This dissertation investigates the socio-cultural and musical transfigurations of a rural-identified musical genre known as música típica as it engages with the dynamics of Panama's rural-urban divide and the country's nascent engagement with the global political economy. Though regarded as emblematic of Panama's national folklore, música típica is also the basis for the country's principal and most commercially successful popular music style known by the same name. The primary concern of this project is to examine how and why this particular genre continues to undergo simultaneous processes of folklorization and commercialization. As an unresolved genre of music, I argue that música típica can offer rich insight into the politics of working out individual and national Panamanian identities. Based on eighteen months of ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Panama City and several rural communities in the country's interior, I examine the social struggles that subtend the emergence of música típica's genre variations within local, national, and transnational contexts. Through close ethnographic analysis of particular case studies, this work explores how musicians, fans, and the country's political and economic structures constitute divisions in regards to generic labeling and how differing fields of musical circulation and meaning are imagined. This study will first present an examination of late nineteenth and twentieth century Panamanian nationalist discourses in order to contextualize música típica's stylistic and ideological development as a commercial genre of popular music. The following chapter will construct a social history of música típca that takes into account the multiple historical trajectories that today's consumers and producers engage, negotiate, and contest in an attempt to ascribe social and cultural meaning to the role the genre assumes in contemporary discourses of national identity. Processes of folkloric canonization and reconstruction will then be examined in order to understand how the marketing efforts of the Panamanian government draw on a discourse of nationality. The role of corporate sponsorship in today's música típica scene will also be investigated, specifically addressing how the marketing of this genre by beer companies, national cultural festivals, and the Panamanian television industry builds on a foundation of commercial music practices. Subsequent chapters will focus on the local and transnational dynamics of genre formation and dissolution as revealed in the ideological discourses and socio-musical practices of música típica's practitioners, especially in accordion and vocal performance practices. An analysis of música típica's field of cultural production, with its particular mappings of identity, place, and sound, will provide insight into Panamanian modernity and the social experiences of Panamanians, especially within Latin American and global contexts.

This dissertation examines the history of popular music in Lomé, the capital city of Togo, a small West African country that has thus far been largely excluded from ethnomusicological inquiry. Through ethnographic and historical research, it explores shifting practices of, ideas about, and sentiments towards, local popular music and their articulations with state power and political culture during the nearly four-decade lasting regime of late President Eyadéma. It divides this long timespan into three distinct periods of political domination. The first period covers the years between Eyadéma’s inception of power in a military coup d’état in 1967 through the rise of his charismatic authority in the 1970s. The second period covers the 1980s, a time of economic decline and growing socio-political tensions, during which the state relied increasingly on terror and violence to solidify its power. The final period covers the last years of Eyadéma’s regime, from the people’s struggle for democracy in the early 1990s through a forged political reconciliation, followed by a gradual process of economic and social liberalization leading up to Eyadéma’s death in 2005. Within this political framework and chronological outline, this dissertation captures an essentially disjointed history of local popular music, which involves musical characteristics and socio-musical processes that remain substantially unaddressed – as is Togo itself – in the extensive literature on African popular music. These characteristics and processes include the stifling of musical creativity and musical evisceration under state patronage, subtle dynamics of subversion among socially alienated musicians involved in seemingly unremarkable generic musical styles, and an overall predominance of imported popular music styles, rather than the hybrid national popular musics prominently featured in the ethnomusicological literature on West Africa. This work is structured around the theme of “absence,” a concept that was dominant in the local discourse on popular music in Lomé towards the end of Eyadéma’s regime. The young generation of urban Togolese, especially, mourned the absence of a set of local musical conditions, principally that of an identifiably Togolese popular music sound. By theorizing “absence” as a phenomenon of perception, rather than an objective state of non-existence, the analysis centers on the nature of the disjunctures between that which is desired and expected, and that which is. In addition to probing various political, economic, cultural, ideological, and discursive trajectories that led up to, and informed, the emergence of perceptions of absence around the turn of the millennium, this work also critically engages with the absence of Togo in the ethnomusicological literature. It identifies, analyzes, and historicizes paradigmatic trends and epistemological conventions that engendered a scholarly concentration on socially vital, stylistically innovative, and audibly “African” popular music cultures, the legacies of which, I argue, have not only inadvertently reinforced celebratory tropes of otherness that parallel those circulating in the context of the World Music market, but have also rendered a place like Togo invisible and inaudible to ethnomusicologists. The larger aim of this dissertation is thus to broaden the scope of the Africanist project on popular music towards the representation of a fuller spectrum of socio-musical experiences in postcolonial Africa through the inclusion of a place whose popular music history is characterized more by absence and alienation than it is by a tangible and assertive musical presence. The ethnomusicological analysis of post-independence popular music practice in Togo also contributes to the broader literature on this generally understudied country in Africa, by revealing and analyzing larger social and cultural responses to, and articulations with, Eyadéma’s autocratic regime, most importantly the absence of a genuine cultural nationalism in the context of Togo’s Cultural Revolution in the 1970s, a pervasive political disengagement among Togolese in the 1980s, and a short-lived search for a national identity around the turn of the millennium. This dissertation can thus be situated within the larger Africanist body of literature on postcolonial state power. By illuminating the complexities inherent in state-subject relations through an investigation of musicians’ modi operandi across various stages of Togolese political domination, it especially resonates with a body of work inspired by Achille Mbembe that has complicated interpretations of domination in the context of postcolonial totalitarian regimes.

