Orientador: Lucia Helena Innocentini Mei / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T19:31:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Talamoni_JoaoRoberto_M.pdf: 3179199 bytes, checksum: 8fe9d391161838e5f0a3bd3360ef2652 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: Anualmente, são produzidas cerca de 110 milhões de toneladas de plásticos no mundo, e pelo menos a metade desta quantidade é rapidamente descartada sem qualquer cuidado, permanecendo em aterros e na natureza por décadas, gerando um custo ambiental muito alto. Na tentativa de minimizar este problema, muitos cientistas passaram a investir em pesquisas na tentativa de descobrir materiais que substituam estes plásticos e que ao mesmo tempo sejam ambientalmente amigáveis, ou seja, quando em contato com o solo e em ambientes propícios, estes novos materiais se degradem rapidamente. Muitas linhas de pesquisas trabalham com polímeros de origem natural, outras com síntese microbiológica, porém, uma das linhas de pesquisas mais forte neste sentido é a síntese e modificação de poliésteres alifáticos, que sabidamente possuem boas propriedades de biodegradação. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi sintetizar, caracterizar e modificar um poliéster alifático com boas propriedades de biodegradação. Partiu-se de monômeros conhecidos, como o ácido adípico e o monoetileno glicol, e ainda usou-se outros materiais para tentar melhorar as propriedades dos polímeros sintetizados, como o glicerol e o diisocianato de hexametileno, este último usado para se obter poliésteres-uretanos de massa molar maior, menor cristalinidade e de mais fácil biodegradação. Todas as amostras obtidas foram caracterizadas via medições de suas massas molares por Cromatografia por Permeação em Gel e Viscosidade Intrínseca, e ainda mediuse a efetividade das reações através da Espectroscopia por Infravermelho. Também determinou-se as temperaturas de cristalização e de fusão através da Calorimetria Diferencial Exploratória e a perda de massa através de Análise Termogravimétrica. Ainda, acompanhou-se o processo de biodegradação através de fotos e microscopia ótica. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho mostraram que a síntese de poliésteres alifáticos requer muitos cuidados para que se obtenha materiais com boas propriedades de aplicação, e que as modificações via isocianato, obtendo-se poliésteres-uretanos, é um caminho bastante interessante para a melhoria destas propriedades, e ainda, pode-se concluir que a síntese destes materiais é bastante promissora para se obter materiais / Abstract: Annually, about 110 millions of tons of plastics are produced around the world, and at least haIf of this amount is wasted speciaIly in landfills, remaining there for decades, causing high1y environmental costs. In order to solve this problem, many scientists are performing researches trying to create new materiaIs with adequate properties to replace these plastics and at the same time, materiaIs that are environmentally mends, and can be degraded when in contact with soil and under adequate conditions. Many researchers are working with natural polymers, others with polymers synthesized through microbiologicaI conditions, and others are working with the synthesis and modification of aIiphatic polyesters, which are known since decades that they are good biodegradable materiaIs. The objective of this work is the synthesis, characterization and modification of aIiphatic polyesters with good biodegradable properties. It was used known monomers for the synthesis, like adipic acid and ethylene glycol, and others materiaIs to improve properties, like glycerol and hexamethylene diisocyanate, this last one was used to obtain a polyester-urethane, with high molecular weight and lower degree of crystallization, improving its ability to degrade. All samples synthesized were characterized by Gel Permeation Chromatography and Intrinsic Viscosity to measure their molecular weight, and the effectiveness of the reactions were followed by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Melting and Glass Transition temperatures and Crystallization behavior were measured through Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Using Thermogravimetry measurements, the loss of mass of all samples with temperature was measured. The biodegradation process was followed by periodical photos and with Optical Microscopy. The final results showed that the synthesis of aliphatic polyesters need to be carefully carried out to achieve materials with good properties, and the extension of these aliphatic polyesters with isocyanates is a viable way to increase properties of these materials, but it is possible to conc1ude that the synthesis of such materials is a very promising field to have biodegradable materials / Mestrado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Orientador: Maria Regina Wolf Maciel / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T14:16:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ParadaHernandez_NataliaLorena_D.pdf: 3619653 bytes, checksum: 89e5fe01b39a1e7b4df6202248e4f9c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa é sintetizar um biopolímero a partir do óleo de mamona usando um processo não tóxico, tanto na síntese da resina epoxídica quanto no processo da sua cura, visando