This thesis is about 'new' metaphor, conceived and created by authors, often called 'original metaphor' in the world of Translation Studies. It is the most extreme form of figurative language, ‘often dramatic and shocking in effect’ Newmark (1982, p.84). The translation of original metaphor can produce unexpected juxtapositions of language, suggesting as many different results as there are translators, Nevertheless, many theorists (e.g. Reiss, 1971; Newmark, 1988; Ribé, 1997) say this type of metaphor should be translated ‘literally’, or word for word as far as possible, suggesting there might be uniformity between translators’ solutions. This study investigates how literary translators approach this challenge, focusing on Spanish-English translations of a novel containing plenty of original metaphors: Nada (1945), by Spanish author Carmen Laforet (1921-2004). Original metaphors from the text are compared to four published English translations by Inez Muñoz (1958), Charles Franklin Payne (1964), Glafyra Ennis (1993) and Edith Grossman (2007) in a corpus based study. It shows that they use a variety of methods to translate the metaphors, but translate 'literally' in well over half of them. In a two-part translation exercise and questionnaire, professional literary translators are asked to translate some of these metaphors. Again, many different strategies are employed, but over half of them are translated as literally as possible within the confines of English grammar and syntax. Although this investigation is limited to one author and language pair, it gives a clear indication that although literary translators vary exceedingly in their solutions, on the whole they prefer to translate original metaphors as literally as possible. Given that the essence of original metaphor is that it reflects the author’s personality, this demonstrates literary translators’ seeming desire to reproduce an author’s distinctive character as exactly as possible for their readers. The finding is applied to a new English translation of the first part of La isla y los demonios, Laforet’s second novel, which forms the practice part of this PhD. A literal strategy has been used to translate the original metaphors in the text, some of which have then been reviewed by an experienced editor of literary texts in English for a further insight into their acceptability.

Este trabalho pretende contribuir para o estudo da Lexicografia no Brasil e abordar um assunto pouco estudado na literatura metalexicográfica: a informação fônica nos dicionários. Ainda que a principal função dos dicionários seja a de inventariar as palavras de um idioma e oferecer seu significado, é sabido que os consulentes esperam muito mais dessas obras. Além do significado, os usuários desejam encontrar nos dicionários a maior quantidade possível de esclarecimentos gramaticais. Dado que a pronúncia está entre as informações que constam nos dicionários, este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar essas indicações em dicionários monolíngues das línguas italiana e portuguesa e em dicionários bilíngues italiano/português. A pesquisa visa responder, com a metodologia empregada, as seguintes indagações: 1) qual sistema de notação é utilizado para anotar a pronúncia das entradas? 2) como a informação fônica é descrita no guia de pronúncia dos dicionários? 3) os dicionários descrevem as variações de pronúncia existentes nas línguas em estudo? Instruções de como pronunciar as palavras propiciam autonomia para que os aprendizes possam produzir oralmente as palavras. Com as análises, foi possível verificar se os dicionários em estudo conseguem fornecer ao consulente, de forma clara e satisfatória, as informações que ele busca quanto à pronúncia. Por fim, a proposta de melhorias nos sistemas adotados pelos dicionários no que tange a pronúncia tem o intuito de tornar o dicionário uma ferramenta mais útil no ensino/aprendizagem da produção oral das línguas italiana e portuguesa. / This work is intended to collaborate with the study of lexicography in Brazil as well as to address the subject yet little studied in literature metalexicography: phonic information in dictionaries. Although the main function of dictionaries is to relate a series of words from one language and also to offer its meaning it is known that the querents expect a lot more of this kind of publication. Besides the meaning, users wish to find in dictionaries as much grammatical clarification as possible. Since the pronunciation is among the information contained in the dictionaries, this work aims to analyze these indications in monolingual dictionaries of the Italian and Portuguese languages and in bilingual Italian / Portuguese dictionaries. The research primarily aims to answer, with the methodology applied, the following questions: 1) Which notation system is used to annotate the pronunciation of the entries? 2) How is phonic information described in the dictionary pronunciation guide? 3) Do the dictionaries describe the variations of pronunciation in the languages studied? The instructions on how to pronounce the words provide autonomy so the learners can produce words orally. By the conduced analysis it was possible to verify if the studied dictionaries can provide the querent with the information for pronunciation searched in a clear and satisfactory way. Finally, the proposed improvements in the systems adopted by the dictionaries in terms of pronunciation aims to make the dictionary a more useful tool in teaching-learning oral production of the Italian and Portuguese languages.

