Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING / Includes bibliographical references. / by Elizabeth Hsiu-Yun Chen. / M.S.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING / Bibliography: leaves 48-50. / by Maura Elizabeth Donnelly. / M.S.

Orientador: Marco Antonio Compagnoni / Banca: Débora Barros Barbosa / Banca: Lucimar Falavinha Vieira / Resumo: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a porosidade em bases de resina acrílica de prótese total maxilar, processadas em diferentes ciclos de polimerização e confeccionadas em três espessuras (2,0, 3,5 e 5,0 mm). Cinco grupos foram estabelecidos, de acordo com os ciclos de polimerização: A) Onda-Cryl, ciclo curto em microondas; B) Onda-Cryl, ciclo longo em microondas; C) Onda-Cryl, ciclo do fabricante; T) Clássico, banho de água; Q) Jet, ciclo em câmara de pressão. Após o seu processamento, as bases de resina acrílica foram pesadas em ar e em água e a porcentagem de porosidade foi relacionada com a absorção de água no interior desse material. Os dados de % de porosidade foram submetidos ao teste de Kruskal-Wallis para a comparação entre os grupos (a= 5%). Dentro das limitações do presente estudo, concluiu-se que os ciclos de polimerização e a espessura do espécime de resina acrílica têm influência na porosidade, já que diferenças estatisticamente significantes foram encontradas entre os ciclos e espessuras avaliados. Não houve diferença de porosidade entre as bases de resina polimerizadas no ciclo T para qualquer uma das espessuras. / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the porosity on (acrylic resin) maxilar complete denture bases, processed through diferent polimerization cycles, procedure done in three different kinds of thickness (2,0, 3,5 e 5,0 mm). Five groups were proposed, according to the polimerization cycles: A) Onda-Cryl, short microwave cycle; B) Onda-Cryl, long microwave cycle; C) Onda-Cryl, manufacturing microwave cycle; T) Clássico, water bath; Q) Jet, press chamber cycle. After the process, the denture bases were weighted in air and in water, and the percent of porosity was related to the water absorption within this material. The porosityþs % data were submitted to the Kruskal-Wallis test to promote the comparison among the groups. In despite of the present paperþs limitations, we have concluded that the polimerization cycles and the specimenþs thickness of acrylic resin really influence the porosity. This result was reached because statistically significant differences were found in the cycles and thickness evaluated. It has been not observed porosity differences in the polimerized resin bases in T cycle in relation to any thickness. / Mestre

Cerâmicas porosas combinam baixa condutividade térmica com elevada estabilidade química, dimensional e refratariedade. Devido a isso, seu uso como isolante térmico em altas temperaturas (T >1000°C) tem se apresentado como uma importante solução para reduzir o consumo energético. Dentre as diversas matérias primas utilizáveis nessa aplicação, o hexaluminato de cálcio (CaAl12O19 ou CA6) é um novo tipo promissor de refratário leve. Entre suas características mais importantes, destacam-se o alto ponto de fusão (1875°C) e a dificuldade intrínseca para densificar, devido à morfologia dos cristais em forma de placas que permite manutenção da porosidade em altas temperaturas, e por longos tempos. Apesar do grande interesse tecnológico e dos diversos estudos relatando propriedades e aplicações, há poucos trabalhos descrevendo a evolução da microestrutura de estruturas porosas formadas \"in situ\" a partir de fontes de Al2O3 e CaO. Sabendo que essa rota de processamento permite significativa economia de energia e tempo, compreender os mecanismos e variáveis envolvidos torna-se um importante ponto de investigação. Neste trabalho, foram preparadas composições com diferentes proporções de Al2O3 e CaCO3 por meio de prensagem uniaxial. Após tratamento térmico (500-1500°C), as amostras foramcaracterizadas em relação à porosidade total, resistência à ruptura por flexão, módulo elástico, fases numeralógicas formadas, dilatação térmica linear e morfologia. Os principais fatores que afetaram a evolução da microestrutura porosa foram o teor de CaCO3 adicionado ao sistema, o tamanho médio dessas partículas e a temperatura final de tratamento térmico. Para todas as composições com CaCO3, verificou-se que a formação de poros após a decomposição do CaCO3 (650-720°C) não afetou o nível total de porosidade da estrutura. Entre 1300-1400°C ocorreu a formação de fases intermediárias (CaAl2O4 e CaAl4O7) com composição eutética e baixo ponto de fusão ao redor dos poros. Em 1500°C, essas fases líquidas adquiriram a composição do hexaluminato e se cristalizaram, gerando estruturas porosas e com razoável resistência mecânica. / Porous ceramics combine low thermal conductivity with high chemical and dimensional stability and refractoriness. Therefore, their use as insulators at high temperatures (T>1000°C) has emerged as an important solution for the reduction ofenergy consumption. Among the various raw materials to be used for such a purpose, calcium hexaluminate (CaAl12O19 or CA6) is a promising new type of lightweight refractory material. Some ofits most important features include high melting point (1875°C) and intrinsic difficulty to densify due to the morphology of its plate-like crystals that enables the maintenance of porosity at higher temperatures and for longer times. Despite the great technological interest it has drawn and the development of studies on its properties and applications, the literature reports few studies on the evolution of its microstructure formed in situ from Al2O3 and CaO sources. Because this processing route significantly saves energy and time, the mechanisms involved must be understood. This dissertation addresses the preparation of compositions with different proportions of Al2O3 and CaCO3 by uniaxial pressing. After heat treatment (500-1500°C), samples were characterized regarding total porosity, tensile strength by bending, elastic modulus, formed phases, dilatometric analyzis and scanning electron microscopy. The main factors that affected the evolution of the porous microstructure were the CaCO3 content added to the system, average size of the particles and the final temperature of the heat treatment. The formation of pores after the CaCO3 (650-720°C) decomposition did not affect the level of total porosity significantly. The formation of intermediate phases (CaAl2O4 and CaAl4O7) with eutectic composition and low melting point surrounding the pores was observed between 1300-1400°C. At 1500°C, such liquid phases displayed a hexaluminate composition and crystallized, which resulted in porous structures of reasonable strength.

