Este trabalho apresenta estudos sobre a síntese química do PEDOT com o objetivo de desenvolver diferentes arquiteturas e propriedades para melhorar a taxa de degradabilidade deste polímero. As estratégias foram as preparações de uma blenda, um copolímero e um nanocompósito. O estudo foi iniciado pela síntese química oxidativa do PEDOT (poli (3,4- etilenodioxitiofeno)) em microestruturas utilizando condições brandas e ambientalmente amigáveis, porém o material obtido não apresentou solubilidade e boas condições de se produzir um filme. Então foi sintetizado quimicamente o PEDOT dopado com PSS (poli estireno sulfonado) (PEDOT:PSS), o mesmo foi usado para preparar blendas com o PLGA (poli (ácido láctico-co-glicólico), para melhorar sua degradabilidade. Foi possível produzir um filme fino e nanoestruturado através de deposição eletrostática camada por camada (LBL) que pode ser utilizado para modificação de eletrodos ou de suportes tridimensionais para engenharia celular. Para garantir a degradabilidade do material, foi realizada a síntese de copolímeros de PEDOT e PLLA (poli(lactídeo)) em que foi variada a proporção de PEDOT na cadeia polimérica. Os copolímeros foram caracterizados por IV, RMN, UV, análises térmicas e submetidos a testes de degradabilidade e de viabilidade celular, apresentando excelentes resultados. Foi possível a obtenção de microfibras deste material. A outra alternativa estudada foi a síntese de um nanocompósito, preparado através da síntese química do PEDOT, partindo do monômero EDOT (3,4- etilenodioxitiofeno)usando HAuCl4 como oxidante e NaPSS como dopante e dispersante. O nanocompósito obtido foi caracterizado apresentando diâmetros médio próximos de 4 nm e com uma estrutura caroço-casca, apresentando nanopartícula de ouro como caroço e o polímero PEDOT:PSS como casca. Foram obtidos filmes deste material por deposição por evaporação de solvente, LBL, utilizando como policátion o PDDA (cloreto de poli (dialil dimetil amônio)) e quitosana, e por deposição eletroforética, que apresentou excelentes propriedades eletrocrômicas como rápidos tempos de respostas com bons contrastes ópticos / This work presents studies about the chemical synthesis of PEDOT (Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)) with the aim of preparing different architectures and properties to improvement the degradability rate of this polymer. The strategies used to achieve this pupose were the preparation of polymer blends, copolymers and nanocomposites. The study was started by the chemical synthesis of microstructures PEDOT in mild and environment friendly conditions, but the material did not show solubility which enable film formation. Then, PEDOT was synthetized by chemical synthesis doped with PSS (poly(styrene sulfonic acid)), (PEDOT:PSS) to prepare blends with PLGA (poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)) to improve its degradability. It was possible to prepare a thin and nanostructured film, by electrostatic layer-by-layer deposition (LBL), which could be used for electrodes or scaffold surface modification. In order to ensure the material\'s degradability, PEDOT and PLLA (poly(lactide)) copolymers were prepared, changing PEDOT proportion in the polymeric structure. The copolymers were characterized by, IR, NMR, UV, thermal analysis and then degradability and cell viability tests, which shown important results. Fibers were able to be obtained with these materials. The next strategy was the preparation of a nanocomposite by one-spot chemical synthesis, initiated by the monomer EDOT (3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene) using HAuCl4 as oxidant and NaPSS as both dopant and dispersant. The nanocomposite obtained was characterized showing diameter of around 4nm and a core-shell structure, with gold nanoparticle as core and PEDOT:PSS as the shell. Films were obtained by this material by casting, by LBL, using PDDA (Poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride) and chitosan as polycations, and by electrophoretic deposition. The latter method shows excellent characteristics as fast response time with a good optical contrast

The aim of this project was to create a novel biodegradable, synthetic scaffold that will provide the correct topographical cues for myoblast alignment and efficient differentiation into myotubes. Skeletal muscle repair after major surgery or serious burns is often overlooked leading to poor healing and consequent loss of power in movements of affected limbs. In order to overcome this problem a tissue engineered construct could be utilised as a grafting patch to encourage further regeneration and enhance possible power to the limb. Using a biodegradable polymer can provide structural support until the tissue is established, and will be excreted by the body's natural processes as it degrades. A synthetic polymer is desirable as it can reduce the risk of immunogenic responses thus reduce risk of graft rejection. For successful in vitro growth of skeletal muscle, the cells must be encouraged to arrange themselves into parallel arrays in order for efficient fusion and consequent contraction. By incorporating the correct topographical cues into the scaffold to promote contact guidance for cellular alignment this can be achieved. Electrospinning is a reliable technique which yields highly reproducible aligned fibres from the micro- to the nanoscale. This project focuses upon creating and characterising the electrospun scaffold, checking biocompatibility with myoblasts by monitoring the topography, residual solvent within the scaffold, the mechanical properties of the scaffold, and a brief investigation into the degradation profile of the electrospun fibres. The immunogenicity of the scaffold was investigated by monitoring cytokine release from macrophages. Myoblast morphology was monitored, as was the efficiency of the cells to differentiate and their potential to become contractile myofibres. Cellular adhesion to the scaffold was also looked into by measuring the expression of integrins during early and late adhesion and on substrates with different topographies. It was found that the electrospun scaffold did not contain a significant amount of residual solvent, and macrophages were not activated any more than on tissue culture plastic. Myoblasts responded to the topography of the aligned fibres by aligning along the length of the fibres, showing elongation and bi-axial cytoskeletal arrangement after just 30 minutes culture on the aligned fibres. This elongation prompted fusion and differentiation of the myoblasts to occur faster than cells which were not exposed to the aligned topography, and this global alignment was maintained in long term culture.

New methods for the preparation of porous biomedical scaffolds have been explored for applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery. Scaffolds with controlled pore morphologies have been generated which incorporate cyclodextrin-drug inclusion complexes as the drug delivery component. Supercritical CO2 was explored as the main processing fluid in the complex formation and in the foaming of the polymer scaffold. The co-solvents, ethanol, ethyl acetate and acetone, were explored in each stage, as needed, to improve the solvent power of CO2. The first goal was to promote cyclodextrin-drug complex formation. Complex formation by traditional methods was compared with complex formation driven by processing in supercritical CO2. Complex formation was promoted by melting the drug in supercritical CO2 or in CO2 + co-solvent mixtures while in the presence of cyclodextrin. Some drugs, such as piroxicam, are prone to degradation near the drug's ambient melting temperature. However, this approach using CO2 was found to circumvent drug thermal degradation, since drug melting temperatures were depressed in the presence of CO2. The second goal was to produce porous polymeric matrices to serve as tissue engineering scaffolds. Poly(lactide-<i>co</i>-glycolide) and poly(ε-caprolactone) were investigated for foaming, since these biomedical polymers are already commonly used and FDA approved. Polymer foaming with CO2 is an alternative approach to conventional solvent-intensive methods for porosity generation. However, two major limitations of polymer foaming using CO2 as the only processing fluid have been reported, including the formation of a non-porous outer skin upon depressurization and limited pore interconnectivity. Approaches to circumvent these limitations include the use of a co-solvent and controlling depressurization rates. The effect of processing parameters, including foaming temperatures and depressurization rate, as well as co-solvent addition, were examined in polymer foaming using CO2. Drug release dynamics were compared for foams incorporated with either pure drug, cyclodextrin-drug physical mixture or cyclodextrin-drug complex. Pore morphology, polymer choice and drug release compound choice were found to alter drug release profiles. / Ph. D.

yes / We report a technique for the fabrication of micropockets within electrospun membranes in which to study cell behavior. Specifically, we describe a combination of microstereolithography and electrospinning for the production of PLGA (Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)) corneal biomaterial devices equipped with microfeatures.