Este trabalho pretende contribuir para o estudo da Lexicografia no Brasil e abordar um assunto pouco estudado na literatura metalexicográfica: a informação fônica nos dicionários. Ainda que a principal função dos dicionários seja a de inventariar as palavras de um idioma e oferecer seu significado, é sabido que os consulentes esperam muito mais dessas obras. Além do significado, os usuários desejam encontrar nos dicionários a maior quantidade possível de esclarecimentos gramaticais. Dado que a pronúncia está entre as informações que constam nos dicionários, este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar essas indicações em dicionários monolíngues das línguas italiana e portuguesa e em dicionários bilíngues italiano/português. A pesquisa visa responder, com a metodologia empregada, as seguintes indagações: 1) qual sistema de notação é utilizado para anotar a pronúncia das entradas? 2) como a informação fônica é descrita no guia de pronúncia dos dicionários? 3) os dicionários descrevem as variações de pronúncia existentes nas línguas em estudo? Instruções de como pronunciar as palavras propiciam autonomia para que os aprendizes possam produzir oralmente as palavras. Com as análises, foi possível verificar se os dicionários em estudo conseguem fornecer ao consulente, de forma clara e satisfatória, as informações que ele busca quanto à pronúncia. Por fim, a proposta de melhorias nos sistemas adotados pelos dicionários no que tange a pronúncia tem o intuito de tornar o dicionário uma ferramenta mais útil no ensino/aprendizagem da produção oral das línguas italiana e portuguesa. / This work is intended to collaborate with the study of lexicography in Brazil as well as to address the subject yet little studied in literature metalexicography: phonic information in dictionaries. Although the main function of dictionaries is to relate a series of words from one language and also to offer its meaning it is known that the querents expect a lot more of this kind of publication. Besides the meaning, users wish to find in dictionaries as much grammatical clarification as possible. Since the pronunciation is among the information contained in the dictionaries, this work aims to analyze these indications in monolingual dictionaries of the Italian and Portuguese languages and in bilingual Italian / Portuguese dictionaries. The research primarily aims to answer, with the methodology applied, the following questions: 1) Which notation system is used to annotate the pronunciation of the entries? 2) How is phonic information described in the dictionary pronunciation guide? 3) Do the dictionaries describe the variations of pronunciation in the languages studied? The instructions on how to pronounce the words provide autonomy so the learners can produce words orally. By the conduced analysis it was possible to verify if the studied dictionaries can provide the querent with the information for pronunciation searched in a clear and satisfactory way. Finally, the proposed improvements in the systems adopted by the dictionaries in terms of pronunciation aims to make the dictionary a more useful tool in teaching-learning oral production of the Italian and Portuguese languages.

My thesis, Literary Citizenship and the Politics of Language: The Galician Literary Field between 1939 and 1965, is the first attempt to examine the building process of Galician national literature by focusing on one of its constitutive elements, the linguistic criterion. Drawing on Mario Santana's concept of literary citizenship, which can be defined as membership of a literary community, it pays attention to the development of the idea that Galician literary citizenship is language specific, in other words, that to be a member of the national literature, writers have to write in Galician. It does so by focusing on one of the most neglected periods in Galician and Spanish Studies (1939–1965). Chapter one, 'Going Public: The Adventure of Galician Publishing, 1939–1965', presents the first ever account of the publishing world in the studied period. Chapter two, 'From Region to Nation: Galician Literary Studies', argues that the main battleground in the definition of Galician literary citizenship was the field of Galician literary studies, where the concept of literary citizenship was naturalised and then institutionalised. Chapter three, 'Negotiating Identities', explores writers' language choices, paying special attention to those who wished to earn a language-specific Galician literary citizenship. Apart from native and exophonic writers, the chapter addresses writers who did so through translation. Chapter four, 'No Man's Land: Female Writing and Language', argues that female writers had a double-edged experience in the literary field. The patriarchal literary institutions were interested in their symbolic capital but they exercised firm control over them. The conclusion, 'A New raison d'être for Galician Literary Studies', summarises the main argument put forward by this thesis, that to understand fully the development of Galician literary citizenship, literature must be studied outside the national framework.

