A comercialização da energia elétrica por parte de empresas geradoras que já possuem suas usinas construídas é um tema de grande relevância no setor. A dificuldade em definir a estratégia de venda desta energia, dentre as opções disponíveis no atual modelo regulatório, torna necessário o desenvolvimento de metodologias e ferramentas que auxiliem na tomada de decisão, contabilizando as expectativas e riscos destas decisões. A metodologia com ferramental associado apresentada neste trabalho foi desenvolvida com base em conceitos amplamente utilizados no mercado financeiro para a formação de portfólio de ativos, aliados ao conceito basilar de utilidade das geradoras de energia elétrica, permitindo quantificar a predisposição à tomada de risco e a estruturação de informações públicas dos agentes do setor para a definição de perfis de geradores em relação à estratégia de venda de energia. A contribuição central deste trabalho reside na proposta de uma metodologia que define a melhor estratégia de participação em leilões de energia existente para geradores. / The energy trading activity for Generation Companies (Gencos) owning operating existing power plants is a topic of great relevance in the industry. The difficulty to define the energy selling strategy, given all available options in the actual regulatory model, makes necessary the development of methodologies and tools for decision making support, accounting the expectations and risks embedded in these decisions. The methodology and associated computational tool presented in this work was developed based on concepts widely used in the financial market for assets portfolio composition, the Gencos utility, making feasible to quantify the predisposition of risktaking, and the structuring of public information from the players involved for the definition of generators profiles in relation to the strategy of selling energy. The main contribution of this work lies on the validation of one methodology that defines the Gencos best strategy participation in the auctions designed for trading the existing power plants energy production.

A comercialização da energia elétrica por parte de empresas geradoras que já possuem suas usinas construídas é um tema de grande relevância no setor. A dificuldade em definir a estratégia de venda desta energia, dentre as opções disponíveis no atual modelo regulatório, torna necessário o desenvolvimento de metodologias e ferramentas que auxiliem na tomada de decisão, contabilizando as expectativas e riscos destas decisões. A metodologia com ferramental associado apresentada neste trabalho foi desenvolvida com base em conceitos amplamente utilizados no mercado financeiro para a formação de portfólio de ativos, aliados ao conceito basilar de utilidade das geradoras de energia elétrica, permitindo quantificar a predisposição à tomada de risco e a estruturação de informações públicas dos agentes do setor para a definição de perfis de geradores em relação à estratégia de venda de energia. A contribuição central deste trabalho reside na proposta de uma metodologia que define a melhor estratégia de participação em leilões de energia existente para geradores. / The energy trading activity for Generation Companies (Gencos) owning operating existing power plants is a topic of great relevance in the industry. The difficulty to define the energy selling strategy, given all available options in the actual regulatory model, makes necessary the development of methodologies and tools for decision making support, accounting the expectations and risks embedded in these decisions. The methodology and associated computational tool presented in this work was developed based on concepts widely used in the financial market for assets portfolio composition, the Gencos utility, making feasible to quantify the predisposition of risktaking, and the structuring of public information from the players involved for the definition of generators profiles in relation to the strategy of selling energy. The main contribution of this work lies on the validation of one methodology that defines the Gencos best strategy participation in the auctions designed for trading the existing power plants energy production.

nÃo hà / Este trabalho se agrega à discussÃo sobre a capacidade de um investidor brasileiro diversificar o risco alocando recursos em ativos internacionais. Adotando estratÃgias nÃo alavancadas de composiÃÃo de portfÃlios com 35 Ãndices das mais representativas bolsas de aÃÃes no mundo, evidencia-se que em perÃodos de crise financeira nÃo se deva recorrer aos escassos fundamentos, mas que em perÃodos de recuperaÃÃo ou estabilidade econÃmica, se deva investir em ativos de outros paÃses. Em suma, todos os portfolios equal-weighted e construÃdos via otimizaÃÃo apresentam nÃveis de risco inferiores aos registrados para o IBOVESPA, sinalizando capacidade de diversificaÃÃo internacional de risco. PorÃm, em termos de ganho ponderado pelo risco, à possÃvel que estratÃgias simples de composiÃÃo de portfolios apenas compostos por Ãndices dos mercados dos paÃses da AmÃrica do Sul jà tenham resultados satisfatÃrios. Apesar dos fatores associados ao home bias, os investidores brasileiros deveriam estar motivados em pensar em estratÃgias factÃveis capazes de reduzir a exposiÃÃo a fontes de risco de carÃter polÃtico ou macroeconÃmico que compÃem o risco sistÃmico do mercado financeiro nacional. / In this work we enter the debate about the ability of a Brazilian investor intending to diversify risk by allocating resources in international assets. Based on unleveraged strategies of portfolios composition using 35 of the most representative stock market indices worldwide, we evidence that in times of financial crisis one should not follow a fundamental approach, while during periods of recovery or economic stability, the investor Brazilian should observe other countries. To summarize, all equal-weighted and optimization based portfolios have risk levels lower than those reported for the Bovespa Index, signaling the capacity of international diversification of risk. However, in terms of relation risk-return, it is possible that simple investment strategies using only stock market indices of countries of South America have satisfactory results. Although the aspects explaining the home bias, Brazilian investors should be motivated to think of feasible strategies able to reduce exposure to risk sources of political or macroeconomic that comprise the systemic risk of the domestic financial market.