Residual value is defined as the price for which a used piece of equipment can be sold in the market at a particular time. It is an important element of the owning costs of equipment and needs to be estimated by equipment managers for making investment decisions. The purpose of this study is to gain insights into the residual value of selected groups of heavy construction equipment and to develop a mathematical model for its prediction. Auction sales data were collected from two online databases. Manufacturer publications and an online source provided size parameters and manufacturers suggested retail prices matching the auction records. Macroeconomic indicator values were collected from a variety of sources, including government agencies. The data were brought into the same electronic format and were matched by model name and calendar date, respectively. Data from auctions in the U.S. and in Canada were considered for this study. Equipment from four principal manufacturers of up to 15 years of age at the time of sale was included. A total of 35,542 entries were grouped into 11 different equipment types and 28 categories by size as measured by horse power, standard operating weight, or bucket volume. Equipment types considered were track and wheel excavators, wheel and track loaders, backhoe loaders, integrated toolcarriers, rigid frame and articulated trucks, track dozers, motor graders, and wheel tractor scrapers. Multiple linear regression analyses of the 28 datasets were carried out after outliers had been deleted. Explanatory variables for the regression model were age in years, the indicator variables manufacturer, condition rating, and geographic region, and selected macroeconomic indicators. The response variable was residual value percent, defined as auction price divided by manufacturers suggested retail price. Different first, second, and third-order polynomial models and exponential and logarithmic models of age were examined. A second-order polynomial was selected from these functional forms based on the adjusted coefficient of determination. Coefficients for the 28 models and related statistics were tabulated. A spreadsheet tool incorporating the final regression model and its coefficients was developed. It allows performing the residual value prediction in an interactive and intuitive manner. / Ph. D.

Les polyesters aliphatiques dégradables tels que la poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL), le poly(glycolide) (PGA) ou le poly(lactide) (PLA) présentent de nombreuses applications dans le domaine biomédical. Lors de leur utilisation comme implant, le contrôle des propriétés de surface des polyesters est d'un intérêt considérable. En effet, les interactions avec le milieu vivant ont lieu aux interfaces. Ce travail de thèse vise donc le développement d'une méthode simple et généralisable de couplage de petites molécules, macromolécules et biomolécules sur des surfaces de PLA, en évitant sa dégradation. Cette méthode est basée sur une stratégie en deux étapes, initialement développée en solution sur la PCL et comprenant une activation anionique dans des conditions spécifiques, suivie de la fonctionnalisation par un groupe propargyle afin d'obtenir une surface de PLA « clickable ». Cette méthodologie a ensuite été utilisée pour synthétiser des surfaces de PLA (bio)actives anti-bactériennes et visibles en IRM. Les stratégies ont été initialement développées et optimisées en milieu homogène avec la PCL. Ensuite, les surfaces de PLA ont été modifiées, en milieu hétérogène, par CUAAC de poly(ammonium quaternaire)s fonctionnalisés azoture et d'un complexe de gadolinium fonctionnalisé azoture. / Biodegradable aliphatic polyesters such as poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL), poly(glycolide) (PGA) or poly(lactide) (PLA) are widely used in biomedical applications. When employed as an implantable material, the control of the surface properties of polyesters is of great interest because biochemical reactions occur on the surface or at interfaces. This work proposes a simple and versatile method to immobilize simple molecules, macromolecules, and biomolecules on PLA surfaces while preventing polymer degradation. The method is based on a one-pot, two-step procedure, first developed in solution with PCL and comprises an anionic activation under selected conditions followed by propargylation to form a ¡°clickable¡± PLA surface. This methodology is then employed to generate bioactive surfaces, namely antibacterial PLA surfaces and MRI-visible PLA surfaces. In a first place, chemical strategies are developed and optimized in homogeneous systems using PCL. Subsequently, PLA surfaces are modified, under heterogeneous conditions, by grafting of well-defined ¦Á-azido-functionalized poly(quaternary ammonium)s and an ¦Á-azido-functionalized complex of gadolinium to the propargylated PLA surface using "click" chemistry.

