吳慕姿. / 論文(碩士) -- 香港中文大學硏究院敎育學部, 1995. / 參考文獻: leaves 116-122. / Wu Muzi. / Chapter 第一章 --- 問題說明 --- p.1 / 前言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 私校學生人數與普及教育發展 --- p.3 / Chapter ´(إ) --- 就讀私校的學生人數升降的現象 --- p.3 / Chapter (二） --- 港府發展公營中小學敎育的各個階段，各階段中港府的私校政策以至各 階段中的私校發展 --- p.4 / Chapter 第二節 --- 國家理論與香港私校發展 --- p.7 / Chapter ´(إ) --- 政府政策作爲國家行動和霸權工程 --- p.7 / Chapter (二） --- 國家作爲行動者 --- p.7 / Chapter (三） --- 國家工程(State Project)、霸權工程(Hegemonic Project)和國家 果效（State Effect) --- p.8 / Chapter (四） --- 有關推展霸權工程的策略 --- p.10 / Chapter (五） --- 應用國家理論來分析香港具況 --- p.11 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文獻評述 --- p.13 / Chapter 第一節 --- 國家(state )的自主性(autonomy ) --- p.13 / Chapter (一) --- 自由主義學派 --- p.13 / Chapter (二） --- 馬克斯及新馬克斯主義理論 --- p.16 / Chapter (三） --- 國家主義者（statist)的立場 --- p.22 / Chapter (四） --- Bob Jessop的策略性關係性角度 (strategic-relational approach ) --- p.23 / Chapter (五） --- 有關如何推展霸權工程的策略 --- p.26 / Chapter 第二節 --- 如何應用國家理論於解釋香港的具體情況 --- p.30 / Chapter (一） --- 如何應用國家理論於本研究中 --- p.30 / Chapter (二） --- 體系層面 --- p.32 / Chapter (三） --- 制度性層面 --- p.35 / Chapter (四） --- 政治運作層面 --- p.39 / Chapter (五） --- 三種層面的因素透過一項工程去整合 --- p.42 / Chapter 第三章 --- 硏究設計 --- p.43 / Chapter 第一節 --- 分析架構 --- p.43 / Chapter 第二節 --- 分析架構中採用的重要概念及名詞的界說 --- p.45 / Chapter (一) --- 「國家」在本硏究裏的意義 --- p.45 / Chapter (二） --- 國家政策、教育政策、私校政策 --- p.46 / Chapter (三） --- 私校、私立中學和私立中學發展 --- p.47 / Chapter (四） --- 受助學買位 --- p.48 / Chapter 第三節 --- 劃分階段 --- p.48 / Chapter ´(إ) --- 1949年至1967年的私校發展情況及背景 --- p.48 / Chapter (二） --- 1968年至1988年私立中學發展情況及背景 --- p.50 / Chapter 第四節 --- 研究問題 --- p.52 / Chapter ´(إ) --- 1949年至1967年的私校發展情況及背景 --- p.52 / Chapter (二） --- 1968年至1988年私立中學發展情況及背景 --- p.52 / Chapter 第五節 --- 研究方法 --- p.53 / Chapter 第六節 --- 研究限制 --- p.56 / Chapter 第四章 --- 國家性質的轉變及其對私校政策的影響 --- p.57 / Chapter 第一節 --- Mini mal state時期香港政府對私立中學的政策 --- p.59 / Chapter ´(إ) --- 來自體系性層面的因素 --- p.59 / Chapter (二） --- 來自制度性層面的因素 --- p.61 / Chapter (三） --- 來自政治運作層面的因素 --- p.62 / Chapter 第二節 --- Mini mal state 性質轉變與教育政策轉變 --- p.63 / Chapter 第三節 --- 教育政策轉變作為國家行動 --- p.68 / Chapter ´(إ) --- 來自體系性層面的因素 --- p.68 / Chapter (二） --- 來自制度性層面的因素 --- p.70 / Chapter (三） --- 來自政治運作層面的因素 --- p.78 / Chapter 第五章 --- 蒙混過關（Muddling Through)式的學額擴展過程 --- p.80 / Chapter 第六章 --- 吸納與排´拒´ؤؤ從國家理論觀點看私校轉津問題 --- p.88 / Chapter 第一節 --- 公營中學教育擴展，辦學團體情況出現出現什麽轉變? --- p.88 / Chapter 第二節 --- 哪些學校是吸納的對象 --- p.92 / Chapter 第三節 --- 被吸納與不被吸納反映政府如何選取合作伙伴 --- p.95 / Chapter 第七章 --- 私校政策作爲霸權工程的一部分 --- p.99 / Chapter 第八章 --- 結論 --- p.108 / Chapter 第一節 --- 研究結果 --- p.108 / Chapter 第二節 --- 研究的意義和局限 --- p.110 / 註釋 --- p.112 / 參考書目 --- p.116 / 附錄一 --- p.124 / 附録二 --- p.131 / 附錄三 --- p.135 / 附錄四 --- p.138 / 附録五 --- p.148

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As a conclusion, the Chinese state's coercive capacity that has been solidified under enforced "decentralization" in the reform era, does not necessarily coincide with state building theories that are based on Western European countries' historical experiences. Western theories regard "modern state building" as a process within which the state gradually centralizes and monopolizes the coercive power "from top to bottom." However, the development pattern of state coercive capacity in China during the reform era suggests a somewhat different path composed of two stages: decentralization from top to bottom and re-centralization from top to bottom. In this sense, the experience of solidifying state coercive capacity in reform China enriches existing state building theories by adding a new angle for understanding state building. / First, decentralization of coercive force characterizes the institutional arrangement that undergirds state coercion in reform China Enforced decentralization reflects historical continuity of institutional design in state coercion; at the same time, "devolution of power" has been the center's strategy to mobilize resources from localities more effectively, while making localities to cope with challenges rising from transitional local society directly. Based on a panel data of provincial level localities in 1988-2004 period, and a field research in three county-level localities of Shandong province, this study finds out that "enforced decentralization" has contributed to the growth of police force. Though, depending on each locality's specific situation, the degree that decentralization has contributed to the reinforcement of local coercive capacity has some variations. Additionally, through a "two-way fixed effect regression model," I examined existing theories that have explained reinforcement of state coercive capacity. It was found out that the key determinants for the growth of state coercive capacity in reform China includes: crime rate, economic development, revenue, and urban-rural division in localities. / In post-Mao era, the police forces were perceived to