The study examines the relationship between accessibility to public rail transit stations and population growth. Accessibility is measured in time, as in how long it takes to walk to a rail station. The study uses service areas created in a GIS based on how far a person can walk in 10 minutes, comparing the average population growth within these service areas to the average population growth outside of them. Different types of rail transit modes are compared to each other to see if they have differing effects on population growth as well as if multimodal stations affect population growth differently. The results show that accessibility to public rail transit has a positive effect on population growth and that different types of rail transit affect population growth differently. Multimodal stops also have a positive effect on population growth with more transit options resulting in a higher population growth.

No description available.

No description available.

The city of Curitiba in southern Brazil is considered to be the cradle of the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system. Curitiba has a population of around 1.9 million people and has a higher development index than Brazil in general. A master plan approved in the middle of the 1960’s has guided development of the city in a Transit Oriented Development (TOD) direction by zoning for high development densities close to the five BRT trunk lines in so-called structural axes. This thesis aimed at performing a spatiotemporal and statistical analysis of property development in Curitiba, to examine if the BRT system could have been a motivator for property development, and if so, to what extent. Spatial data including for instance a database of building permits, population densities, social housing locations and cost of land were used in the analysis. The analysis was divided into three themes to examine property development from three perspectives; Timing of Development, Density of Development and Social Housing Inclusion. Results for the entire BRT system showed that a greater “time lag” of property development following BRT development also meant that the property in question was located further away from a BRT line, suggesting that areas close to the BRT were popular. The individual lines showed different effects of timing of development, relating to the heterogenic surroundings and the characteristics of the time periods when the BRT was implemented. High development densities are found in the structural corridors, but high population densities are not only found there but also in areas in the South and Southwest parts of Curitiba. These areas coincide with areas of social housing, which historically has been planned in areas not served by the trunk lines of the BRT system. The conclusion of the thesis is that the BRT system certainly has been a motivator for property development, and that TOD planning with thoughtful zoning can be a powerful tool to direct property development. In order to counteract urban segregation, strategies for including social housing in the structural axes must be implemented.

published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1984 H78 / Master of Arts

Modern genetics have improved maize hybrids to better tolerate stress, use nutrients more efficiently and potentially yield higher. Management practices, such as narrow row technology and high plant population density (PPD) may further improve yields in modern maize under irrigated, non-limiting conditions. High PPD (74, 99, 124, 148 K seeds ha-1) were tested in narrow rows with up to four nitrogen (N) rates in three locations over two years in Kentucky with a modern maize hybrid in irrigated, non-limiting conditions. Results indicate that optimal seeding rates were 99,000 to 124,000 seeds ha-1, providing maximum yield and highest partial return, likely due to increasing seed number ha-1 and greater canopy closure, although seed size declined and pollination was more asynchronous as PPD increased. Excess N did not overcome silking delay or the decline in kernel mass associated with higher PPD, indicating 252 kg N ha-1 was adequate for high yields at any population, although data indicates better utilization of supplied N at higher populations. Implications can be used to implement better management techniques in high-yielding maize to supplement use of improved genetics.

Accurate spatial population data are an important requirement in many applications. In this thesis, the problem of disaggregating the spatial distribution of population density and rent costs using a machine learning model is studied. An approach based on freely available ancillary data such as OpenStreetMap and Urban Atlas is proposed and implemented in the form of an automated Python toolbox for ArcGIS. The applications on the urban areas of Prague, Vienna and Ljubljana show promising results, overperforming the competing population disaggregation solutions in spatial resolution and displaying a satisfying degree of transferability. A number of further improvements is suggested. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