obter assim um biomaterial com características adequadas para uso na área médica. Para isso, foi necessária a funcionalização do óleo de mamona, por meio do processo de epoxidação, para posterior utilização como monômero na síntese do biopolímero. O processo de epoxidação foi realizado utilizando um sistema catalítico verde (H2O2/Al2O3/acetato de etila). Inicialmente, foi realizada a epoxidação do ricinoleato de metila (componente modelo), para a avaliação da eficiência do processo de epoxidação. Neste estudo foi utilizada a metodologia de planejamento de experimentos, a qual possibilitou definir as variáveis significativas do processo de epoxidação. A epoxidação do componente modelo foi monitorada por meio de Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a um Detector de Ionização de Chama (GC-FID). Os resultados mostraram alta conversão (99%), em poucas horas de reação (2h), e ausência de subprodutos (99% de seletividade). Com esses resultados, procedeu-se com a epoxidação do óleo de mamona, cuja eficiência do processo foi avaliada por meio de Espectroscopia no Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e Espectroscopia Raman (FT-Raman) e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de Prótons (1HNMR). Após epoxidação do óleo de mamona, foi avaliada a reação de polimerização do óleo de mamona epoxidado (ECO) usando ácidos carboxílicos (ácido cítrico) como comonômero, utilizando a técnica de Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC), FTIR, Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA) e testes de capacidade de inchamento. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o processo de polimerização estudado é viável, obtendo-se um poliéster reticulado. Visando a possível aplicação do poliéster obtido na engenharia de tecidos e área médica, foi realizada a análise de citotoxicidade do polímero obtido, usando células Vero (fibroblastos). O resultado da análise de citotoxicidade mostrou a não toxicidade do polímero sintetizado em células Vero (fibroblastos) / Abstract: The target of this research is to synthesize a biopolymer from castor oil using a nontoxic process, not only in the epoxy resin synthesis but also in its curing process, aiming to obtain a biomaterial with suitable characteristics for medical applications. With this purpose, castor oil was functionalized using an epoxidation process in order to be used as monomer in the biopolymer synthesis. Epoxidation process was performed using a green catalytic system (H2O2/Al2O3/ethyl acetate). Initially, it was carried out the epoxidation of methyl ricinoleate (model compound) for evaluating the epoxidation process efficacy by using experimental design methodology, allowing in this way to define the significant epoxidation process variables. Model compound epoxidation was monitored by gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The evaluation of the results showed high conversion (99%) in a few hours (around 2hs) without byproduct formation (99% selectivity). Taking into account these results, it was performed the castor oil epoxidation and the process efficacy was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Raman Spectroscopy and 1H NMR. After castor oil epoxidation, epoxidized castor oil (ECO) polymerization using carboxylic acids (citric acid) as comonomer was evaluated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), FTIR, Thermogravimetric Analyses (TGA) and swelling tests. The obtained results showed that polymerization process is viable and it was obtained a cross-linked polyester. In order to evaluate the potential application of the obtained polymer in the medical field, it was performed a cytotoxicity assay using Vero cells (fibroblast type). Cytotoxicity results showed nontoxic effect of synthesized polyester on Vero cells / Doutorado / Engenharia Química / Doutora em Engenharia Quimica

Os polihidroxialcanoatos constituem um grupo de poliésteres acumulados por inúmeras bactérias na forma de grânulos intracelulares, que podem representar até 80% da massa seca celular. No presente trabalho, foi avaliado o comportamento de diferentes linhagens quanto a capacidade de metabolizarem ácidos graxos livres e óleo de soja para a produção de biopolímeros e, posteriormente, em biorreator, algumas linhagens selvagens e recombinantes foram testadas na presença ou não de um inibidor da b-oxidação. Experimentos em frascos agitados, mostraram valores de teor de PHA em até cerca de 70% na biomassa total com cerca de 5% de monômeros de cadeia média permitindo selecionar as linhagens Cupriavidus necator e Burkholderia cepacia para os ensaios seguintes. Experimentos em biorreator mostraram que, as variáveis manipuláveis quanto ao fluxo de óleo de soja, de co-substratos e o inibidor de b-oxidação não influenciaram, significativamente, no rendimento de P3HB/3HAmcl formado quando utilizado Burkholderia cepacia IPT-048, entretanto, contribuíram na síntese de 3HV. Durante os ensaios, o aumento do número de cópias do gene phaB em Cupriavidus necator, aparentemente, não contribuíram para o aumento do rendimento de 3HHx, porém, outras variáveis manipuláveis deverão ser propostas para a confirmação. / The poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are a group of polyesters accumulated for several bacteria in the intracellular granule form, that can