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A systematic study has been made of the electrical conduction processes through electrically etched porous silicon (PS) films sandwiched between two metal electrodes. The PS layers were formed by anodisation of p-type silicon wafers in a hydrofluoric (HF) acid solution. The effect of fabrication conditions on the structural and electrical properties of PS have been investigated. The thickness of PS layers was found to depend on the anodisation time, whereas porosity was regarded to be controlled by the current density and HF acid concentration. The dark current-voltage I(V) characteristics at fixed temperature and the variation of current as a function of temperature have been established. The characteristics for all devices, regardless the metal contact, show a rectifying behaviour with ideality factor close to unity. It was found that PS films fabricated from p-type silicon substrates behave like n-type silicon due to the depletion of electronic holes. The results suggest that a pn heterojunction between PS and p-Si is responsible for the rectifying behaviour. A value of 0.7 eV was obtained for the barrier height at the interface between PS and p-Si at room temperature. The barrier height was found to increase with rising temperature. Recombination conduction process was found to be dominant at low temperatures as the activation energy did not exceed 0.22 eV. At high temperatures, thermionic emission diffusion process was found to be responsible for the current transport in the PS structures. A band model was proposed for metal/PS/p-Si/metal structures in order to explain the observed characteristics. A.c. dark current measurements revealed that the a.c. conductivity varies as ws where w is the angular frequency and s' is an index which depends on temperature and having a value less than unity. A.c. activation energy was interpreted in terms of hopping conduction at low temperatures (less than 200 K) and diffusion transport of charge carriers through PS layers at higher temperatures. Measurements of capacitance as a function of frequency and temperature showed a decrease with increasing frequency and increase with increasing temperature. The photoconduction behaviour of PS was characterised by high dark resistivity, a clear photosensitivity for visible light, and a bias voltage dependence of the spectral response.

Orientador: Regina Célia Galvão Frem / Banca: Rafael Sá de Freitas / Banca: Célia Machado Ronconi / Resumo: Este trabalho contempla a síntese e caracterização espectroscópica, estrutural, morfológica e térmica de novos polímeros de coordenação de níquel(II) contendo espaçadores nitrogenados lineares (4-aminopiridina, pirazina, trans-1,2- bis(4-piridil)etileno) e os ânions dicarboxílicos oxalato e malonato. A ideia consiste na preparação de sólidos de coordenação que apresentem simultaneamente porosidade e propriedades magnéticas. Em uma segunda etapa, o estudo foi estendido para outros centros metálicos bivalentes, paramagnéticos, e de geometria preferencialmente octaédrica (manganês, cobalto, cobre). A parte final do trabalho contemplou a investigação do comportamento magnético dos sólidos de níquel(II) obtidos e, também dos sistemas MT/mal/4-apy (MT = Mn, Co, Ni, Cu), através de medidas de susceptibilidade magnética a baixa temperatura, realizadas pelo grupo do Prof. Dr. Rafael Sá de Freitas do Instituto de Física da USP-SP / Abstract: This work describes the synthesis and spectroscopic, structural, morphological and thermal characterization of new coordination polymers of nickel (II) containing nitrogen linear spacers (4-aminopyridine, pyrazine, trans-1,2-bis (4-pyridyl) ethylene) and the dicarboxylic anions oxalate and malonate. The main goal consists in the preparation of coordination solids exhibiting both porosity and magnetic properties. In a second step, the study was extended to other divalent paramagnetic metal centers, with preferably octahedral geometries (manganese, cobalt, copper). The final part of the work included the investigation of the magnetic behavior of the obtained nickel(II) solids and also of the MT/mal/4-apy systems (TM = Mn, Co, Ni, Cu) through the magnetic susceptibility measurements low temperature, performed by the group of the Prof. Dr. Rafael Sá de Freitas of the Institute of Physics, USP-SP / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-07T19:21:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-07-22. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-03-07T19:25:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000854657_20160801.pdf: 1128231 bytes, checksum: 4302c5ac8b1cba0d5bf7783f5225e2e5 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2016-08-01T11:30:03Z: 000854657_20160801.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-08-01T11:30:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000854657.pdf: 7039373 bytes, checksum: e3e464e79dbd92c0c088c22c6648dea7 (MD5) / Alumina é um suporte importante em catálise heterogênea. O controle das propriedades física e texturais pode melhorar seu desempenho como suporte em aplicações de catálise. Os catalisadores de cobalto são conhecidos por apresentarem excelente performance na reação de reforma de etanol (ESR) devido a elevada capacidade de quebra das ligações C-H e C-C. Muitos estudos visam correlacionar as propriedades das aluminas com o desempenho dos catalisadores. As aluminas exibem uma química de superfície complexa que pode ser controlada pelo método de preparação. Neste trabalho aluminas com meso e macroporos foram obtidas usando o método sol-gel acompanhado de separação de fases. Nesta estratégia integrativa a gelatinização e a separação de fases ocorrem de maneira espontânea no sistema contendo um indutor de separação de fases. Diferentes alumina foram produzidas a partir do isopropóxido e cloreto de alumínio e do óxido de polietileno e óxido de polipropileno como indutores de separação de fases. A escolha apropriada da composição de partida permite o controle do tamanho e volume dos poros. Os macroporos são formados como resultado da separação de fases após remoção do indutor de separação de fases, enquanto os mesoporos são formados entre as partículas do xerogel. As diferentes aluminas porosas preparadas e uma alumina comercial foram utilizadas como suporte de catalisadores de cobalto. Os precursores óxidos dos catalisadores obtidos após calcinação são compostos pelas fases Co3O4 e CoAl2O4, esta última em maior quantidade nas aluminas sintetizadas via sol-gel. As aluminas sol-gel possuem maior proporção de Al em sítios octaédricos e grupos hidroxilas superficiais do que a alumina comercial, verificou-se que estas características podem facilitar a migração de íons de Co na rede da alumina levando a maior formação de CoAl2O4. Os catalisadores foram... / Alumina is an important support for heterogeneous catalysts. The matching of appropriate alumina physical properties and controlled textural properties can improve its performance as support in catalysis applications. Cobalt based catalysts have been reported to have a good ethanol steam reforming (ESR) performance due to their high activity for the cleavage of C-H and C-C bonds. Many studies have been conducted about the effects of alumina properties on the cobalt catalysts properties. Alumina exhibits a rather complex surface chemistry which can be controlled by the preparation procedure. In this work alumina samples with macro and mesoporous structure were obtained using the one-pot sol-gel synthesis accompanied by phase separation. In this integrative strategy both processes, gelation and phase separation, spontaneously occur in system containing the presence of the phase separation inducer. The different aluminas were produced by using as aluminum reactants, aluminum isopropoxide and chloride and polyethylene oxide or polypropylene oxide as phase separation inducer. Appropriate choice of the starting composition allows the control the pore size and volume. Macroporous are formed as a result of phase separation after burning the phase separation inducer, while voids between particles of the xerogel skeletons form a mesoporous structures. The different alumina porous alumina and commercial alumina were used as supports for preparing by wetness impregnation cobalt-based catalyst. The oxidic catalyst precursors obtained after calcination are composed of Co3O4 and CoAl2O4-like phases, the latter being in higher proportions in the sol-gel alumina than in the commercial one. As the sol-gel alumina presents a larger amount of octahedral AlVI sites and surface hydroxyl groups than the commercial alumina, it was assumed that these features can facilitate the migration of Co ions into the alumina network...