Neste trabalho são estudados os recursos técnicos e interpretativos referentes ao violino contemporâneo na música popular brasileira. A pesquisa se delimita pela análise das performances dos violinistas Ricardo Herz e Nicolas Krassik, escolhidos por utilizarem uma linguagem inovadora composta da fusão de elementos técnicos da música de concerto, do jazz e de padrões rítmicos advindos das matrizes musicais brasileiras. A pesquisa estuda, de modo específico, um movimento relativamente recente em busca do \"Violino Popular Brasileiro\", apontando os recursos e influências comuns bem como as particularidades, das práticas dos dois violinistas. Trata-se de destacar o que parece ser mais importante para se executar música brasileira no violino, no pensamento e na prática. Do ponto de vista técnico, foram apontados golpes de arco específicos para enfatizar a síncopa brasileira: o détaché, o détaché acentuado e a nota \"sem som\". Situamos uma discussão sobre a identidade e buscamos uma definição para o \"Violino Popular Brasileiro\", sublinhando os aspectos que compõem a sua originalidade, focando a criação dos recursos apropriados ao instrumento. Este estudo permite vislumbrar a revitalização de uma escola de violino popular no Brasil. / In this work, the technical and interpretive resources regarding the contemporary violin in Brazilian popular music are investigated. The research is delimited by the analysis of the performances of the violinists Ricardo Herz and Nicolas Krassik, chosen for using an innovative language composed of a fusion of technical concert music elements, jazz and rhythmic patterns coming from Brazilian musical matrices. The research studies specifically, a relatively recent movement that search for the \"Brazilian Popular Violin\", pointing out the common resources and influences as well as the peculiarities of the violin practices of both violinists. We highlight what seems to be more important, in thought and practice, to play violin in Brazilian music. From the technical point of view, specific bowings used to emphasize the Brazilian syncopation were pointed out: the détaché, the accentuated détaché and the ghost note. We create a discussion about the identity of the \"Brazilian Popular Violin\" and seek its definition underling the aspects which form its originality, focusing on the creation of appropriate resources specific to the instrument. This study allows us to glimpse the possible arising of a popular violin school in Brazil.

O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar o processo de expansão do gênero choro no século XXI, identificando suas principais correntes estilísticas e suas diferentes formas de apresentação. Começamos indicando as características musicais do chamado choro tradicional, que se consolidaram no começo do século passado, para posteriormente examinar o choro contemporâneo com o intuito de perceber claramente as tendências da atualidade. Tendo em vista as mudanças que têm ocorrido em seus aspectos musicais, ou seja, suas particularidades melódicas, harmônicas, rítmicas e timbrísticas, nossa principal hipótese é a de que o procedimento da improvisação se constitui no principal fator de transformação do gênero. Por meio de análises musicais de performances contemporâneas refletiremos sobre as inovações de modo geral. Notamos que a comunicação entre as características que o consolidam e as que o transformam é vital para o gênero, fazendo com que o dinamismo proposto pelas individualidades seja revelado na variedade de estilos observados no choro contemporâneo. Acreditamos que os resultados alcançados nesse trabalho trarão uma importante contribuição para a pesquisa na área de práticas interpretativas e para o estudo do choro como um importante gênero musical brasileiro. / The aim of this study is to investigate the process of expansion of the choro in the 21st century, identifying its main stylistic currents and its different forms of presentation. Initially we evaluate the musical characteristics of the so-called traditional choro (consolidated at the beginning of the last century) and later we examine the contemporary choro in order to understand its present tendencies. We emphasize the changes on their musical aspects - melodic, harmonic and rhythmic - and we think that the procedure of improvisation has been the main factor of transformation of the genre. The musical analysis of contemporary performances will show the innovations of the choro. We notice that the communication between the consolidated features and their transformation is vital to the genre, revealing the dynamism and variety of styles of contemporary choro. We believe that this research will bring an important contribution to the area of interpretative practices and to the study of the choro as an important Brazilian musical genre.