represent up to 80% of the dry mass cellular. The main advantage of the biopolymers on the synthetic materials is its degradation in the environment. Recycable raw materials can be used as carbon sources for the production biodegradable polymer. Some polymers have appeared in literature having mechanical characteristic considered appropriate in such a way for use in packings (flexible and covering films), how base for controlled release of asset to be applied in the pharmacological-medical and foods area. The P3HB-co-3HAmcl are 3-hydroxybutyrate copolymers and 3-hydroxyacyl of 6 or more carbon atoms which has aroused interest for to present intermediate properties between HB and HAmcl, having taken care of the requirements for diverse applications. Some strains are distinguished, however, assays in bottles agitated with the Cupriavidus sp. and Burkholderia sp. strains, using as substratum greasy free acid and soy oil, had led the promising results. In the present work, first, was evaluated the behavior of different strains (Cupriavidus necator DSM545 IPT-026, C. necator H16 IPT-027, Pseudomonas sp. IPT-066, Burkholderia cepacia IPT-048 and B. sacchari IPT-189) how much to metabolizer capacity of free fatty acids and soybean oil for the production of biopolymers and, later, in tank bioreactor some wild strains and recombinant had been tested together or not of an inhibitor of the boxidation (acid acrylic). Experiments in bottles with agitation, had shown values of PHA in about 70% of the total biomass with about 5% monomers chain average allowing to select the Burkholderia cepacia IPT-048 and Cupriavidus necator DSM545 strains for the following assays. Experiments in tank bioreactor had shown that, the interactions between the substratum, co-substratum and the inhibitor of boxidation had influenced in the amount of formed P3HB/3HAmcl when used the Burkholderia cepacia IPT-048 strains, contributing for the synthesis of 3HV and 3HHx. When used only the soybean oil (5g/L) was gotten an amount of HHx with about 6 mol% with Burkholderia cepacia strains. In this same condition was verified that after some determined period also proved monomer HV in an amount of 0.20 mol%. Adding the acid acrylic (0.18 g/L) were gotten 1.50 mol% of HHx, however, differently of the previous condition the amount of HV varied of 0.91 - 2.77 mol%. A conclusion for the condition soybean oil and acrylic acid is that, the strains is using the acrylic fatty acid as carbon source, or either, the formation of acrylil-CoA with consequent formation of chains with 5 carbons. Similar results had been gotten when analyzed extracted polymer, or either, after the stage of extraction with chloroform was verified that the amount varied of 1.60 - 2.14 mol%. When added to a cosubstratum in the phase of accumulation (caproic fatty acid) and absence of the acrylic acid, it did not have the increase of HHx in relation to the previous variable, as much that, the amount of monomer reached about 0.50 mol%. In this condition, the presence of the acrylic fatty acid also did not contribute for the HV synthesis, not having been observed monomers during the assays. In the following phase, in which we work with Cupriavidus necator and a recombinant (Cupriavidus necator::phaB) strains, was verified that the gotten amount of HHx had been similar, about 0.30 mol%. Our hypothesis, we believe that the increase of the number of copies of the gene phaB could contribute for the increase of the carbon flow in the direction to raise the amount of 3HB how much of other monomers. As in the assays in bottles with agitation substrat caproic and caprylic fatty acids they had been distinguished also when availabled 2g/L and the soybean oil of in a concentration of 5g/L, we analyze the strains recombinant with soybean oil and caprylic fatty acid with 5 g/L. The insistence in the use of the caprylic fatty acid was based on the fact of the possibility of strains to oxidate part of fatty acids for the production of cells and energy and, at the moment that had the nitrogen limitation, to begin the accumulation phase dividing two carbons for the production of acetyl-CoA and the remain of the chain was stored in the form of 3HHx. The caprylic fatty acid disponibility it did not have the monomer attainment, therefore, Cupriavidus necator and Cupriavidus necator::phaB had its replyed inhibited capacity by the substratum. In the added soybean oil bottles with and without the acrylic fatty acid the behavior it was the opposite to the observed with caprylic fatty acid. During the incubation period, for both the strains, the amount of PHA, and consequently, the percentage of 3HB in the dry mass cellular was of 22.95% (100 mol%) and 25.90% (100 mol%) in 28ª and 24ª hours, respectively. In this condition, in the recombinant strains, also was observed the presence of HHx between 32ª and 49ª hour with a maxim amount of 1.10 mol%. From the results it can be concluded that the Burkholderia cepacia is considered a promising strains for the attainment of HHx and HV allowing that soybean oil with and without the acrylic fatty acid, respectively. The increase in the number of copies of the gene phaB in Cupriavidus necator apparently did not contribute with the increase of 3HHx efficiency however, other handling variables will be proposed for confirmation.