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:38:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandes_rj_me_araiq.pdf: 2025143 bytes, checksum: 148bce40eac5904bbce48967165adccb (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho contempla a síntese e caracterização espectroscópica, estrutural, morfológica e térmica de novos polímeros de coordenação de níquel(II) contendo espaçadores nitrogenados lineares (4-aminopiridina, pirazina, trans-1,2- bis(4-piridil)etileno) e os ânions dicarboxílicos oxalato e malonato. A ideia consiste na preparação de sólidos de coordenação que apresentem simultaneamente porosidade e propriedades magnéticas. Em uma segunda etapa, o estudo foi estendido para outros centros metálicos bivalentes, paramagnéticos, e de geometria preferencialmente octaédrica (manganês, cobalto, cobre). A parte final do trabalho contemplou a investigação do comportamento magnético dos sólidos de níquel(II) obtidos e, também dos sistemas MT/mal/4-apy (MT = Mn, Co, Ni, Cu), através de medidas de susceptibilidade magnética a baixa temperatura, realizadas pelo grupo do Prof. Dr. Rafael Sá de Freitas do Instituto de Física da USP-SP / This work describes the synthesis and spectroscopic, structural, morphological and thermal characterization of new coordination polymers of nickel (II) containing nitrogen linear spacers (4-aminopyridine, pyrazine, trans-1,2-bis (4-pyridyl) ethylene) and the dicarboxylic anions oxalate and malonate. The main goal consists in the preparation of coordination solids exhibiting both porosity and magnetic properties. In a second step, the study was extended to other divalent paramagnetic metal centers, with preferably octahedral geometries (manganese, cobalt, copper). The final part of the work included the investigation of the magnetic behavior of the obtained nickel(II) solids and also of the MT/mal/4-apy systems (TM = Mn, Co, Ni, Cu) through the magnetic susceptibility measurements low temperature, performed by the group of the Prof. Dr. Rafael Sá de Freitas of the Institute of Physics, USP-SP

Orientador: Celso Valentim Santilli / Orientador: Valérie Briois / Co-orientador: Leandro Martins / Banca: Pedro de Oliveira / Banca: Sylvain Cristol / Banca: Victor Luis dos Santos Teixeira da Silva / Banca: Douglas Gouvêa / Resumo: Alumina é um suporte importante em catálise heterogênea. O controle das propriedades física e texturais pode melhorar seu desempenho como suporte em aplicações de catálise. Os catalisadores de cobalto são conhecidos por apresentarem excelente performance na reação de reforma de etanol (ESR) devido a elevada capacidade de quebra das ligações C-H e C-C. Muitos estudos visam correlacionar as propriedades das aluminas com o desempenho dos catalisadores. As aluminas exibem uma química de superfície complexa que pode ser controlada pelo método de preparação. Neste trabalho aluminas com meso e macroporos foram obtidas usando o método sol-gel acompanhado de separação de fases. Nesta estratégia integrativa a gelatinização e a separação de fases ocorrem de maneira espontânea no sistema contendo um indutor de separação de fases. Diferentes alumina foram produzidas a partir do isopropóxido e cloreto de alumínio e do óxido de polietileno e óxido de polipropileno como indutores de separação de fases. A escolha apropriada da composição de partida permite o controle do tamanho e volume dos poros. Os macroporos são formados como resultado da separação de fases após remoção do indutor de separação de fases, enquanto os mesoporos são formados entre as partículas do xerogel. As diferentes aluminas porosas preparadas e uma alumina comercial foram utilizadas como suporte de catalisadores de cobalto. Os precursores óxidos dos catalisadores obtidos após calcinação são compostos pelas fases Co3O4 e CoAl2O4, esta última em maior quantidade nas aluminas sintetizadas via sol-gel. As aluminas sol-gel possuem maior proporção de Al em sítios octaédricos e grupos hidroxilas superficiais do que a alumina comercial, verificou-se que estas características podem facilitar a migração de íons de Co na rede da alumina levando a maior formação de CoAl2O4. Os catalisadores foram... / Abstract: Alumina is an important support for heterogeneous catalysts. The matching of appropriate alumina physical properties and controlled textural properties can improve its performance as support in catalysis applications. Cobalt based catalysts have been reported to have a good ethanol steam reforming (ESR) performance due to their high activity for the cleavage of C-H and C-C bonds. Many studies have been conducted about the effects of alumina properties on the cobalt catalysts properties. Alumina exhibits a rather complex surface chemistry which can be controlled by the preparation procedure. In this