Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-21T13:05:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Pasquoal Carrozzoni de Menezes.pdf: 1733215 bytes, checksum: b2b97e27752a5c6e3919e57381565538 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-21T13:05:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pasquoal Carrozzoni de Menezes.pdf: 1733215 bytes, checksum: b2b97e27752a5c6e3919e57381565538 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-27 / This research was accomplished with the objective of studying the population density in laying and her influence in the aspects zootecnics and economical. 264 laying were housed in cages with dimensions of 100 cm x 50 cm x 40 cm in delineament entirely casualizado, with four groups distributed in factorial outline 4x4, with 8, 10, 12 and 14 birds, corresponding to 625, 500, 416,6 and 357,14 cm2/ave. The appraised characteristics were: production of eggs, medium weight of the eggs, ration consumption, mass of the eggs, alimentary conversion for dozen and eggs doesn't conform. Our results just showed significant effects of the density in the cage for the egg extra type and second and in the daily production of the eggs type second, not influencing in the other studied variables. Based on our results ended that for laying of the lineage Dekalb White, the use of cages with the population density of 625, 500, 416,6 and 357,14 cm2/ave in the production phase don't harm the quality parameters under the aspects zootecnic and economical. / Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de estudar a densidade populacional em poedeiras e sua influência nos aspectos zootécnicos e econômicos. Foram alojadas 264 poedeiras em gaiolas com dimensões de 100 cm x 50 cm x 40 cm em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro grupos distribuídos em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com 8, 10, 12 e 14 aves, correspondendo a 625, 500, 416,6 e 357,14 cm2/ave. As características avaliadas foram: produção de ovos, peso médio dos ovos, consumo de ração, massa dos ovos, conversão alimentar por dúzia e ovos não conformes. Os resultados mostraram efeitos significativos da densidade na gaiola apenas para o ovo tipo extra e segunda e na produção diária dos ovos tipo segunda, não influenciando nas demais variáveis estudadas. Baseados em nossos resultados concluímos que para poedeiras da linhagem Dekalb White, a utilização de gaiolas com a densidade populacional de 625, 500, 416,6 e 357,14 cm2/ave na fase de produção não prejudicam os parâmetros de qualidade sob os aspectos zootécnico e econômico.

The purpose of this research was to determine if the integration of census and land cover data could provide evidence of spatial patterns and temporal change for the Upper Tsitsa Catchment. This thesis contributed to academic literature with regards to dasymetric mapping and provided a database for the Ntabelanga and Laleni Ecological Infrastructure Project. The study took place in the Upper Tsitsa Catchment which is located in the north-eastern region of the Eastern Cape and falls within the uMzimvubu Catchment. South Africa National Population Censuses for 2001 and 2011 and the National Land Cover data sets for 2000 and 2013/14 were used to create dasymetric maps depicting demographic changes over time for the catchment area. Spatial statistics were performed on the dasymetric and choropleth map to determine the accuracy of the data that was created. From the results, it was found that although the statistics were skewed, the method was more accurate in displaying the population densities, which was noted during the sampling process of the spatial analysis. It was found that there had been a decrease in the population density within the catchment. This affected the density of several other variables such as population race group, language and employment status statistics as decreases in these values could be due to individuals migrating out of the catchment as well as socio-economic upliftment, such as having better access to services. The use of dasymetric mapping allowed an accurate representation of the population density from the census data to be created. The results of the dasymetric mapping were more accurate as they depicted where the population within the enumeration areas were located, and recognised that some areas were populated while some areas were not. To conclude, it was found that using dasymetric mapping provided reliable and useful data about population density and enables comparison over time.

The thesis presented the results of an investigation into livelihood strategies of rural households in the Hararghe Highlands in the context of population pressure. The human welfare and resource outcomes of rural livelihood strategies were assessed, accounting for the “mediating” factors. The study enriches the current policy debate on how to create an enabling environment to strengthen sustainable rural livelihoods and mitigate adverse welfare and resource consequences of unsustainable rural livelihood strategies. The sustainable livelihood framework for analysing rural livelihoods in the context of population pressure was modified in the thesis to guide the analyses. Primary data was obtained from 197 randomly selected households from three representative sites in the Hararghe Highlands. Whilst verbal description, interpretation and appreciation of facts, and case studies were used for the qualitative data analysis, multivariate techniques and logistic regression were employed to analyse the quantitative data. The study showed that subdivision and fragmentation of agricultural land and re-emergence of landlessness have accompanied the unprecedented population growth in the Hararghe Highlands. The pace of demographic change of the area is so fast that it has caused failure of indigenous countervailing and adaptations. Sufficient effective demand for sustainable intensification of smallholder farms has, however, not been created due to uncertain right to the land and inadequate market incentives. Furthermore, the technology generation and dissemination systems have failed to build the capacity of smallholder farmers to respond to the demographic pressure in a sustainable way. This has generally resulted in negative welfare and resource outcomes. Nonetheless, rural households pursue heterogeneous livelihood strategies due to differential access to livelihood assets, and heterogeneous constraints and incentives. The nature and the extent of welfare and resource outcomes of rural livelihood strategies are different across sites and among different households. A livelihood strategy that integrates cash crop production with high external input-based staple crops production and trade was found to be more successful. Overall, the findings challenge the current untargeted and uniform intervention that implicitly assumes that only farming and the intensification of staple crop production for food self-sufficiency is important to all households. Furthermore, the findings challenge the over simplified generalisations regarding the human welfare and resource effects of rural population growth in Ethiopia as if the interactions between them were taking place in a political, an institutional and an agro-climatic vacuum and as if rural households in a district, a sub-district or a village were a “homogeneous” group. What is thus needed is decentralisation of rural development planning and building of the capacity of local institutions so that they may be able to understand rural livelihoods and design innovative and locally specific integrated interventions to support sustainable rural livelihoods. The specific recommendations include ensuring land tenure security, improving farmers’ access to the market and appropriate technologies, creating conducive environment for commercialisation and livelihood diversification, institutionalised safety net, resettlement and family planning. / Thesis (PhD (Rural Development Planning))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