Ce travail a eu pour objectif la création de matériaux composites à base de nanocharges de carbonate de calcium. L'étude des phénomènes interfaciaux qui régissent ces systèmes, ainsi que leurs impacts sur les propriétés fonctionnelles du matériau et plus particulièrement des propriétés de transport, ont été réalisées. Pour ce faire, nous avons considéré deux matrices polymères de nature chimique différente : le polylactide et le polyfluore de vinylidène. Les nanocomposites ont été élaborés par deux voies de mise en œuvre : la voie fondu et la voix solvant. Une analyse fine des relations structure/morphologie/propriétés des composites a été réalisée. Nous avons mis en évidence, quelle que soit la matrice polymère choisie, l'importance du traitement de surface des charges afin d'améliorer leurs états de dispersion dans le matériau et d'augmenter la qualité de l'interface charge/polymère. Ces paramètres ont été corrélés aux propriétés de transport de ces matériaux composites.

Studies concerning the formation of industrially useful polycarbonates are the focus of this dissertation. Of particular importance is the biodegradable polymer, poly(trimethylene carbonate) which has a wide range of medical applications. The production of polycarbonates can be achieved by the ring-opening polymerization of cyclic carbonate, or the copolymerization of carbon dioxide and oxiranes or oxetanes. For the production of polycarbonates from these monomers, Schiff base metal complexes have been designed, synthesized, and optimized as catalysts. Detailed kinetic and mechanistic studies have been performed for the ring-opening polymerization of cyclic carbonates, as well as the copolymerization of carbon dioxide and oxiranes or oxetane. In addition, the copolymerization of cyclic carbonates and cyclic esters to modify the mechanical and biodegradable properties of materials used for medical devices has been studied using biocompatible metal complexes. In the process for ring-opening polymerizations of trimethylene carbonate or lactides, Schiff base metal complexes (metal = Ca(II), Mg(II) and Zn(II)) have been shown to be very effective catalysts to produce high molecular weight polymers with narrow polydispersities. Kinetic studies demonstrated the polymerization reactions to proceed via a mechanism first order in [monomer], [catalyst], and [cocatalyst] if an external cocatalyst is applied, and to involve ring-opening by way of acyl-oxygen bond cleavage. The activation parameters (ΔH≠, ΔS≠ and ΔG≠) were determined for ringopening polymerization of trimethylene carbonate, ring-opening polymerization of lactides, and copolymerization of trimethylene carbonate and lactide. In the process for copolymerization of carbon dioxide and oxetane, metal salen derivatives of Cr(III) and Al(III) along with cocatalyst such as n-Bu4NX or PPNX (PPN = bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium, and X = Br, Cl and N3) have been shown to be effective catalysts to provide poly(trimethylene carbonate) with only trace amount of ether linkages. The formation of copolymer is proposed not to proceed via the intermediacy of trimethylene carbonate, which was observed as a minor product of the coupling reaction. To support this conclusion, ring-opening polymerization of trimethylene carbonate has been performed and kinetic parameters have been compared with those from the copolymerization of carbon dioxide and oxetane.

