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Thesis advisor: Jacqueline V. Lerner / In the United States, young people have the power to change the country, and they are exercising this power every day in many different ways (Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement, 2021). Beyond the contributions that youth civic engagement makes to societal well-being (Flanagan & Levine, 2010), it also contributes to young people’s own positive development (Lerner et al., 2015). Given these societal and individual benefits, it is important to investigate the correlates of youth civic engagement. Guided by positive youth development perspectives, my three independent but related dissertation studies examine the contextual correlates of civic engagement among young people. Study One investigates how different family characteristics and school characteristics separately and interactively predict adolescent civic engagement. Study Two examines thriving as a potential underlying process through which engagement in youth development programs promotes adolescent civic engagement. Study Three focuses on social media as a platform for civic actions, including those aiming to redress inequalities (i.e., critical actions), among White, cisgendered and heterosexual American young adults. Together, results from the three studies suggest the important role of growing up in ