No description available.

No description available.

The objective of this research is to develop a water-based processing method for incorporating large filler loadings into nanocomposite systems. Specifically, cellulose nanocrystal/poly(vinyl alcohol) (CNC/PVA) nanocomposite aqueous suspensions and films were processed and characterized at CNC loadings up to 67 wt.% with respect to polymer concentration. Both aqueous suspended and freeze-dried CNCs were studied with this method. Two methods for incorporating the CNCs were investigated: solution processing and batch mixing of aqueous suspensions. The materials produced by these methods were characterized using rheology of aqueous suspensions and a method for understanding the morphology of these aqueous suspension through rheological characterization was developed. The CNC/PVA suspensions were dried and the structure of the film studied using x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. With regard to characterization of polymer structure by these methods, PVA crystallinity was seen to increase with increasing CNC loading. Finally, dynamic mechanical analysis and micro-tensile testing were conducted on consolidated films and CNCs were seen to increase modulus, yield stress but decrease strain at failure. Biodegradation studies were also conducted and CNCs were seen to increase the biodegradation characteristics of PVA. While the general trends in experimental data were the same, differences in properties between systems made with solution processing and batch mixing were observed, attributed to differences in the CNC dispersion. Overall, results indicated that this methodology is feasible for the industrially scalable production of highly loaded nanocomposites.

The use of dense CO2 in polymer processing can provide a response to the need for more environmentally-friendly industrial processes. Products with high-purity, sterility, and porosity can be achieved using dense gas technology (DGT). Currently, DGT has been used in different aspects of polymer processing including polymerization, micronization, and impregnation. Due to its solubility in polymers, CO2 can penetrate and plasticize polymers, while impregnating them with low-molecular weight CO2 -soluble compounds. Biodegradable polymers and other medical-grade polymers have benefited from the application of DGT. Dense CO2 processing properties of inertness, non-toxicity, and affinity for various therapeutic compounds are specifically advantageous to the medical and biomedical industries. In this work, the different applications of DGT in polymer processing are revised, then implemented. The polymerization of polycarbonate (PC) and polycaprolactone (PCL) in dense CO2 are presented. The syntheses of both polymers were successful and were aided by the use of dense CO2 . A multi-stage approach using dense CO2 as a sweep fluid to extract the PC polymerization by-product phenol is reported. Polycaprolactone was synthesized with varying temperatures and dense CO pressures, then impregnated with a CO2 -soluble therapeutic agent. The impregnated PCL acted as a drug reservoir with a drug-loading of 27wt% and a sustained drug release profile was observed for all samples over several days. Polymer blends of PC/PCL have potential industrial and biomedical applications both in vivo and in vitro. The applicability of PCL can be extended by enhancing its mechanical properties by creating a bio-blend with a stronger polymer such as PC. In this work, PC/PCL nonporous and porous blends were produced. Three novel dense CO2 blending techniques were used. The macroporous PC/PCL blend was impregnated with a therapeutic agent using CO2 as the carrier. A drug loading of 20wt% was achieved and sustained drug release was observed over 3 days. The applicability of dense CO2 in polymer processing was further demonstrated by sterilizing macroporous PC/PCL blends and soft hydrogels with dense CO2 . The PC/PCL blends and hydrogels were inoculated with vegetative bacteria and bacterial endospores. Industrial standard sterilization levels were achieved.

<p>  </p> <p>Plastics play crucial rules in almost every aspect of life. Unique properties of plastics like chemical and light resistant, strong, moldable, and low cost make plastic materials useful in many aspects of our global society. However, largely relying on feedstock resources like fossil fuels, plastics production is not sustainable. Thus, plastic recycling could be an efficient alternative to save feedstock resources as well as to reduce production cost.</p> <p>Recently, a series of polymer materials synthesized via topochemical polymerization are considered as strong candidates for next generation recyclable plastics. It is well-known that topochemical polymerization has high efficiency and environment-friendly features, such as solvent-free and catalyst-free reaction conditions, high reaction yield without side reactions, and atom economy. Yet, there exist few studies on depolymerizing and recycling those polymers. A unique topochemically polymerizable polyindenedione derivative [2,2'-Bi-1H-indene]-1,1'-dione-3,3'-diyl dialkylcarboxylate (polyBIT) with rapid and quantitative depolymerization was discovered via breakage of elongated carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds with bond length of 1.57∼1.63 Å. The elongated C-C bonds have been proven theoretically and experimentally to have significantly lower bond dissociation energies than normal C-C bonds, and it is the major driving force to depolymerize polyBIT polymer single crystals. </p> <p>Different from most traditional polymers that can be dissolved or melt processed, topochemical polymer single crystals are not soluble in most common solvents due to their highly crystalline and ordered nature. This unique feature inhibited topochemical polymer crystals from practical applications. To convert needle-like polyBIT crystals into useful forms, I developed an ultrasonication method to break large polymer crystals into small fibers that can be uniformly suspended in organic solvents. Followed by vacuum filtration and heat press, polyBIT crystals can be processed into robust and freestanding polymer thin films. The processed thin films presented reasonable mechanical properties with Young’s modulus of over 600MPa and are stable under harsh conditions.</p> <p>Topochemical polymerization reactions require specific monomer packings before applying external stimuli, and a small change in monomer structure may completely alter the reactivity. Therefore, functionalizing monomer structures for topochemical reactions is quite challenging. In the polyBIT system, we attempted to functionalize BIT monomer with several linear and branched side chains. After preparing monomer crystals, only needle-like 1D monomers can be photopolymerized, while plate-like 2D monomer crystals became photostable. Introducing heteroatoms (such as oxygen, sulfur, bromine, chlorine) can induce different non-bonding interactions and interactions, which combined can push monomers away from one another to make them unreactive. Introducing branched side chains will also change the distances between two BIT monomers and leads to unreactive crystals when the branched side chain is too bulky (such as when tertbutyl group is on the end of side chain). Functionalizing side chains for polyBIT crystals can further tune the mechanical properties of the crystals: swapping end methyl group with a simple bromine atom can induce multiple intermolecular and interchain interaction including weak hydrogen bonding and C−H···Br interactions. These interactions bind all the polymer chains together to provide a strong 1D polymer fiber with elastic modulus over 10.6 GPa. These results suggest that the crystalline polymers synthesized from simple photochemistry and without expensive catalysts are promising for practical applications with complete materials circularity and wide range of structural and mechanical turnabilities.</p>

No description available.

No description available.

O objetivo desse trabalho consiste na validação experimental e implementação de melhorias de projeto, de um cabeçote de extrusão com rosca de seção variável usada em uma impressora 3-D experimental. O primeiro estudo realizado envolveu a análise térmica por elementos finitos do sistema rosca-cilindro, com o intuito de se verificar a implantação de um sistema de refrigeração com suportes aletados ao longo do barril que têm como função a dissipação de calor gerado no processo de extrusão, por convecção forçada. O perfil de temperaturas ao longo do barril também é um resultado importante e uma validação experimental foi realizada com medições realizadas em termopar. Foram realizados testes de extrusão utilizando o polímero Nylon 12 PA e o polímero biodegradável PCL (Polycaprolactona), que permitiram a avaliação da estrutura do material extrudado, através da visualização de imagens de MEV (Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura) e avaliação da forma dos filamentos. Scaffolds foram fabricados utilizando o sistema em estudo e submetidos à mesma avaliação com imagens de MEV. Por meio de um DOE (Design of Experiments) foram conduzidas medições de diâmetros dos filamentos extrudados, que revelaram o fenômeno de inchamento de extrudado, para o menor diâmetro de bico. Com o maior diâmetro do bico de deposição foram gerados scaffolds, com porosidade controlada e também foi demonstrada a capacidade de extrusão e deposição de materiais compósitos (polimérico/cerâmico). O cabeçote demonstrou, portanto, sua capacidade em aplicações de pesquisa, que envolvam geração de filamentos e protótipos poliméricos e cerâmicos. Esses materiais encontram aplicações desde a engenharia tecidual até aplicações industriais, com ou sem controle de porosidade. Um estudo preliminar sobre a melhoria do projeto mecânico do cabeçote incluiu a redução do seu peso, por meio da troca do sistema de redução, com a escolha de um redutor cicloidal ou harmônico e retirada de material da estrutura, o que deve reduzir o peso do sistema em aproximadamente 38%. / This work presents the experimental validation and design improvements of an extrusion head with variable section applied of an experimental 3-D printer. The first study was the thermal analysis by finite elements of the barrel-screw system. The aim is to verify the cooling capacity resulted from the implantation of a cooling system with finned supports along the extrusion barrel. This cooling system should dissipate the heat generated in extrusion process by forced convection. The temperature profile along the barrel is also an important result and an experimental validation was performed with measuring obtained by a thermo-coupling. Extrusion trials were performed processing Nylon 12 PA and a biodegradable polymer PCL (Polycaprolactone). In these trials, the structure of extruded material, in filament shape, was evaluated using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) images. Scaffolds generation were performed and these were evaluated with the same method using SEM. A DOE (Design of Experiments) method, in which measurements of filaments diameters were conducted, have revealed the extrusion swelling in both nozzles tips used (0.4 and 0.8mm), but with more strong effects for the smaller one.Scaffolds with controlled porosity were generated using the large nozzle tip and the extrusion capacity could be demonstrated, not only with polymers, but also with composites of the type polymer/ceramic.Therefore, it can be indicated that the extrusion head in study can be applied in research fields in which the generation of filaments, polymer and polymer/ceramic prototypes, were necessary as tissue engineering or industrial applications, with or without porosity control. A preliminary study included the weight reduction by changing the reduction system and removing material from the head\'s structure. This study could indicate that these improvements could reduce the total weight of the extrusion head in 38%.