Η Ακετονική Τριαμσινολόνη είναι ένα συνθετικό γλυκοκορτικοειδές το οποίο έχει ευρέως χρησιμοποιηθεί στη θεραπεία ενός αριθμού φλεγμονωδών και αγγειακών / εξιδρωματικών παθήσεων του οφθαλμού, χορηγούμενη υπό μορφή ένεσης παραβόλβια, υποτενόνια ή ενδοϋαλοειδικά. Δυστυχώς έχει περιορισμένο χρόνο ημιζωής με συνέπεια να είναι συχνά αναγκαίες επανειλημμένες ενέσεις για να επιτευχθεί παρατεταμένη δράση. Αυτό αυξάνει τη συχνότητα των επιπλοκών, οι οποίες σχετίζονται τόσο με το ίδιο το φάρμακο όσο και με την οδό χορήγησης. Σκοπός της μελέτης: Η παρασκευή σκληρικών συστημάτων ελεγχόμενης αποδέσμευσης Ακετονικής Τριαμσινολόνης βασιζόμενα στο βιοδιασπόμενο πολυμερές Πόλυ[γαλακτικό] (PLA) και η αξιολόγηση των in vitro/ex vivo χαρακτηριστικών τους σε σχέση με τη δυνητική χρήση τους για παρατεταμένη διασκληρική χορήγηση ΤΑ. Υλικό και Μέθοδος: Μικροσφαίρες PLA που περιείχαν ΤΑ παρασκευάστηκαν με τη μέθοδο του απλού και του διπλού γαλακτώματος. Εξετάστηκαν η μορφολογία τους, το μέγεθός τους, η επίδραση της αρχικής ποσότητας ΤΑ και της μεθόδου παρασκευής στη φόρτιση των μικροσφαιρών καθώς και η in vitro αποδέσμευση ΤΑ από αυτές. Παρασκευάστηκαν δισκία αποτελούμενα από μικροσφαίρες καθαρού PLA και ΤΑ (με αναλογία βάρους 1:1, 2:1 και 4:1 αντίστοιχα) και εξετάστηκε η in vitro καμπύλη αποδέσμευσης ΤΑ από αυτά. Αξιολογήθηκε η καμπύλη διασκληρικής διάχυσης in vitro τοποθετώντας ένα δισκίο αναλογίας PLA:TA=1:1 σε ένα δοχείο δότη και μετρώντας τη συγκέντρωση ΤΑ σε δοχείο δέκτη. To δοχείο δότης και το δοχείο δέκτης διαχωρίζονταν διαμέσου ενός τμήματος σκληρού χιτώνα κουνελιού. Σε δύο πτωματικούς οφθαλμούς κουνελιών τοποθετήθηκε επισκληρικά ένα δισκίο 1:1 PLA-ΤΑ και καλύφθηκε με ένα σκληρικό μόσχευμα. Η συγκέντρωση της ΤΑ στο υδατοειδές υγρό και στο υαλοειδές μετρήθηκε 5, 10 και 20 ημέρες μετά από την ένθεση. Aποτελέσματα: Η μέση διάμετρος των μικροσφαιρών ήταν 2 μm. H μέθοδος του διπλού γαλακτώματος καθώς και η αύξηση της αρχικής ποσότητας του φαρμάκου οδήγησε στην αύξηση της τιμής φόρτισης και ενκαψακίωσης των μικροσφαιρών. Παρατηρήθηκε παρατεταμένη για αρκετές μέρες αποδέσμευση ΤΑ από τις μικροσφαίρες, με το ρυθμό αποδέσμευσης να εξαρτάται από την περιεκτικότητά τους σε ΤΑ. H ΤΑ αποδεσμευόμενη από δισκία PLA-TA παρουσίασε παρατεταμένη αποδέσμευση, με το ρυθμό της να εξαρτάται από το λόγο PLA:TA. H TA μπόρεσε να διαπεράσει το σκληρό χιτώνα με περίπου 21% του φαρμάκου στο δοχείο δότη να έχει διαχυθεί διαμέσου του σκληρού χιτώνα μετά από 45 ημέρες. Μετά από σκληρική χορήγηση η ΤΑ εμφάνισε συγκεντρώσεις στο υδατοειδές υγρό και στο υαλοειδές σε πτωματικούς οφθαλμούς. Συμπεράσματα: Οι μικροσφαίρες και τα δισκία PLA-TA που αναπτύχθηκαν σε αυτήν τη μελέτη παρουσιάζουν παρατεταμένη και ελεγχόμενη αποδέσμευση ΤΑ, έχουν τα πλεονεκτήματα της καθιερωμένης βιοαποικοδομησιμότητας και βιοσυμβατότητας του πολυμερούς PLA, παρέχουν ευελιξία ως προς το ρυθμό αποδέσμευσης και τη συνολική δόση ΤA και παρουσιάζουν ευκολία στους χειρουργικούς χειρισμούς. Αυτά τα συστήματα φαίνεται να είναι υποσχόμενα για την ελεγχόμενη διασκληρική χορήγηση ΤΑ και δικαιολογείται η περαιτέρω μελέτη τους. / Triamcinolone Acetonide (TA) is a synthetic glucocorticoid, which has been widely used to treat a number of inflammatory and vascular and/or exudative diseases of the eye, administered via a peribulbar, sub-tenon or intravitreal injection. Unfortunately, it has a limited half-life and thus repeated injections are often required to establish a prolonged effect. This increases the rate of complications, which are related to the drug itself as well as to the administration route. Study Purpose: To develop scleral controlled-release-systems of Τriamcinolone Αcetonide based on biodegradable Poly[lactide] (PLA) and evaluate their in vitro/ex vivo properties with regard to their possible application for the prolonged transscleral delivery of TA. Materials and Methods: PLA microspheres containing TA were prepared by a single or double emulsification-solvent