work alumina samples with macro and mesoporous structure were obtained using the one-pot sol-gel synthesis accompanied by phase separation. In this integrative strategy both processes, gelation and phase separation, spontaneously occur in system containing the presence of the phase separation inducer. The different aluminas were produced by using as aluminum reactants, aluminum isopropoxide and chloride and polyethylene oxide or polypropylene oxide as phase separation inducer. Appropriate choice of the starting composition allows the control the pore size and volume. Macroporous are formed as a result of phase separation after burning the phase separation inducer, while voids between particles of the xerogel skeletons form a mesoporous structures. The different alumina porous alumina and commercial alumina were used as supports for preparing by wetness impregnation cobalt-based catalyst. The oxidic catalyst precursors obtained after calcination are composed of Co3O4 and CoAl2O4-like phases, the latter being in higher proportions in the sol-gel alumina than in the commercial one. As the sol-gel alumina presents a larger amount of octahedral AlVI sites and surface hydroxyl groups than the commercial alumina, it was assumed that these features can facilitate the migration of Co ions into the alumina network... / Doutor

Orientador: Marcelo Nalin / Co-orientador: Regina Célia Galvão Frem / Banca: Leandro Martins / Banca: Gregoire Jean-François Demets / Resumo: O interesse no estudo das MOFs ( Metal Organic Framework ) vem crescendo nos últimos anos, e isso pode ser explicado pela grande versatilidade química e potencialidades de aplicação desses materiais porosos. Possuem funçõe s que se estendem desde sensores, separação de gás, catálise, liberação controlada de fármacos, até aplicações elétricas e ópticas. Dentro desse contexto, o recente grupo de pesquisa criado no Instituto de Química da UNESP de Araraquara, denominado Applied MOFs busca a síntese e aplicação de MOFs, ZIFs e Bio - MOFs para diversas funções. Convém destacar que este é o primeiro trabalho do grupo na química das MOFs, e por essa razão, ele pretende também, na sua parte introdutória, apresentar o estado - da - arte des sa importante e atual área de pesquisa. Quanto à pesquisa desenvolvida nessa Dissertação, ela tem como base MOFs que contêm o ligante orgânico ácido 2 - aminotereftálico, as quais desempenham uma importante aplicação como catalisadores da reação de condensaç ão de Knoevenagel. Tal reação é utilizada para produção de moléculas complexas nas indústrias química e farmacêutica, como exemplo, a lumefantrina, um dos princípios ativos do medicamento antimalária Coartem, possui em sua síntese uma etapa em que duas mol éculas menores são condensadas para formação de uma maior. Neste trabalho, investigamos a influência de duas rotas sintéticas distintas bem como de diferentes precursores metálicos na preparação da MOF NH 2 - MIL - 125(Ti) . Os materiais foram obtidos via reação hidrotérmica ou assistida por microondas, usando como material de partida diferentes alcóxidos de titânio, e esses sólidos foram testados como catalisadores na reação de condensação de Knoevenagel envolvendo benzaldeído e cianoacetato de etila. Por possui r sítios ácidos e básicos, a MOF demonstrou alto desempenho na conversão do benzalde... / Abstract: The interest in the study of MOFs (Metal Organic Framework) has been growing in recent years, and this can be explained by the versatilit y and application potential of these porous materials. They have roles extend from sensors, gas separation, catalysis, drug delivery, electrical and optical applications. In this context, the recent research group created at the Chemistry Institute of UNES P Araraquara, called Applied MOFs, research the synthesis and application of MOFs, ZIFs and Bio - MOFs for various functions. It should be noted that this is the first work of the group in the chemistry of MOFs, and for that reason, it also intends, in its i ntroductory part, to present the state of the art of this important and current research area. As to research conducted in this thesis, it has as MOFs base containing the organic linker 2 - aminoterephthalic acid, which play an important application as catal ysts in the Knoevenagel condensation reaction. This reaction is used for production of complex molecules in the fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries, for example, lumefantrine, one of the active principles of the antimalarial drug Coartem, has