The master‘s thesis is focused on the study of biodegradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates, namely polymer polyhydroxybutyrate. The first part of the thesis is focused on the study of biodegradation of polyhydroxybutyrate in the form of crystalline granules of PHB and PHB films using selected species of microorganisms from bacteria, yeasts and fungi. As a representative of bacteria was chosen microorganism Delftia acidorovans, as yeast was selected Aureobasidium pullulans and Aspergillus fumigatus as fungi. PHB depolymerase activity was measured employing turbidemtiric method with suspension of PHB granules as substrate. The results showed that D. acidorovans can partially degrade PHB. On the contrary A. pullulans cannot effectively degrade PHB. The most significant degradation ability revealed A. fumigatus, which was able to degrade PHB completely. Extracellular enzymes excreted by these microorganisms when cultivated on PHB materials as sole carbon sources were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. The second part of the thesis deals with the biodegradation of PHB in the form of PHB film, PHB hardened foil and PHB Nanoul fabric using standard composting test. Semi-solid cultivation showed positive results. In the interval from 14 days to two months were all forms of the PHB completely biodegraded. With semi-solid cultivation was also studied biodegradation rate of the polyurethane elastomeric films which were modified by partial replacement of polyester polyol by PHB. The test samples were prepared using PHB from Sigma and the PHB samples prepared at the Faculty of chemistry VUT. Samples with different concentrations of the dispersed PHB (1 %, 5 % and 10 %) in the polyurethane were also object of the study. At the end of the cultivation (after 2 months) were measured mechanical properties in tension of the material, then efficiency of biodegradation by gravimetric analysis and modification of the material surface by microscopic analysis.

Polyesters are an important class of polymers in many applications ranging from common-use objects—such as packaging containers, clothing, and upholstery—to more advanced applications, such as lightweight strength materials in construction, electronics, and automotive parts. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), a semicrystalline aromatic polyester, is commercially the most common and widely used polyester. However, the inability to reuse polyesters such as PET over multiple reprocessing cycles in the same application remains a challenge due to the susceptibility of the polymer to thermal, hydrolytic, and oxidative degradation during melt processing. The various degradation modes result in a drop in molecular weight, loss of key physical properties, and release of volatile compounds. Furthermore, the vast issue of plastic accumulation and pollution in diverse ecosystems, landfills, and waste streams underscores the burgeoning need to create a closed loop—responsible materials management from the cradle to the grave—through these materials' continual reuse and recycling. Additionally, most feedstock monomers used in polyester synthesis primarily come from fossil fuels. Fossil fuel extraction processes release gases and particulate matter that adversely affect health, climate, and the environment, so finding alternative sources for polyester monomers is paramount. This dissertation addresses key polyester challenges by designing and synthesizing alicyclic polyesters. First, we synthesized a series of alicyclic polyesters using various ratios of two regioisomers of a previously unexplored alicyclic monomer, bicyclohexyldimethanol (BCD). We learned from this alicyclic polyester series that we could tailor properties such as morphology and elongation while raising the glass transition temperatures (Tg) and lower melting temperatures (Tm) of the polymers based on the regioisomer composition. Furthermore, the regioisomer that led to polymers with semicrystalline morphologies inspired us to apply it to PET as a copolymer, with the goal of increasing PET's stability under melt processing conditions by lowering Tm. Next, we synthesized a series of alicyclic copolyesters with different BCD compositions in the polymer. The results showed that the presence of the alicyclic rings of BCD lowers the melting temperature and enhances the stability of the polymer in the melt compared to PET. These results directed us toward synergistically combining the benefits of alicyclic monomers with sustainable biobased monomers to enhance polyester properties, thereby decoupling fossil fuels from polymer feedstock production. Accordingly, we explored naturally ubiquitous, structurally diverse, and chemically modifiable terpenes present in the resin exudate of conifers. Specifically, we derived alicyclic diacid and diol monomers from the terpene verbenone and used them to synthesize a series of biobased alicyclic polyesters. The polymer series exhibited a range of morphologies, Tg's, as well as enhanced stabilities. The semicrystalline composition exhibited higher Tg and slightly lower Tm than PET while possessing exceptional stability in the melt over PET. / Doctor of Philosophy / Polyesters are important materials widely used today. They are very large molecules composed of a basic chemical unit linked together in a repeating fashion to make a long chain. The nature of the links between the basic units is referred to as an ester link, and materials are described as polyester when the number of these links is large. The applications of polyesters range from common-use objects—such as packaging containers, clothing, and upholstery—to more advanced applications in construction, transportation, and defense—such as body armor, seat belts, and lightweight strength materials and coatings in construction. The properties of its basic structural unit enable the wide breadth of applications of polyesters. A significant challenge that faces polyesters is the inability to reuse the material in the same application multiple times. The material must be reprocessed by melting at high temperatures to be reused. This melting breaks down the polyester chain, weakening the material and rendering it unsuitable for continued use. The need to reuse polyesters is an important area of concern because of the growing problem of plastic accumulation and pollution in diverse ecosystems and landfills. If these materials are continually reused, they will not accumulate as environmental waste. Furthermore, the basic starting unit that makes up polyesters largely comes from fossil fuels. Fossil fuel extraction processes release gases and particulate matter that adversely affect health, climate, and the environment. The issues of polyester breakdown in the melt and fossil fuel use to make the polyester can be addressed in two ways. First, reinforcing the polyester through changes to the basic structural unit can prevent the breakdown of the material when melted, thereby enabling its reuse over multiple cycles. Second, reducing the dependence on fossil fuels to make the basic structural unit of the polyester can be accomplished by using more renewable biobased sources instead. This dissertation seeks to address these two challenges. In the first approach, we investigate the effect of using a special cyclic structure in the polyester make-up to reinforce its stability when melted and enable its reuse. Next, we use plant materials to derive these unique structures to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and mitigate the environmental, climate, and health effects of fossil fuel use.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Resilon is a resin-based obturation material that claims to create a monoblock through bonding of RealSeal sealer to the dentin walls and to the core material. Resilon is comprised of a biodegradable polymer, polycaprolactone, and inorganic fillers. Resilon has been shown to undergo enzymatic hydrolysis by bacterial enzymes such as lipase. This study aims to demonstrate if bacteria found within the infected root canal system are capable of degrading Resilon utilizing an agar disc hydrolysis method. A 0.1-percent Resilon emulsion and a gutta-percha emulsion were prepared with Tryptic Soy Agar in plates. Several bacterial species were inoculated in eight spots each on the Resilon and gutta-percha agar plates and the plates were observed for the formation of hydrolytic halos surrounding bacteria signifying their ability to degrade the material. The bacterial enzyme Lipase PS served as a positive control. P. intermedia, P. aeruginosa, P. assacharoylitica, S. epidermidis and S. aureus all demonstrated hydrolytic halos, clear zones, at each of the eight inoculation locations (100%, 95%CI 63%-100%) on the Resilon plates. The halos were similar to those seen in the positive lipase control. No halos were seen with E. faecalis, F. nucleatum, S. mutans, S. sanguis, or P. gingivalis at any of the eight inoculation spots (0%, 95%CI 0%-37%) on the Resilon plates. No hydrolytic halos were seen around any bacterial colonies or the Lipase PS on the gutta-percha plates. The results of this study indicate that bacteria found in endodontic infections can hydrolize Resilon dispersed into an emulsion. The potential exists for Resilon degradation after its use as an obturation material in infected root canal systems. Given that root canal therapy does not render a canal void of microorganisms, it is prudent to obturate the root canal system with a material that cannot be degraded by bacteria and their enzymes.

Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Consultant: PharmDr. Ondřej Holas, PhD. Student: Katarína Kostíková Title of thesis: Study of the surfactants effect on polymer nanoparticle parameters The main aim of this Diploma thesis was to examine whether the use of various stabilizers has any effect on the resultant size of prepared nanoparticles and to find out which type of stabilizer is the most appropriate in terms of preparation of the nanoparticles of the necessary size, adequate polydispersity and steadiness. The preparation of nanoparticles was based on the use of sodium cholate as a surfactant and polymer PLGA (poly (lactid-co-glycolic acid)) consisting of monomers of lactic and glycolic acids. Nanoparticles were prepared by means of nanoprecipitation method. Sodium cholate solution has always been prepared in water in different concentration: 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 5%. The following have been used as stabilizers: poloxamer 407, polyvinyl alcohol, cetrimonium-bromide (CTAB), and polysorbate 20, all of them in concentration of 0.1% and sorbitan-monostearate in concentration of 0.01%. Measurement of the size of created nanoparticles was performed using the device Zetasizer at the...

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