Arenitos do Cretáceo Superior da Bacia de Santos correspondem aos principais reservatórios clásticos de hidrocarbonetos da bacia, localizada na margem leste brasileira. Alguns desses arenitos exibem porosidades anormalmente altas, considerando suas atuais profundidades maiores que 4000 m. A preservação da porosidade nesses arenitos, assim como em diversos outros reservatórios clásticos profundos vem sendo atribuída à inibição da cimentação por crescimentos de quartzo e da dissolução por pressão exercida por franjas e cutículas de clorita autigênica. Por esse motivo, o estudo da distribuição espacial e temporal das cloritas, assim como de seus hábitos, relações paragenéticas e condições genéticas, é de grande importância. Os arenitos cretácicos de Santos são arcósios e arcósios líticos, ricos em fragmentos de rochas vulcânicas (FRV). Clorita é o constituinte diagenético mais abundante, ocorrendo principalmente como franjas e cutículas cobrindo os grãos (pore-lining), rosetas preenchendo parcialmente os poros e agregados microcristalinos substituindo grãos. A precipitação de clorita foi favorecida pela presença de cutículas eogenéticas de argila esmectítica, que foram parcialmente preservadas ao longo de contatos intergranulares apertados. Além disso, a composição primária dos arenitos exerceu um controle fundamental na autigênese das cloritas. O enriquecimento de clorita nos arenitos arcósios líticos, ricos em FRV, sugere que esses grãos são uma significativa fonte de íons de Fe e Mg para a precipitação de clorita nesses arenitos. Além dos FRV, minerais pesados instáveis, biotita e intraclastos lamosos atuaram como fonte e/ou substrato para a autigênese da clorita. Adicionalmente à composição primária, a história térmica e de soterramento, assim como o padrão de fluxo de fluidos, certamente tiveram um papel importante na distribuição da diagênese da clorita e na evolução da qualidade dos reservatórios. Prováveis fontes externas de íons devem ter envolvido as reações de transformações de argilominerais esmectíticos em lutitos associados, e a espessa seção de evaporitos Aptianos. Os diferentes hábitos das cloritas exerceram impacto distinto na qualidade dos reservatórios. Cloritas pore-lining inibiram a cimentação por quartzo, isolando as superfícies dos grãos de quartzo e reduzindo a nucleação de crescimentos secundários, contribuindo assim para a preservação da porosidade. No entanto, franjas e cutículas finas e descontínuas não foram capazes de inibir efetivamente a cimentação por quartzo, enquanto que as muito espessas reduziram severamente a permeabilidade dos reservatórios. Rosetas de clorita, por sua vez, não inibiram a cimentação de quartzo e ainda reduziram a porosidade intergranular. Estudos específicos são necessários para um melhor entendimento dos diferentes processos diagenéticos nos arenitos da Bacia de Santos, assim como de sua distribuição temporal, estratigráfica e espacial, de modo a basear o desenvolvimento de modelos que possam efetivamente contribuir para a redução dos riscos durante a exploração por esses reservatórios. / Upper Cretaceous sandstones from the Santos Basin, eastern Brazilian Margin, correspond to the main clastic hydrocarbon reservoirs of the basin. Some of these sandstones show abnormally high porosities, considering their present depths larger than 4000 m. The preservation of porosity in these sandstones, as in other deep clastic reservoirs, has been ascribed to the inhibition of quartz overgrowth cementation and pressure dissolution by rims and coatings of authigenic chlorite. Therefore, the study of the space and time distribution of the chlorites, as well as of their habits, paragenetic relations and genetic conditions, is of great importance. Santos cretaceous sandstones are arkoses and lithic arkoses, rich in volcanic rock fragments (VRF). Chlorite is the most abundant diagenetic constituent, occurring mostly as rims and coatings covering the grains (pore-lining), as rosettes partially filling the pores, and as grain-replacive microcrystalline aggregates. Chlorite precipitation was favored by the presence of eogenetic coatings of smectitic clays, which were partially preserved along tight intergranular contacts. Besides these, the primary composition of the sandstones exerted a key control in chlorite authigenesis. Chlorite enrichment in the lithic arkoses, rich in VRF, suggests that these grains are significant source of Fe and Mg ions for chlorite precipitation in these sandstones. Besides VRF, unstable heavy minerals, biotite and mud intraclasts acted as source or substrate for chlorite authigenesis. In addition to the primary composition, thermal and burial histories, as also the fluid flow patterns, certainly played an important role in chlorite diagenesis and in the evolution of reservoir quality. Probable external ionic sources must have involved the transformation of smectitic clays in associated mudrocks, and the thick section of Aptian evaporites. The diverse chlorite habits exerted distinct impact on the quality of the reservoirs. Pore-lining chlorites inhibited quartz cementation isolating quartz grains surfaces, reducing the nucleation of overgrowths, thus contributing to porosity preservation. However, thin and discontinuous rims and coatings were not able to effectively inhibit quartz cementation, while those very thick severely decreased the permeability of the reservoirs. In turn, chlorite rosettes have not inhibited quartz cementation, but have reduced intergranular porosity nonetheless. Specific studies are required for a better understanding of the diverse diagenetic processes wthin Santos Basin sandstones, as also of their time, stratigraphic and space distribution, in order to support the development of models that may effectively contribute to the reduction of risks during the exploration for these reservoirs.