O objetivo desse trabalho consiste na validação experimental e implementação de melhorias de projeto, de um cabeçote de extrusão com rosca de seção variável usada em uma impressora 3-D experimental. O primeiro estudo realizado envolveu a análise térmica por elementos finitos do sistema rosca-cilindro, com o intuito de se verificar a implantação de um sistema de refrigeração com suportes aletados ao longo do barril que têm como função a dissipação de calor gerado no processo de extrusão, por convecção forçada. O perfil de temperaturas ao longo do barril também é um resultado importante e uma validação experimental foi realizada com medições realizadas em termopar. Foram realizados testes de extrusão utilizando o polímero Nylon 12 PA e o polímero biodegradável PCL (Polycaprolactona), que permitiram a avaliação da estrutura do material extrudado, através da visualização de imagens de MEV (Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura) e avaliação da forma dos filamentos. Scaffolds foram fabricados utilizando o sistema em estudo e submetidos à mesma avaliação com imagens de MEV. Por meio de um DOE (Design of Experiments) foram conduzidas medições de diâmetros dos filamentos extrudados, que revelaram o fenômeno de inchamento de extrudado, para o menor diâmetro de bico. Com o maior diâmetro do bico de deposição foram gerados scaffolds, com porosidade controlada e também foi demonstrada a capacidade de extrusão e deposição de materiais compósitos (polimérico/cerâmico). O cabeçote demonstrou, portanto, sua capacidade em aplicações de pesquisa, que envolvam geração de filamentos e protótipos poliméricos e cerâmicos. Esses materiais encontram aplicações desde a engenharia tecidual até aplicações industriais, com ou sem controle de porosidade. Um estudo preliminar sobre a melhoria do projeto mecânico do cabeçote incluiu a redução do seu peso, por meio da troca do sistema de redução, com a escolha de um redutor cicloidal ou harmônico e retirada de material da estrutura, o que deve reduzir o peso do sistema em aproximadamente 38%. / This work presents the experimental validation and design improvements of an extrusion head with variable section applied of an experimental 3-D printer. The first study was the thermal analysis by finite elements of the barrel-screw system. The aim is to verify the cooling capacity resulted from the implantation of a cooling system with finned supports along the extrusion barrel. This cooling system should dissipate the heat generated in extrusion process by forced convection. The temperature profile along the barrel is also an important result and an experimental validation was performed with measuring obtained by a thermo-coupling. Extrusion trials were performed processing Nylon 12 PA and a biodegradable polymer PCL (Polycaprolactone). In these trials, the structure of extruded material, in filament shape, was evaluated using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) images. Scaffolds generation were performed and these were evaluated with the same method using SEM. A DOE (Design of Experiments) method, in which measurements of filaments diameters were conducted, have revealed the extrusion swelling in both nozzles tips used (0.4 and 0.8mm), but with more strong effects for the smaller one.Scaffolds with controlled porosity were generated using the large nozzle tip and the extrusion capacity could be demonstrated, not only with polymers, but also with composites of the type polymer/ceramic.Therefore, it can be indicated that the extrusion head in study can be applied in research fields in which the generation of filaments, polymer and polymer/ceramic prototypes, were necessary as tissue engineering or industrial applications, with or without porosity control. A preliminary study included the weight reduction by changing the reduction system and removing material from the head\'s structure. This study could indicate that these improvements could reduce the total weight of the extrusion head in 38%.

The production of fine filaments using the melt spinning process needs considerable effort. A thermoplastic melt is stretched from the spinneret under a constant take-up speed. The high performance thermoplastic PEEK is solidified in the melt spinning process in a small distance and short time. Therefore, the fine PEEK filaments in the fibre formation zone underwent a high deformation and cooling rate. To make the melt spinning process stable and to produce the fine PEEK filaments, material properties and material behaviour are examined using on-line and off-line measurements. The fibre speed measured using Laser Doppler Anemometry and simultaneous temperature measured using infrared thermography enable both the strain rate and consequently the apparent extensional viscosity to be estimated. This provides the apparent extensional viscosity over the spinning line, which can itself show the structural development of PEEK fibres in the fibre formation zone, i.e. necking and solidification phenomena. The one-dimensional fibre formation model must include both procedural and material parameters. The heat transfer coefficient was estimated using the filament temperature measurement and showed a relatively high contribution of radiation and free convection in comparison to forced convection near the spinneret. The improved model of PEEK fibre formation gave a good agreement to both temperature and speed measurements, and also confirmed the high deformation rate effect on the extensional viscosity, which could be simulated with a properly generalised Newtonian constitutive equation. The end properties of the fibres, such as as-spun filament fineness, orientation (expressed using total birefringence) and total crystallisation (examined using DSC) are investigated in relation to different spinning conditions, i.e. take-up speed, throughput and the draw down ratio. The tensile test diagram results, measuring phenomena such as the elongation at break, tenacity, and the Young modulus of elasticity are also analysed in order to complete the correlation of the above-mentioned spinning conditions to the structural properties of as-spun fine PEEK filaments. The melt spinning of fine PEEK fibres under different spinning conditions is examined with the purpose of finding the optimum take-up speed and throughputs. Other spinning conditions, such as the temperature of melt processing, and the arrangement and diameter of the spinneret holes, are changed in order to make the process more stable. The recommendations for further study can be used to further examine some aspects of this work; however, this work presents a new concept for fine PEEK melt spinning supported by spinnability examinations under different spinning conditions and the improved model of fibre formation, which is also relevant for typical industrial processing applications.