Collection of waste is one of the most important public services provided by municipalities. This expenditure has a significant impact on the budget of the municipality and therefore it is important to know the factors that affect it. In addition to other factors, there can exist a phenomenon called suburbanization. This phenomenon of recent years, the city has been extended in width, which is followed by a reduction in population density. Carruthers and Úlfarsson (2008) in his work write that for many public services, the cost per unit, ie per person or household, higher output at low population density, because here you can not take advantage of economies of scale that are achievable, if users are concentrated in one place. This work seeks to examine whether this hypothesis is true for czech villages. On data from hundred municipalities in the Czech Republic for the year 2011 were able to demonstrate that if population density rises by 1 %, expenditure on collection of municipal waste will decrease by 10,41 CZK per capita.

In 2007, Modolo and colleagues derived a population density equation for a population of Izhekevich neurons. This population density equation can describe oscillations in the brain that occur in Parkinson’s disease. Numerical simulations of the population density equation showed bursting behaviour even though the individual neurons had parameters that put them in the tonic firing regime. The bursting comes from neuron interactions but the mechanism producing this behaviour was not clear. In this thesis we study numerical behaviour of the population density equation and then use a combination of analysis and numerical simulation to analyze the basic qualitative behaviour of the population model by means of a simplifying assumption: that the initial density is a Dirac function and all neurons are identical, including the number of inputs they receive, so they remain as a point mass over time. This leads to a new ODE model for the population. For the new ODE system, we define a Poincaré map and then to describe and analyze it under conditions on model parameters that are met by the typical values adopted by Modolo and colleagues. We show that there is a unique fixed point for this map and that under changes in a bifurcation parameter, the system transitions from fast tonic firing, through an interval where bursting occurs, the number of spikes decreasing as the bifurcation parameter increases, and finally to slow tonic firing. / Graduate

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects on the Swedish moose populationof a new moose management system introduced in 2012. To this end, the size of thepopulation had to be measured. The methodology used was an empirical version of theGordon–Schaefer bioeconomic model previously employed to estimate Sweden’s wildboar population. The Effort variable for the model was modified in that traffic accidentsrelative to traffic density served as a proxy for it. The study investigated years for whichdata was available, namely 2004–2017. Nineteen out of Sweden’s 21 Counties wereincluded in the study. The result produced extremely high population estimates,suggesting that the model could not be directly transferred from wild boar to moose.Nonetheless, although the study’s population estimates in absolute terms are unrealistic,their relative sizes indicate that moose populations were somewhat smaller in 2017 thanin 2012 – the latter year being when the new management system was introduced.However, the trend line shows that, over a longer period, the moose population hasincreased in Sweden, and 2017 may just be a temporary deviation from that trend. Itappears, therefore, that Sweden’s latest moose management system does not have thedesired effect on its moose population.

The first reported case of COVID-19 in Tennessee (TN) occurred on March 5, 2020, growing to 580,809 cases state-wide by the end of 2020. A GIS dashboard was developed using data from the TN Department of Health to communicate state-wide COVID-19 spread, and a relationship between pandemic development and rurality was observed during the first wave (through September 2020), noted in other US and global research. Because > 90% of TN counties are designated rural or mixed-rural, we examined metrics to describe development as it relates to rurality. Metrics included days to the first case/hospitalization/fatality, days between state and county peak, and days to an incidence rate of ten per 100,000. Metrics were compared within different classes of rurality, using seven rurality classification schemes. Significant differences were noted in four of the five metrics between classes of rurality. Rural counties in TN experienced significant lags to the first case, hospitalization, and fatality, and the peak cases in rural counties were delayed relative to urban counties when outlier counties with early state prison outbreaks were excluded. In rural TN counties, regardless of rurality definition, cases, hospitalizations, and fatalities were slower to appear. However, once community spread was established, rurality no longer had a protective effect.