The continuous casting process is a widely used technique in modern steel plants. However, it is a complicated process that is not well understood. The objective of this research is to model the porosity and macrosegregation due to shrinkage related effects and solid deformation in the continuous casting of steel. Solid phase movements due to bulging and variable roll gap are modeled with a simple algebraic equation based on assumed slab surface deflection. A simplified single domain fluid flow model is derived to predict the pressure field. When liquid pressure drops to zero, porosity starts to form. The distribution of porosity is calculated using the porosity equation which is based on the mass conservation. A macrosegregation model based on the species conservation is derived. With the relative velocity calculated from the pressure results and the solid velocity, macrosegregation is obtained. Since the solid phase velocity is not zero and mixture density is not assumed to be constant, porosity and macrosegregation due to both solid deformation and shrinkage effects are incorporated. In order to validate the model, the pressure field of a three-dimensional pure metal solidification system is simulated. The results show the feasibility of the proposed model to predict the fluid flow. The porosity and macrosegregation prediction for different casting conditions are performed. The results confirm the necessity of including solid phase deformation in the prediction of porosity and centerline macrosegregation. The results also reveal the relations between different operating conditions (such as degree of bulging, soft reduction, and casting speed) and the porosity/macrosegregation defects in the final product.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Investigation of the acoustic impedance variations in the upper shallow marine sandstone reservoirs was extensively studied from 10 selected wells, namely: F-O1, F-O2, E-M4, E-CN1, E-G1, E-W1, F-A10, F-A11, F-A13, and F-L1 in the Bredasdorp Basin, offshore, South Africa. The studied wells were selected randomly across the upper shallow marine interval with the purpose of conducting a regional study to assess the variations in the acoustic impedance across the reservoirs using wireline log and core data. The datasets used in this study were geophysical wireline logs, conventional core analysis, geological well completion reports, core plugs, and core samples. The physical rock properties such as lithology, fluid type, and hydrocarbon bearing zone were identified while different parameters like the volume of clay, porosity, and water saturation were quantitatively estimated. The reservoirs were penetrated at a different depth ranging from a shallow depth of 2442m at well F-L1 to a deeper depth of 4256.7m at well E-CN1. The average volume of clay, average effective porosity from wireline log, and average water saturation ranged from 8.6%- 43%, 9%- 16% and 12%- 68%, respectively. Porosity distribution was fairly equal across the field from east to west except in well F-A10, F-A13, and F-A11 where a much higher porosity was shown with F-A13 showing the highest average value of 16%. Wells E-CN1, E-W1, F-O1, F-L1 and E-G1 had lower porosity with E-CN1 showing the lowest average value of 9%. The acoustic properties of the reservoirs were determined from geophysical wireline logs in order to calculate acoustic impedance and also investigate factors controlling density and acoustic velocities of these sediments. The acoustic impedance proved to be highest on the central to the western side of the field at E-CN1 with an average value of 11832 g/cm3s whereas, well F-A13 reservoir in the eastern side of the field proved to have the lowest average acoustic impedance of 9821 g/cm3s. There was a good linear negative relationship between acoustic impedance and porosity, compressional velocity vs porosity and porosity vs bulk density. A good linear negative relationship between acoustic impedance and porosity was obtained where the reservoir was homogenous, thick sandstone. However, interbedded shale units within the reservoir appeared to hinder a reliable correlation between acoustic impedance and porosity. The cross-plots results showed that porosity was one of the major factors controlling bulk density, compressional velocity (Vp) and acoustic impedance. The Gassmann equation was used for the determination of the effects of fluid substitution on acoustic properties using rock frame properties. Three fluid substitution models (brine, oil, and gas) were determined for pure sandstones and were used to measure the behaviour of the different sandstone saturations. A significant decrease was observed in Vp when the initial water saturation was substituted with a hydrocarbon (oil or gas) in all the wells. The value of density decreased quite visibly in all the wells when the brine (100% water saturation) was substituted with gas or oil. The fluid substitution affected the rock property significantly. The Vp slightly decreases when brine was substituted with water in wells F-A13, F-A10, F-O2, F-O1 F-A11, F-L1, and E-CN1. Wells E-G1, E-W1, and E-M4 contain oil and gas and therefore showed a notable decrease from brine to oil and from oil to gas respectively. Shear velocity (Vs) remained unaffected in all the wells. The acoustic impedance logs showed a decrease when 100% water saturation was replaced with a hydrocarbon (oil or gas) in all the wells. Clay presence significantly affects the behaviour of the acoustic properties of the reservoir rocks as a function of mineral type, volume, and distribution. The presence of glauconite mineral was observed in all the wells. Thirty-two thin sections, XRD and SEM/EDS from eight out of ten wells were studied to investigate lithology, diagenesis and the effect of mineralogy on porosity and acoustic properties (Compressional velocity and bulk density) within the studied reservoir units. Cementation (calcite and quartz), dissolution, compaction, clay mineral authigenesis, and stylolitization were the most significant diagenetic processes affecting porosity, velocity, and density.Well E-CN1 reservoir quality was very poor due to the destruction of intergranular porosity by extensive quartz and illite cementation, and compaction whereas well F-A13 show a highly porous sandstone reservoir with rounded monocrystalline quartz grain and only clusters of elongate to disc-like, authigenic chlorite crystals partly filling a depression within altered detrital grains. Overall, the results show that the porosity, lithology mineralogy, compaction and pore fluid were the major factors causing the acoustic impedance variations in the upper shallow marine sandstone reservoirs. / 2021-09-01