O objeto desta pesquisa é a relação entre densidade construída e microclimas urbanos. O objetivo é quantificar o efeito da densidade construída sobre o microclima urbano, por meio da construção de diferentes cenários paramétricos, considerando os possíveis padrões de ocupação de quadra, com diferentes tipologias de edifícios: o bloco perimetral, o edifício lâmina e o edifício torre, para a cidade de São Paulo. O método é indutivo, por meio de levantamentos de campo de uso e ocupação do solo e de condições microclimáticas locais, em dois dos distritos mais densamente habitados do município de São Paulo, mas que apresentam diferentes densidades construídas: Brasilândia, com coeficiente de aproveitamento menor do que 1, e Bela Vista, com coeficiente de aproveitamento maior do que 3,5; e dedutivo, por meio de comparações entre os levantamentos de campo e as simulações computacionais com o modelo ENVI-met 4.0 (preview), que foram feitas para se calibrar o modelo entre dados medidos e simulados, visando à maior confiabilidade dos resultados. Na sequência, foram explorados cinco cenários paramétricos (lâminas com 3 orientações diferentes, torre e perímetro), com nove quadras cada, mantendo-se aproximadamente o mesmo coeficiente de aproveitamento (em torno de 3,7) e a mesma densidade populacional possível (em torno de 1500 hab/ha) em todos os casos estudados. As simulações paramétricas para três dias consecutivos mostraram que, dentre os cenários simulados, o cenário torre apresentou, de forma consistente, uma diferença de cerca de 0,6°C para menos na temperatura do ar, a 1,5m do chão, em relação ao cenário perímetro para a quadra central, no horário de maior temperatura do ar, às 15h, e cerca de 1,4°C a menos na temperatura do ar para o período noturno. Os demais cenários lâmina apresentaram resultados intermediários entre os dois anteriores. Isso mostra que, mantendo-se a mesma densidade construída, os arranjos apresentam comportamentos distintos. Dentre os casos estudados, o cenário torre foi o que apresentou as menores temperaturas do ar, nos períodos diurno e noturno, provavelmente devido ao sombreamento mutuo entre os edifícios, que contribui para o menor aquecimento das superfícies e, consequentemente, menor aquecimento do ar no entorno imediato. / The subject of this research is the relation between the built density and urban microclimates. The objective is to quantify the effect of built density on urban microclimates, through the construction of different parametric scenarios, considering the possible blocks occupation patterns, with different buildings typologies: the perimeter block, the blade building, and the tower building for the city of São Paulo. The method is inductive, through field data measurement of the land use and local microclimate conditions in two most densely populated districts in São Paulo city, but with different built densities: Brasilândia with a plot ratio lower than 1, and Bela Vista, with a plot ratio greater than 3.5; and deductive, by comparisons between field measurements and computer simulations with the ENVI-met 4.0 (preview) model, which were used to calibrate the model between measured data and simulated data, aiming at higher reliability of the results. After that, five parametric scenarios (blades with 3 different orientations, tower, and perimeter) were explored, each with nine blocks, while maintaining approximately the same plot ratio (around 3.7) and the same population density (around 1500 inhabitants/ha) in all cases studied. Parametric simulations for three consecutive days showed that, among the simulated scenarios, the tower scenario presented, consistently, a difference of about 0.6 °C lower for air temperature, at 1.5 m from the floor, compared the perimeter scenario for the center court at the time, 15h, of highest air temperature, and about 1.4 °C less in the nighttime air temperature. The other blade scenarios showed intermediate results between the previous two, showing that, keeping the same built density, the scenarios have different behaviors. Among the cases studied, the tower scenario showed the lowest air temperatures during day and night periods, probably due to mutual shading among buildings, which contributes to less heating of the surfaces and thus less heating of the air in the immediate surroundings.