Elk (Cervus elaphus) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) density and foraging behavior were monitored in conjunction with disturbance by livestock (cattle and sheep) from 1991 to 1993 at Deseret Land and Livestock property near Woodruff, Utah. Elk and deer densities declined by as much as 92% in response to introduction of livestock, while associated areas where livestock were absent did not show this response. Biting rates and bite sizes were estimated and used to determine instantaneous intake rate. These measures were similar between pastures with cattle present or absent in 1992 but differed in 1993 for bite rate and marginally so for instantaneous intake rate. Bite rate and bite size but not instantaneous intake rate showed significant differences among years when the data for both treatments were combined. My results indicated that livestock locally displaced wild ungulates but displacement occurred only while the livestock were present. Differences in elk foraging behavior were greater between years than between treatments, and instantaneous intake rate alone was viewed as an inaccurate indicator of potential reductions in fitness.

This paper addresses the pressing problem of the surge in crime in Sweden, which has led to substantial uncertainty about its underlying causes. By investigating the correlation between socio-economic factors and crime on a municipality level from 2015 to 2020, we aim to provide valuable insights into understanding and effectively tackling this issue. Specifically, we examine the role of male immigrants, income, education level, and population density, contributing to the field of economics by shedding light on potential economic policies that can effectively reduce overall crime rates. Additionally, we focus on gun violence, considering Sweden's notorious reputation in recent years, to comprehensively analyze the relationship between these factors and crime. Our empirical analysis, employing the Fixed Effects Model and Pearson Correlation Matrix, explores these connections, revealing both inconclusive evidence regarding the link between immigration and crime and ambiguous conclusions for the remaining independent variables. These findings have important implications for policymakers striving to address the urgent problem of rising crime in Sweden.

Rapporten undersöker hur bostadspriser påverkas av avståndet till kollektivtrafiken och sambandet det har till befolkningstätheten i området. Sedan så är det just också hur detta skiljer sig rent teoretiskt och i praktiken som skiljer det här arbetet från andra liknande arbeten då det oftast endast ett av detta och dess påverkan ligger i fokus. Insamlingen av data till arbetet har sket via den kvalitativ metod som avser att med hjälp av intervjuer, arkivdata och teorier som är anpassningsbara för att uppfylla syftet och besvara frågeställningen. Det finns några olika modeller och teorier som används som grund rent teoretiskt vid detta problem. Men stor skillnad mellan teorin och praktiken framkom snabbt då intervjuerna började då de flesta ej aktivt använde de modeller som kunde förklara avståndet till kollektivtrafikens påverkan samt befolkningstäthetens påverkan på bostadspriserna men i praktiken använde sig värderarna av marknadskännedom och ortsprismetoden vid nästan alla värderingar då de flesta ansågs att det räckte med dessa metoder för att värdera bostäder. Men så rent teoretiskt så finns det ett samband mellan avståndet till kollektivtrafiken och befolkningstäthet och det har oftast en positiv påverkan på bostadspriser men kan variera beroende på fler olika variabler som kan förekomma från fall till fall. Sedan så genom de fem intervjuer har empiriska data erhållits för att kunna koppla teorin till verkligheten. De fem respondenterna diskuterade först ifall sambandet fanns men även problematik med det, de flesta respondenter höll med att i praktiken finns det ett vist samband men att det var svårt att kvantifiera men att det ej är direkt och enbart mellan avståndet till kollektivtrafiken och befolkningstätheten då detta endast är två faktorer av väldigt många flera som påverkas tillsammans och förbättras oftast i liknande takt i följd av att det ställs högre krav och att ett område blir mer attraktivt att leva i. Slutligen så i praktiken behövs det i nuläget ej några nya modeller eller teorier för att kunna värdera bostäder med vikt på avståndet till kollektivtrafiken och befolkningstätheten, men att ifall dessa faktorer blir väldigt eftertraktade och attraktiva kan nya analyser och studier behövas göras för att marknaden ska kunna dra slutsatser om hur mycket dessa faktorer påverkar bostadspriserna. / The report examines how the housing prices get affected by the distance to public transport and the relationship it has with the population density in the area. Then it is precisely how this differs purely theoretically and in practice that separates this work from other similar work, since usually only one of this factors and its impact is in focus. The collection of data for the work has taken place via the qualitative method which intends to use interviews, archival data and theories that are adaptable to fulfil the purpose and answer the question. There are a few different models and theories that are used as a theoretical basis for this problem. But a big difference between theory and practice quickly emerged when the interviews began, as most did not actively use the models that could explain the impact the distance to public transport and the impact of population density on housing prices, but in practice the valuers used market knowledge and the local price method for almost all valuations as most considered that these methods were sufficient to value housing. But purely theoretically, there is a connection between the distance to public transport and population density, and this usually has a positive impact on housing prices but can vary depending on several different variables that can occur from case to case. Then through the five interviews, empirical data has been obtained to be able to connect the theory to reality. The five respondents first discussed whether the connection existed but also problems with it, most respondents agreed that in practice there is a certain connection but that it was difficult to quantify but that it is not directly and only between the distance to public transport and the population density as this are only two factors out of many that are affected together and usually improve at a similar rate as a result of higher demands being made and an area becoming more attractive to live in. Finally, in practice, there is currently no need for new models or theories to be able to value housing with weight on the distance to public transport and the population density, but that if these factors become very sought after and attractive, new analyses and studies may need to be done so that the market can draw conclusions about how much these factors affect house prices.