in it s synthesis a knoevenagel reaction in one of the steps, where two smaller molecules are condensed to form higher. In this work, we investigated the influence of two different synthetic routes and different metal precursors in the synthesis of MOF NH 2 - MIL - 1 25 (Ti) . The materials were obtained via hydrothermal or microwave assisted reaction, using as a titanium source, two different alkoxides, and these solids were used as catalysts in the Knoevenagel condensation reaction involving benzaldehyde and ethyl cya noacetate. These solids have acidic and basic sites, because of this, the MOF showed high performance in the conversion of benzaldehyde, reaching a value of 96.02% in only 10 minutes of reaction. It is a novel application for that material... / Mestre

Abstract The present thesis describes the development of a novel method, referred to as xenon porometry, for the determination of the structural properties of porous materials by means of xenon NMR spectroscopy. The method exploits the high sensitivity of the chemical shift of the ¹²⁹Xe isotope to its local environment. The purpose of the medium added to the sample is to slow down the diffusion of xenon so that the NMR signal of a xenon atom is characteristic of the properties of one pore, and the signals of all the atoms in the sample represent the distribution of the properties. Two types of porous materials (controlled pore glasses and silica gels) with well-known properties and three different media (acetonitrile, cyclohexane, and naphthalene) were used in the studies. The behavior of the medium and dissolved xenon at different temperatures around the melting point of the medium was explained. By varying the pore size of the material, three different correlations that make it possible to measure the pore sizes of unknown materials were experimentally determined. The chemical shift of xenon inside pockets built up in the pores during solidification of the medium turned out to be especially sensitive to pore size, and this correlation makes it possible to determine the pore size distribution. The curious behavior of the chemical shift as a function of pore size was explained by using a model based on the fast exchange between xenon adsorbed on the walls of the pockets and free xenon in the middle of the pockets. It was also proved that the porosity of the materials can be determined by comparing the intensities of two signals originating from xenon dissolved in a liquid medium. A comparison of the xenon porometry method with other methods used for pore size characterization leads to the following conclusions: The range of applications of the method is relatively wide, the measurements are fast and easy to do, the analysis of the spectra is simple on the basis of the information presented in this thesis, and the properties of the materials can be extracted from the spectral data with basic mathematical conversions. Because there are several different types of correlations available in the same spectra that represent the properties of the porous material, the complementary information of all the correlations make it possible to obtain a picture of the structures of very complex systems.

L'obtention de manière contrôlée de matériaux chalcogénures nanostructurés et possédant une surface spécifique importante ou fonctionnalisée est un défi très intéressant. En alliant une surface spécifique élevée à la polarisabilité des surfaces chalcogénures ou en élaborant des matériaux fonctionnalisés, on peut espérer une percée dans de nombreux domaines comme la catalyse, la séparation gazeuse, l'électrochimie, le photovoltaïque ou l'optique... L'objectif de cette thèse était de développer des voies de synthèse du disulfure de germanium (GeS2) par chimie douce à température et pression ambiantes. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé deux agents sulfurants, le sulfure de dihydrogène (H2S) et le thioacétamide que nous avons fait réagir avec du tétraéthoxyde de germanium en présence d'un solvant. Les synthèses ont été réalisées en l'absence ou en présence d'un structurant, le plus souvent un liquide ionique (LI). Les synthèses sans structurant ont permis l'obtention de nanoparticules de GeS2 amorphes ou nano-organisées de 20 à 35 nm de diamètre et de surface spécifique intéressante (320 m2.g-1 avec H2S, 270 m2.g-1 avec le thioacétamide). Les synthèses réalisées en présence de LI conduisent à des matériaux hybrides contenant GeS2 et le cation du LI utilisé, de formule générale 