Orientador: Alberto Tsuyoshi Ikeda / Banca: Gisela Gomes Pupo Nogueira / Banca: Renato Braz Oliveira de Seixas / Resumo: A presente dissertação tem como objeto de estudo a música latino-americana que, estando vinculada a preceitos da música européia ocidental, foi inspirada em músicas populares latinoamericanas, o que a caracteriza como música híbrida. Devido à magnitude deste objeto, foi estudado o caso específico do violonista e compositor paraguaio Agustín Barrios (1885-1944), que compôs, para o violão de concerto, peças inspiradas em expressões musicais populares de diversas regiões e países da América Latina. Com o propósito de compreender melhor as características da música popular que estas peças mantêm quando levadas às salas de concerto, foi analisada uma obra dele, Cueca, a partir de um estudo da dança popular na qual foi inspirada. Na dissertação também foi apresentado, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, o contexto sóciocultural e histórico em que surgiu esta música híbrida na América Latina, assim como a sua relevância na atualidade. A partir disto foram propostos alguns elementos de reflexão que podem servir nos campos da interpretação, ensino/aprendizagem, composição e pesquisa de músicas híbridas latino-americanas / Abstract: The object of study of this dissertation is the music in Latin America that, being linked to precepts of West European music, was inspired by Latin American popular music, which characterizes it as being hybrid. Due to the magnitude of such object, the specific case of Paraguayan guitarist and composer Agustín Barrios (1885-1944) was studied. Barrios composed, for the concert guitar, works inspired by popular music expressions of many different regions and countries of Latin America. Aiming to better understand the characteristics of the popular music that these pieces keep when taken to the concert halls, a piece by this composer, Cueca, was analyzed. This analysis was based on a study of the popular dance that inspired the work. This dissertation also presents, through a bibliographical research, the social, cultural and historical context in which this hybrid music originated in Latin America, as well as its relevance in the present. Finally, some points of reflection were brought forward, aiming to contribute in the fields of interpretation, teaching/learning, composition and research of Latin American hybrid music / Mestre

Orientador: Lia Vera Tomás / Banca: Giácomo Bartoloni / Banca: Tânia da Costa Garcia / Resumo: O presente trabalho pretende enfocar o gênero musical brasileiro maxixe, que se fixou entre as formas musicais no final do século XIX. É um trabalho de pesquisa históricomusicológica, com análises feitas a partir de partituras diversas, porém enfocando a obra da maestrina Chiquinha Gonzaga. Nesta retrospectiva procurou-se por informações sobre a compositora, com o intuito de melhor compreender suas relações com o gênero maxixe, tão importantes para a propagação de seu trabalho e do próprio gênero, bem como indicar os aspectos musicais que se relacionem com o desenvolvimento da Música Popular Brasileira daquele período. Aspectos políticos e sociais relevantes para a compreensão da gênese e propagação do maxixe também são parte constituinte desta pesquisa, partindo da compreensão de que o período delimitado tem por característica a busca de um caráter nacional na música, em detrimento dos modelos composicionais europeus. Fala da importância do Teatro de Revista tanto para a compositora quanto para o maxixe, e do desenvolvimento da música popular, além de enfocar a problemática simbiose entre os gêneros maxixe e tango brasileiro, e os demais gêneros em voga à época, e da troca nas denominações para com o gênero maxixe numa procura de melhor aceitabilidade pela sociedade. Destacando uma personagem de grande valor para a Música Popular Brasileira, Chiquinha Gonzaga, foi um dos músicos que vivenciou todo este processo e se empenhou neste caminho. / Abstract: The present work intends to focus on a brazilian music kind maxixe, that fixed between the musical way by the end of XIX century. It's a historical musicology research work, analysis done by several musical scores, but focusing on Chiquina Gonzaga conductor work. In this retrospective was looked for composer information, in a intention to have a better understanding of her relationship with maxixe kind, so important to the spread of her work and the maxixe kind, as well as to indicate the musical aspects that are related with Brazilian Popular Music development of that time. Political and social relevant aspects to the genese understanding and maxixe spreading are also part of this search, knowing that the delimited period has for its characteristic the search for a national character in the music, over to european compositional models. Tells the importance of the Theater of Magazine as to the composer as to maxixe, and the popular music development, also focus on a problematic symbiosis between maxixe kind and brazilian tango, and the other kinds vogue to the epoca, and the maxixe kind changes denominations in a search for a better society acceptability. Highlighting a great value character to Brazilian Popular Music, Chiquinha Gonzaga, was one of the musicians that lived all this process and committed herself in this way. / Mestre