be CCP's instrument for controlling society rather than the state's apparatus for guaranteeing crime control and law enforcement. The reform, however, changed Chinas social landscape greatly. Along with the transformation in the functions of the state, the functions of the police forces experienced changes as well. Through an empirical study, this research discusses how variations in institutional arrangement put impact on the state's capability of exerting coercion. By unpacking the development of basic power structure in reform China (state coercion and police forces), and by examining the underlying mechanism of such development, this research attempts to explore how the functions of the state as well as the nature of governance in China has been transformed. / Second, along with the development of state coercion mechanism under decentralization, some negative effects of state-enforced decentralization have also started to come out. In order to maintain a sustainable development of state coercive capability, at the latter period of reform, the state started to re-emphasize central monitoring and administrative centralization. While strengthening the center's monitor and control over local police apparatus through reorganization of public security administrative system, the center also attempted to facilitate its penetration into local society. Nevertheless, it has been found out through my fieldwork that the effort of re-centralizing the coercive power is greatly constrained by decentralized institutions that have been established in the earlier stage of the reform era. / The object of this research is police force in reform China: the context and mechanism that enabled transition in state coercive capacity in the reform era. Three things have been aimed in this research: first, to describe how state coercive capacity has been developed in China; second, to analyze how the establishment of relevant institutional mechanism has affected state coercive capacity and how those institutions work; third, to explore how the state has made a functional transition in governing local society which is getting more diversified. / Third, the growth of police force indicates the growth of fundamental governing capacity of the state. It has influenced the pattern and even the nature of governance in China tremendously. The tradition in Chinese administration, "centralized minimalism" at grassroots level, would be revitalized and strengthened throughout the reform. At the same time, with the changes in external conditions that affect governing capacity, state apparatus under the Chinese Communist Party's control is in functional transition: from "controlling a few dangerous classes in society" to "answering to diversified demands on security within society." / 樊鵬. / Adviser: Shaoguang Wang. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: A, page: 2231. / Thesis (doctoral)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 312-322). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Fan Peng.

This thesis is an examination of policy-making and practice in design education in England from 1837-1992. It takes a longue durée approach to the history of the development of design education to provide a new narrative which shows a pattern of recurring debates concerning the purpose of design education and how it should be taught. Using the curricula of furniture design courses at three art schools to illustrate the way policy was put into practice, this thesis argues that historical context is key to understanding why debates regarding the way designers should be trained for industry have recurred since 1837. Based on a wide variety of primary source material the thesis contributes to historiography by extending the scope of previous histories of art and design education, and also, for the first time, focuses solely on the development of design education, whilst acknowledging its place in the wider development of art and design education. Following the introduction, chapter two of this thesis examines the events which led to the 1835-6 Select Committee and argues that many of the issues raised during the Committee influenced the teaching of design education through the remainder of the nineteenth century; this is further demonstrated through chapter three. Charting the development of design education into the twentieth century through chapters four, five and six, this thesis shows that changing historical contexts, such as the development of industrial methods or wider changes in higher education, have also had an impact on design education. In the light of changing historical contexts, policy makers for design education have continually questioned what design students should be taught and how they should be taught, which accounts, in part, for the recurring nature of debates in design education.