Le nombre de personnes vivant dans les villes a considérablement augmenté depuis 1950, passant de 746 millions à 3,9 milliards en 2014.La croissance démographique et l'urbanisation devraient ajouter 2,5 milliards de personnes à la population urbaine mondiale d'ici 2050.Cette situation pose de nouveaux défis sur la manière de concevoir des villes qui accueillent de telles quantités de population d'une manière durable, qui devrait aborder plusieurs aspects, allant des questions économiques aux questions sociales et environnementales.Les processus urbains sont la conséquence de différents facteurs d'interaction, liés entre eux de telle sorte que le processus qui en résulte est complexe à mesurer et à comprendre.Étant donné le nombre croissant de personnes vivant dans les villes, il devient urgent de comprendre la complexité sous-jacente de ces modèles urbains.A cette fin, nous proposons dans cette thèse des outils d'aide à la décision appliqués dans le contexte de l'analyse urbaine, qui permettent d'étudier les phénomènes de mixité et d'étalement urbain.Tout d'abord, un cadre permettant de saisir la répartition spatiale de l'utilisation des terres dans les villes est présenté.En premier lieu, les données urbaines sont extraites d'OpenStreetMap.En utilisant les techniques d'estimation de la densité du noyau, des estimations de la densité d'utilisation des terres sont ensuite effectuées pour les utilisations résidentielles et les activités.Les résultats sont utilisés pour calculer les indices de développement spatial mixte.En outre, des estimations de densité pour différents types d'activités sont proposées, qui décrivent un modèle clair de localisation dans les villes en fonction de leur type.Nous fournissons les résultats des systèmes d'information géographique, qui s'avèrent être un atout, en particulier pour les urbanistes, en soutenant et en facilitant leur processus de prise de décision - surtout en comparaison relative avec les mesures agrégées.Deuxièmement, les travaux susmentionnés ont été étendus pour le calcul des indices d'étalement urbain.L'approche proposée formalise l'étalement urbain sous l'angle du développement durable, en trois dimensions : la mixité de l'utilisation des sols, la dispersion des zones bâties et l'accessibilité aux opportunités d'activités.Il en résulte un nombre gérable de dimensions, où chaque dimension est formalisée d'une manière facile à interpréter, et en particulier une pertinence par rapport aux aspects de l'étalement urbain qui entravent le développement durable.Troisièmement, nous proposons deux approches pour effectuer des estimations désagrégées de la population.Le premier exploite l'information sur les surfaces résidentielles, en supposant une consommation de surface résidentielle constante par habitant.Grâce à l'utilisation de données maillées - c'est-à-dire agrégées - sur les secteurs de recensement, une désagrégation fine est effectuée pour répartir les données démographiques dans les bâtiments.Le second consiste en un réseau neuronal entièrement convolutif qui cartographie les données de population à grain grossier à fin.Nous utilisons la base de données OpenStreetMap pour extraire un ensemble de caractéristiques urbaines qui décrivent un contexte urbain local et guident la procédure de désagrégation.Les densités de population sont estimées pour des mailles 25 fois plus petites que la résolution d'entrée, c'est-à-dire 200m par 200m. / The number of people living in cities has been increasing considerably since 1950, from 746 million to 3.9 billion in 2014.The continuing population growth and urbanization are projected to add 2.5 billion people to the world's urban population by 2050.This situation brings new challenges on how to conceive cities that host such amounts of population in a sustainable way, which should address several aspects, ranging from economical to social and environmental matters.Urban processes take place as a consequence of different interacting factors, linked between them in such a way that the resulting process is complex to measure and understand.Given the increasing number of people living in cities, understanding the underlying complexity of these urban patterns is thus becoming a pressing issue.To this end, we propose in this thesis decision-support tools applied in the context of urban analysis, which allow to study land use mix and urban sprawl phenomena.In our first contribution, a framework for capturing spatial land use mix in cities is presented.In the first place, urban data are extracted from OpenStreetMap.Using Kernel Density Estimation techniques, land use density estimations are then carried out for residential and activity uses.The outputs are employed to calculate spatial mixed-use development indices.Additionally, density estimations for different activity types (i.e. commercial and industrial, leisure and amenities, and shops) are proposed.We provide fine-grained Geographic Information System outputs, which happen to be an asset particularly for urban planners, supporting and aiding their decision-making procedure -- specially in relative comparison to aggregated measures.In a second contribution, the above work was extended for calculating spatial urban sprawl indices.The proposed approach formalizes sprawl under a sustainable development angle, into three dimensions: land use mix, dispersion of built-up area, and accessibility to activity opportunities.This results in a manageable number of dimensions, where each dimension is formalized in an easy-to-interpret way, and in particular pertinence to the aspects of sprawl that impede sustainable development.In our third contribution, we propose two approaches for performing disaggregated population estimates.The first one exploits information on residential surfaces, assuming a constant residential surface consumption per-capita.By means of employing gridded -- i.e. aggregated -- census tract data, a fine disaggregation is carried out to distribute population count data into buildings.The second one consists of a fully convolutional neural network that maps coarse-grained to fine-grained population data.We use the OpenStreetMap database to extract a set of urban features which describe a local urban context and guide the disaggregation procedure.Population densities are estimated for grid-cells 25 times smaller than the input resolution, i.e. 200m by 200m.