0.2GeS2-0.8 cation organique. Les particules obtenues de taille micrométrique et présentant de très faibles surfaces spécifiques ont une morphologie qui dépend de la nature du cation organique impliqué dans la synthèse (sphères ou roses des sables). Des mesures XPS montrent la présence de liaisons Ge-S- au sein de l'hybride. L'utilisation de lithium de bis(trifluorométhanesulfonyl)imide nous a conduit à synthétiser un matériau GeS2-Li dont la conductivité de ~10-10 S.cm-1 est celle d'un sel ionique. En l'absence de solvant et en faisant jouer au LI le rôle de solvant et de structurant, nous avons pu préparer le premier iono-chalcogel qui, après optimisation, pourrait conduire à un matériau poreux. Par ailleurs, l'utilisation d'un structurant non ionique, l'hexadecylamine (HDA), au-delà de sa concentration micellaire critique, a conduit à l'obtention d'un matériau hybride nanométrique (environ 15 nm) qui possède non seulement une surface spécifique intéressante (130 m2.g-1) mais surtout une porosité intra-granulaire. En résumé, ce premier travail exploratoire nous a permis d'obtenir, selon le procédé de chimie douce choisi, du disulfure de germanium sous forme soit de nanoparticules aux surfaces spécifiques intéressantes, soit de particules présentant une certaine porosité intragranulaire, soit de matériaux hybrides où un cation organique interagit avec GeS2. / The controlled elaboration of nanostructured chalcogenides with high specific area or functionalized surface is an interesting challenge. Breakthrough in various domains such as catalysis, gas separation, electrochemistry, photovoltaics or optics can be achieved by the production of chalcogenide materials with functionalized surface or high specific area coupled with high polarisability.The aim of the thesis was to develop new soft chemistry routes for the synthesis of germanium disulfide at room temperature and pressure. Two sulfur precursors, i.e. hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and thioacetamide, and a germanium precursor, the tetraethoxigermanium were used for the syntheses. The syntheses were carried out either in the presence or in the absence of a template, in most case an ionic liquid (IL).Syntheses without templating agent led to amorphous or nano-organized GeS2 nanoparticles of 20 to 35 nm in diameter and interesting specific areas (320 m2.g-1 with H2S, 270 m2.g-1 with thioacetamide). Hybrid materials comprising GeS2 and LI cation with a general formula 0.2GeS2-0.8 organic cation were obtained in the presence of IL. The obtained particles of nanometric sizes and with hardly any specific area have a morphology that depends on the nature of the organic cation present during the synthesis, i .e. spheres or gypsum rosette-like particles. XPS measurements indicate the presence of Ge-S- bonds in the hybrid material. The use of lithium de bis(trifluorométhanesulfonyl)imide led to the elaboration of a GeS2-Li material which conductivity of ~10-10 S.cm-1 is that of an ionic salt.A first iono-chalcogel which could lead after optimization to a porous chalcogenide has been elaborated when using the IL as both the solvent and the templating agent and in the absence of any other solvent. The use of hexadecilamine (HDA) above its critical micellar concentration, led to hybrid nanoparticles of 15 nm in size with interesting specific area (130 m2.g-1) but also intra-granular porosity.In conclusion, this exploratory work led to the elaboration of GeS2 either as naoparticles with high specific area or particles with intragranular porosity or finally hybrid materials with GeS2 interacting with an organic cation, the final product depending upon the chosen soft chemistry route.Keywords: chalcogenide, ionic liquid, organic-inorganic hybrid, morphology, soft chemistry

The sample used for evaporative cooling system is Fabric defender 750 with Shelltite finish. From the experimental data and equations we have diffusion coefficient of 20.9 ± 3.71 x 10-6 m2/s for fabric with one layer with 17%-20% fluctuations from the theory, 27.8 ± 4.5 x 10-6 m2/s for fabric with two layers with 6%-14% fluctuations from the theory and 24.9 ± 4.1 x 10-6 m2/s for fabric with three layers with 13%-16% fluctuations from the theory. Since the thickness of the fabric increases so the mass transport rate decreases so the mass transport resistance should be increases. The intrinsic mass resistances of Fabri-1L, Fabri-2L and Fabri-3L are respectively 104 ± 10.2 s/m, 154 ± 23 s/m and 206 ± 26 s/m from the experiment.