mode survey design was applied to collect data through questionnaires. These questionnaires were in the form of mailed, self-administered surveys and in-person interviews with human trafficking provincial coordinators, police officials and investigators of human trafficking within the nine provinces country wide during the first quantitative phase of this study. The data were analysed and followed up during the second qualitative phase with interview schedules that were used in semi-structured one-on-one interviews with the following persons: police investigators working at the SAPS organised crime units who dealt with and investigated cases of human trafficking where victims were trafficked for sexual exploitation; state prosecutors working at the National Prosecuting Authority who dealt with, identified and prosecuted human trafficking cases where victims were trafficked for sexual exploitation in South Africa; NGOs who work in the field of counter-trafficking and victim assistance; and an international police investigator who dealt with, identified and investigated human trafficking cases where victims were trafficked for sexual exploitation. Through a critical analysis of the identification process of the phenomenon of human trafficking for sexual exploitation, the purpose of this research was to gain a better understanding of this phenomenon and establish, develop and provide practical guidelines, procedures and recommendations to the South African Police Service to identify these cases more successfully. The specific research objectives and research questions answered in this study to address the research aim were divided into five categories:  Explore and describe the phenomenon of human trafficking.  Determine the nature and extent of the legal arena to criminalise human trafficking, to prevent human trafficking, and to protect trafficking victims upon which South African legislation is based.  Explain how the identification of the phenomenon of human trafficking fits into the policing process.  Explore the current situation regarding the procedures followed to identify the phenomenon of human trafficking for sexual exploitation.  Develop practical guidelines, procedures and recommendations for police officials to identify human trafficking for sexual exploitation incidents more successfully. The trafficking of women and children for commercial sexual purposes lies in the expansion and ever growing sexual entertainment industry, which is most importantly a demand-driven phenomenon. The exploitation of victims for profit through the use of force, fraud or coercion remains the common denominator of this crime and the trade of human beings continues to evolve into new and more multifaceted forms of exploitation, using debt contracts and other means to coerce people for the purpose of profit gain. Women and children are perceived as the most exploitable and controllable and therefore are deemed to be the most in demand to contribute to this expanding and very competitive economic market driven by maximum profit. It is imperative and fundamental to have an understanding of the trafficking of persons as a crime committed against an individual and therefore it is of the utmost importance that police personnel serving in the South African Police Service (one of the key role players within the Criminal Justice System), are conversant with the means of trafficking, what it constitutes and what attributes and features this phenomenon includes. Through the development of practical guidelines, procedures and recommendations for police officials to identify human trafficking for sexual exploitation incidents more successfully, data obtained from both literature and interviews contributed immensely in the identification of incidents of human trafficking in order to prevent and address this crime successfully. The researcher is of the opinion that this study (analysing how the crime of human trafficking for sexual exploitation can be identified in order to develop practical guidelines to be used during the identification of this crime in South Africa) presents a significant contribution to the identification of human trafficking for sexual exploitation incidents in South Africa and subsequently presents practical guidelines that can be used during the identification of this phenomenon in South Africa. / Police Practice / D. Litt. et Phil. (Police Science)