A presente tese analisa historicamente cinco diferentes momentos em que músicos populares e intelectuais eruditos brasileiros estabeleceram intercâmbios e trabalharam em parceria na construção de discursos sobre o ser nacional, sob influência marcante de um ideário de vanguarda. Para cada um desses momentos, elegeram-se parcerias representativas a serem estudadas. Os momentos abordados, compreendidos entre 1924 e 1969, foram o modernismo, o regionalismo baiano, a bossa-nova, a música de protesto da década de 1960 e o tropicalismo, tendo como representantes escolhidos, respectivamente: Marcelo Tupinambá e Mário de Andrade; Dorival Caymmi e Jorge Amado; Antônio Carlos Jobim, João Gilberto e Vinícius de Moraes; Carlos Lyra e Gianfrancesco Guarnieri; Caetano Veloso e Rogério Duprat. / This thesis examines five different historical moments when Brazilian popular musicians and high culture intellectual established exchanges and worked together in the construction of discourses about the national being, under strong influence of a cutting-edge set of ideas, ranging between 1924 and 1969. For each of these moments, were elected one representative partnership to be studied. The moments discussed were modernism, Bahias regionalism, bossa-nova, protest song movement of the 1960s decade and tropicalism, whose main representatives artists chosen were, respectively: Marcelo Tupinambá and Mário de Andrade; Dorival Caymmi and Jorge Amado; Antonio Carlos Jobim, João Gilberto and Vinícius de Moraes; Carlos Lyra and Gianfrancesco Guarnieri; Caetano Veloso and Rogério Duprat.

Esta investigação tem como objetivo central discutir peculiaridades da historiografia da música popular brasileira na primeira metade do século XX, por meio da trajetória de um de seus precursores: Almirante (Henrique Foreis Domingues, Rio de Janeiro, 1908-1980). Além de ter se tornado conhecido como a mais alta patente do rádio já no final da década de 1930, em razão de sua importância para a profissionalização e diversificação da programação radiofônica, Almirante teve papel fundamental nos estudos sobre a história da música popular brasileira, integrando o que podemos chamar de sua primeira geração de historiadores. Seus programas eram caracterizados pela organização e preocupação em conferir valor científico aos temas abordados que abrangiam do folclore à música urbana difundida pelos meios de comunicação em massa , e baseados em pesquisas que contribuíram para a formação de um vasto arquivo sobre música popular, o qual deu origem e sentido ao Museu da Imagem e do Som (MIS-RJ), em 1965. Almirante, junto com outros nomes de sua geração, foi responsável pela seleção, organização, compilação, e arquivamento de registros, estabelecendo hierarquias, determinando recortes, problemas e, assim, um discurso fundador em torno da história da música popular brasileira. Esta historiografia é singular sobretudo porque foi desenvolvida e difundida nos meios de comunicação em massa. É também de certa maneira inovadora na tentativa de compreender a importância da música popular para a formação das identidades culturais urbanas, criando paradigmas e precedendo as investidas acadêmicas, por já recorrer a novas temáticas, objetos e fontes antes que os historiadores se ocupassem disso. Este trabalho propõe, assim, abordar a obra de Almirante do ponto de vista de sua contribuição à historiografia da música popular, através de sua atuação no rádio, de 1938 a 1958. / This research has as its main goal to argue particularities of the historiography on Brazilian popular music in the first half of the XX century, by analyzing the trajectory of one of its precursors: Almirante (Foreis Domingues, Rio de Janeiro, 1908-1980). Besides being known as the highest rank in the radio in the late 30s, due to his roles in the professionalization and diversification of radio broadcasts, Almirante also had a central role in the development of studies on the history of Brazilian popular music, being part of what we can call as the first generation of historians on the subject. His broadcasts were known by their organization, as well as for their concern in treating the subjects presented in a scientific manner subjects ranging from folklore to the more urban music, diffused by the mass media. These broadcasts were based on researches whose results helped forming a vast archive on popular music, which would be the basis for the formation of the Museu da Imagem e do Som (Museum of Image and Sound MIS-RJ), in 1965. Almirante, together with other personalities of his generation, was responsible for the process of selecting, organizing, compiling, and archiving the records, establishing priorities, determining the research approaches and questions and, thus, defining a founding discourse on the history of Brazilian popular music. This historiography is unique in the sense that it was developed and disseminated within and by the mass-media. It is also innovative, in a certain way, in its effort to understand the importance of popular music in the forming of urban cultural identities, creating paradigms and preceding the academic researches in this field. This is due to the fact that these researches worked with new subjects, sources and objects long before \'professional\' historians worked with them. Thus, this work aims to study the works of Almirante from the point of view of their contribution to the historiography of popular music, through his performance in the radio, from 1938 to 1958.