Bibliography: leaves 156-167. The aim of this thesis is to show how in practice the National Socialists sacrificed ideological considerations to the material advantages that could be gained from the sale of "degenerate art". In practice the term "degenerate" was extended beyond modern art to include French Impressionist and Post-Impressionist art, specifically because they were highly saleable. This is evinced by the sales of "degenerate art" which were conducted by the Reichministerium für Volksklärung und Propaganda (RMVP). The record of the sales compiled by the propaganda ministry in the summer of 1941, provide conclusive evidence that the Reich government compromised its ideological position for financial gain. The sale of "degenerate art" conducted by order of the Reich at the Galerie Fischer auction in Lucerne in 1939, provides further evidence that the practice of confiscation was economically driven.

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The background variables, GDP per capita, marketization, industrialization and urbanization are used to control different levels of development across provinces. The role of the state is measured in the following ways. First, financial capacity, administrative capacity and coercive capacity are used to measure the role of state capacity in BMI extension. The study examines whether there is a difference in choosing different agencies to collect social insurance premiums: one is local taxation agency and the other is social insurance agency. Third, the performance of BMI is measured through the deposit rates of BMI funding which reflects governments' ability to manage the BMI program. In the current policy, employers are charged largely the social insurance fees. So their willingness and capabilities to pay will affect BMI coverage. The study investigates two kinds of employers: loss making State-Owned-Enterprises (SOE hereafter) and Foreign Invested Enterprises (FIE hereafter). On the employee's part, the percent of informal employment in total urban employment is used to measure the effect of adverse employment conditions on BMI coverage. Trade union density is used to estimate the labor organization strength. / The complicated process of extending coverage is related to three major stakeholders: state, employers and employees. These three stake-holders influence BMI progress. Also, the background factors (such as the economic growth) should be taken into account for the regional variations in development level. Since BMI is a typical social policy field, this study reviews major theories about social policy development: logic of industrialism, power resource theory and state-centered approach and so on. These theories help organize pieces of phenomena into a unified framework and testable hypotheses are also derived. / The contributions of this study can be twofold. First, from the theoretical aspect, this research tests several welfare state development theories using Chinese data. In this way, it does not only expand the scope conditions of theories, but also improves our understanding of the social policy development in China, an outlier of traditional western democracies. Second, this study tests some controversial issues on BMI development and the research findings provide knowledge support for the policy practice in the real world. / The low coverage of social health insurance is one of the causes of the problems in Chinese health care system which is criticized for the rising health cost, large share of out-of-pocket payments and health inequality issue. The Basic Medical Insurance for Urban Employees (BMI hereafter) was chosen as the subject of my investigation. It was established in 1998 for the working population and till now it has not achieved universal coverage yet. The Basic Medical Insurance for Urban Residents (BMI-R hereafter) was started in 2007 and it is still in pilot stage, therefore data are still inadequate. In rural areas, the New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS hereafter) achieved almost full coverage in 2008. Thus extending coverage is not issue at concern for NCMS. Besides, the NCMS data at province level are quite limited. Considering the stages of policy development and data access, BMI-R and NCMS are not included in this study. / The proportion of winning lawsuit in labor disputes is used to measure the function of labor protection system. This study adopts the panel method. Data is ranging from the year 1999 to 2005 and the unit of analysis is province/year. They were collected from various official statistics and constructed into a panel database which can trace the development of BMI from its origin to most recent situation. / The research question is what are the determinants of BMI's coverage? It is originated from some puzzling observations: the NCMS achieved full coverage in four years and it is a voluntary participation insurance program. On the contrary, why the mandatory BMI did not reach universal coverage after almost ten years' development? Besides, the progress of BMI across different provinces varied greatly. Given the policy designing and starting points are rather similar, how can we explain these variations? / The research yields several interesting results. First, the roles of financial capacity and administrative capacity in BMI development are supported by data, especially the social insurance agency. Second, results show that using local taxation to collect social insurance premiums has better effects in extending coverage than the alternative approach. This result will give an end to the decade-long debate on choice of social insurance premiums collection agencies. Third, the deposit rates of BMI funding are negatively related with BMI coverage. It implies that governments should improve the performance of BMI so as to attract more people to enroll in this program. Fourth, the union density in the private sector is positively related with BMI coverage. This result disagrees with the conventional wisdom that the Chinese trade unions are useless. It implies that strengthening the organization of employees (even through the official channel) can protect the rights of employees in some degree. / 劉軍強. / Adviser: Cheek-Kie Wong. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-03, Section: A, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 198-222) / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Liu Junqiang.