Submitted by Fabiano Vassallo (fabianovassallo2127@gmail.com) on 2017-04-20T19:26:36Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação corrigida após defesa UFF 2016 publicada.pdf: 6458521 bytes, checksum: 30a2800491839b79a4959afb4f7c334a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josimara Dias Brumatti (bcgdigital@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-04-25T14:45:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação corrigida após defesa UFF 2016 publicada.pdf: 6458521 bytes, checksum: 30a2800491839b79a4959afb4f7c334a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-25T14:45:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação corrigida após defesa UFF 2016 publicada.pdf: 6458521 bytes, checksum: 30a2800491839b79a4959afb4f7c334a (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O presente trabalho investiga uma comunidade japonesa situada na cidade do Rio de Janeiro dentro da perspectiva de línguas em contato num contexto de imigração bilíngue/multilíngue. Como proposta de investigação, levamos em conta o dinamismo das situações de bilinguismo, destacando a importância de estudá-las num contexto social que apresenta-se eminentemente mutável. Propomo-nos a pesquisar 15 nikkeis pertencentes à 3 redes sociais identificadas na Associação Nikkei do Rio de Janeiro, pormenorizando os estágios de bilingualidade desses sujeitos no momento atual de suas vidas. Com essa finalidade, lançamos mão dos conceitos de bilinguismo e bilingualidade nos termos de Savedra (1994-2009) que define aquele como a situação em que há o uso compartilhado de mais de uma língua num determinado domínio comunicativo e, esse, como os diferentes estágios de bilinguismo que os indivíduos bilíngues transpassam em sua vida. Para analisarmos os estágios de bilingualidade dos participantes de nossa investigação, identificamos o contexto de aquisição de línguas, bem como o uso funcional variado por ambientes comunicativos (familiar, social, profissional, específico de uso na Associação Nikkei e escolar) de todos os 15 informantes. Nossa pesquisa é descritiva, de caráter qualitativo na qual utilizamos o método de identificação de redes sociais, aplicação de questionário sociolinguístico e, também, anotações em diário de campo para destacarmos, através das observações realizadas na Associação supracitada, as informações relevantes ao nosso estudo. Como resultado, podemos salientar a fluidez tangível da maioria das situações de uso das línguas investigadas, levando-nos a solidificar as conclusões de Savedra (op. cit.) em suas investigações que atesta, de maneira evidente, o caráter relativo que define o fenômeno do bilinguismo, como também confirma que a condição bilíngue é instável, sendo modificada pelo contexto de aquisição de línguas e pelos domínios de uso linguístico em diferentes ambientes comunicativos. Em nossa pesquisa, o domínio de uso funcional linguístico por ambientes comunicativos mostrou-se mais determinador da fluidez de uso das línguas em questão (português e japonês) nos indivíduos investigados. Contudo, não podemos descartar o contexto de aquisição das línguas como um fator relevante para a determinação da dominância de utilização de uma língua em relação à outra no momento atual de uso na vida dos falantes investigados / This study investigates a Japanese community located in Rio de Janeiro city within the language contact perspective in a bilingual / multilingual immigration context. As research aim, we take into account the dynamics of bilingualism situations, highlighting the importance of studying them in a social context that presents itself eminently changeable. We propose to search 15 Nikkei who belong to three social networks identified in the Nikkei Association of Rio de Janeiro (Rio Nikkei), detailing these subjects’ bilinguality stages at the present moment of their lives. For this purpose, we used the bilingualism and bilinguality concepts in Savedra’s terms (1994-2009) who defines the first one as the situation in which there is a shared use of more than one language in a certain communicative domain, and the second one, as the different stages of bilingualism in which bilingual individuals trespass in their life. In order to analyze the participants’ bilinguality stages, we have identified the context of language acquisition as well as the varied functional use by communicative environments (familiar, social, professional, Nikkei Association specific use and scholar) of each one of the studied informants. Our research is descriptive, characteristically qualitative in which we use the social networks identification method, sociolinguistic survey application and daily notes to stand out, through the observations made in the aforementioned Association, the relevant information to our study. As a result, we can point out the tangible fluidity of the majority of use cases in the investigated languages. The results lead us to solidify the Savedra’s findings (op. Cit.) which proves the relative character that defines the bilingualism phenomenon. Besides, the results also confirms the fact that bilingual condition is unstable and it modifies itself by the context of language acquisition and by the language use domains in different communicative environments. In our research, the linguistic functional use domain by communicative environments was more significant to determine the languages use fluidity (Portuguese and Japanese) in the investigated individuals. However, we cannot rule out the context of language acquisition as a relevant factor in determining one language use dominance over the other one in the investigated speakers’ current life