evaporation method. Morphology, size, effect of drug input and method of microsphere preparation on drug loading, and in vitro TA release of the microspheres were investigated. Tablets consisting of blank PLA-microspheres and TA (weight ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 4:1, respectively) were developed and their release profile οf TA in vitro was evaluated. The in vitro transscleral diffusion profile was evaluated by placing a PLA-TA (1:1) tablet in a donor chamber and measuring the TA concentration in a receptor chamber. Donor and receptor chambers were separated by rabbit sclera. Two cadaver rabbit eyes received a 1:1 PLA-TA tablet episclerally, which was covered by a scleral patch. TA aqueous humor and vitreous concentrations were measured 5, 10, and 20 days post implantation. Results: Microsphere average diameter was 2 μm. The double emulsification method and increasing drug input led to an increase in microsphere drug loading and encapsulation. Sustained release of TA over several days from the microspheres in vitro was observed, with the rate of release being affected by their TA content. TA exhibited sustained release profile from the PLA-TA tablets, with the rate of release being affected by the PLA:TA ratio. TA could cross the sclera tissue in vitro, with approximately 21% of the initial drug in the donor compartment having diffused through the sclera in 45 days. Following scleral administration of the PLA-TA tablets, TA accumulated in the vitreous and aqueous humor of cadaver eyes. Conclusions: The PLA-TA microspheres and tablets developed in this study provide a sustained and controlled release of TA, provide the advantages of established biodegradability and biocompatibility of the PLA polymer, demonstrate flexibility concerning their TA release rate and total TA dosage and are easy to surgically manipulate. These systems appear promising for the controlled transscleral delivery of TA and justify further investigation.

Despite numerous advantages of using particles in a wide range of applications, they have one drawback that is their tendency to agglomerate. One way to overcome this problem is to sterically  stabilize the particles by introducing polymeric  chains covalently attached to the surface. Surface modification by covalently attaching polymer chains to the particle surface can be achieved by e.g. a ‘grafting-from’ technique under UV irradiation. In this thesis, polylactide (PLA) particles were surface modified, under UV irradiation, with the hydrophilic monomers: acrylamide (AAm), acrylic acid (AA), and maleic anhydride (MAH). The developed ‘grafting-from’ technique was shown to be nondestructive method for surface modification of PLA particles of two different geometries. The change in surface chemistry of the PLA particles was confirmed by FTIR and XPS, indicating the success of the surface grafting technique. Force interaction between two surface grafted PLA substrates was measured by colloidal probe AFM in different salt concentrations. In order to understand the repulsive force, the AFM force profiles were compared to the DLVO theory and AdG model. Long range repulsive interactions were mainly observed when hydrophilic polymers were covalently attached to the surface of PLA particles, leading to steric interaction. Attractive force dominated the interaction when neat PLA particle was approaching each other, resulting in particle aggregation, even though short range repulsion was observed at small separation distance, i.e. approximately 10 nm. Attractive interaction was also observed when neat PLA was approaching to PAA-grafted PLA substrate. This attractive interaction was much greater than force interaction between two neat PLA substrates.  The surface grafted particles can be used in biomedical application where secondary interactions are important to overcome particle agglomeration such as particle-based drug delivery. / <p>QC 20130529</p>