Entre o final do século XIX e início do XX, a cena musical paulistana teve como um de seus protagonistas gêneros teatrais voltados a um público mais amplo e que tinham a música como elemento central. A crítica musical e teatral expressava o anseio de regenerar o gosto do público geral através do drama lírico e da música de concerto, entrando em conflito com esse teatro ligeiro, cujo principal objetivo era divertir, acima de qualquer pretensão artísticoliterária. Apesar de cada um desses gêneros musicados ter convenções e dinâmica de funcionamento próprias, a designação teatro de revista tornou-se referência - até hoje recorrente e serviu para nomear um conjunto bem maior de modalidades que inclui Operetas, Burletas, Mágicas, Vaudevilles, Zarzuelas, Fantasias e comédias musicadas. Ambiente importante na produção e divulgação da música no espaço urbano antes do aparecimento e consolidação dos meios de comunicação eletrônicos, o estudo do circuito de produção e difusão do teatro musicado contribui para a compreensão do panorama da música e da cultura popular na cidade de São Paulo / Between the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, São Paulo music scene had as one of its protagonists theatrical genres aimed at a wider audience and had music as a central element. The musical and theatrical criticism expressed the desire to regenerate the taste of the general public through the lyrical genre and concert music, conflicting with this other kind of drama, whose main objective was to provide fun, above all artistic and literary pretension. Although each of these genres have conventions and dynamic of its own functioning, the term \"teatro de revista\" became a benchmark that currently remains - and served to appoint a much larger set of modalities including operettas, burletas, mágicas, vaudeville , zarzuelas, fantasias and comedies with music. Important in the production and dissemination of music in urban space before the emergence and consolidation of electronic media, setting the study of the production and dissemination of theater accompanied by music circuit contributes to the understanding of music and popular culture scenary in São Paulo

O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar o processo de expansão do gênero choro no século XXI, identificando suas principais correntes estilísticas e suas diferentes formas de apresentação. Começamos indicando as características musicais do chamado choro tradicional, que se consolidaram no começo do século passado, para posteriormente examinar o choro contemporâneo com o intuito de perceber claramente as tendências da atualidade. Tendo em vista as mudanças que têm ocorrido em seus aspectos musicais, ou seja, suas particularidades melódicas, harmônicas, rítmicas e timbrísticas, nossa principal hipótese é a de que o procedimento da improvisação se constitui no principal fator de transformação do gênero. Por meio de análises musicais de performances contemporâneas refletiremos sobre as inovações de modo geral. Notamos que a comunicação entre as características que o consolidam e as que o transformam é vital para o gênero, fazendo com que o dinamismo proposto pelas individualidades seja revelado na variedade de estilos observados no choro contemporâneo. Acreditamos que os resultados alcançados nesse trabalho trarão uma importante contribuição para a pesquisa na área de práticas interpretativas e para o estudo do choro como um importante gênero musical brasileiro. / The aim of this study is to investigate the process of expansion of the choro in the 21st century, identifying its main stylistic currents and its different forms of presentation. Initially we evaluate the musical characteristics of the so-called traditional choro (consolidated at the beginning of the last century) and later we examine the contemporary choro in order to understand its present tendencies. We emphasize the changes on their musical aspects - melodic, harmonic and rhythmic - and we think that the procedure of improvisation has been the main factor of transformation of the genre. The musical analysis of contemporary performances will show the innovations of the choro. We notice that the communication between the consolidated features and their transformation is vital to the genre, revealing the dynamism and variety of styles of contemporary choro. We believe that this research will bring an important contribution to the area of interpretative practices and to the study of the choro as an important Brazilian musical genre.