Bakgrund: Venture Capital-bolag spelar en stor roll i finansieringen och utvecklingen av nya och innovativa företag. Bolagen verkar i en miljö där investeringarna innebär ett högt risktagande, och därför är det viktigt att de har en strategi för hur de ska investera. Deras investeringsstrategier är komplexa och tidigare studier visar på olika resultat kopplat till faktorerna portföljsammansättning, avkastningskrav, riskhantering och styrning av portföljbolag. Det är därför viktigt att analysera och bidra med ny kunskap för hur Venture Capital-bolagen går tillväga när de investerar, hanterar risk och samtidigt försöker skapa värde i portföljbolagen. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera VC-bolagens investeringsstrategier utifrån portföljsammansättning, avkastningskrav, risk och styrning i en svensk kontext. Metod: Studien baseras på en deduktiv ansats och använder en kvalitativ metod. Datainsamlingen består av semistrukturerade intervjuer med 15 representanter från Venture Capital-bolag verksamma på den svenska marknaden. Slutsats: VC-bolagen tenderar att specialisera sig på specifika branscher och investeringsstadier, medan antal bolag och geografiskt fokus varierar. Det enskilt vanligaste avkastningskravet är 25 procent, och relativvärdering är den mest förekommande värderingsmetoden. Både interna och externa risker analyseras, och två riskhanteringsmetoder identifieras. VC-bolagen vill vara aktiva ägare, samtidigt som de ser till portföljbolagens behov för grad av involvering. VC-bolagens investeringsbeslut baseras huvudsakligen på deras riskbenägenhet, kompetens och erfarenhet. / Background: Venture Capital firms play a significant role in financing and developing new and innovative ventures. These firms operate in an environment where investments involve high risk, making it essential for them to have a well-defined investment strategy. Their investment strategies are complex, and previous studies have shown varying results related to factors such as portfolio composition, return requirements, risk management, and governance of portfolio companies. Therefore, it is important to analyze and contribute new knowledge on how Venture Capital firms approach investing, manage risk, and simultaneously strive to create value in their portfolio companies. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the investment strategies of Venture Capital firms in a Swedish context, focusing on portfolio composition, required return, risk, and governance. Methodology: The study is based on a deductive approach and uses a qualitative method. Data collection consists of semi-structured interviews with 15 representatives from Venture Capital firms operating in the Swedish market. Conclusion: Venture Capital firms tend to specialize in specific industries and investment stages, while the number of companies and geographic focus vary. The single most common required return is 25 percent, and relative valuation is the most frequently used valuation method. Both internal and external risks are analyzed, and two risk management methods are identified. VC firms aim to be active owners, adjusting their level of involvement based on the needs of the portfolio companies. Their investment decisions are primarily based on their risk tolerance, expertise, and experience.

This diploma thesis introduces the measures of network connectedness in the context of asset pricing. It proposes an asset pricing model in which the factor of connectedness is included as one of the risk factors together with the three Fama-French factors. The goal of the analysis is to examine whether the con- nectedness represents a signifcant risk factor that should be considered while determining the risk premium of the portfolio in diferent sectors in the market. Using the realized volatilities and returns of 496 assets of SP 500 index over the period 2005 - 2018, that are divided into 11 sectors, we frstly determine the linkages of connectedness between the assets in the same sector. Applying Fama-MacBeth two-step regression model, we explore the signifcance of the connectedness factor for the determination of the risk premium. We argue that the sector overall connectedness represents a signifcant risk in most of the sec- tors and should be therefore taken into account by the investors in all sectors. Moreover, the total directional connectedness that captures the spillover of shocks to one asset from the other assets in the sector, is a signifcant risk fac- tor that should increase the risk premium of the portfolio, especially in sectors such as the fnancial, health care, consumer...

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el impacto de la diversificación sobre el rendimiento y el riesgo. Se emplea un panel de datos de frecuencia mensual para el periodo 2010-2019 y se utiliza el estimador de MGM por la naturaleza dinámica del modelo. Los resultados muestran que la diversificación de la cartera de préstamos no tiene efecto en el rendimiento del sistema bancario, sin embargo, se observa que los bancos con mayores riesgos pueden aumentar sus rendimientos si aumentan su nivel de concentración por sector económico y departamento. El efecto en el riesgo dependerá del tipo de concentración, un mayor nivel de concentración de préstamos por sector y departamento disminuirá el riesgo crediticio; pero una mayor concentración de préstamos por tipo de crédito aumentará el nivel de riesgo. Además, se observó que no hay ningún efecto sobre el riesgo ni el rendimiento dependiendo de si el banco es de capitales domésticos o extranjeros. Los hallazgos son importantes para los bancos al elegir su estrategia crediticia y clave para las autoridades regulatorias. / The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of diversification on performance and risk. A monthly frequency data panel is used for the period 2010-2019 and the MGM estimator is used because of the dynamic nature of the model. The results show that loan portfolio diversification does not affect the performance of the banking system, however, it is observed that banks with higher risks can increase their returns by increasing their level of concentration by economic sector and department. The effect on risk will depend on the type of concentration, a higher level of loan concentration by sector and department will decrease credit risk; but a higher concentration of loans by type of credit will increase the level of risk. Besides, it was noted that there is no effect on risk or return depending on whether the bank is domestic or foreign-owned. The findings are important for banks when choosing their credit strategy and key for regulatory authorities. / Trabajo de investigación