Thesis (M.Phil.) - University of Queensland, 2006. / Includes bibliography.

This thesis is concerned with the design of a novel system for inserting porogen particles within internal structure of the bone scaffold. The proposed system would be integrated with a 3D printing machine to create macro-pores based on the conventional porogen leaching method. The system is capable of inserting porogens on pre-designed locations within the scaffold structure to realize the generation of macro-porosity within scaffolds. Several alternatives for such a porogen insertion mechanism are proposed based on employing a mechanical actuator for opening and closing the path of porogen particles from a porogen reservoir to the build chamber. Another possible design that offers significant advantages over its actuator-based alternatives is a pneumatic-based mechanism that picks up porogens from a porogen reservoir and places them at pre-designed locations. Among all the presented alternatives, the pneumatic-based system is selected by utilizing the value matrix method, and detail design of the different parts of this system is presented. The required pilot test setups for performing the feasibility study of the proposed method have been designed and successfully developed, and the practicality of the designed porogen insertion mechanism is proven through experiment.

This thesis is concerned with the design of a novel system for inserting porogen particles within internal structure of the bone scaffold. The proposed system would be integrated with a 3D printing machine to create macro-pores based on the conventional porogen leaching method. The system is capable of inserting porogens on pre-designed locations within the scaffold structure to realize the generation of macro-porosity within scaffolds. Several alternatives for such a porogen insertion mechanism are proposed based on employing a mechanical actuator for opening and closing the path of porogen particles from a porogen reservoir to the build chamber. Another possible design that offers significant advantages over its actuator-based alternatives is a pneumatic-based mechanism that picks up porogens from a porogen reservoir and places them at pre-designed locations. Among all the presented alternatives, the pneumatic-based system is selected by utilizing the value matrix method, and detail design of the different parts of this system is presented. The required pilot test setups for performing the feasibility study of the proposed method have been designed and successfully developed, and the practicality of the designed porogen insertion mechanism is proven through experiment.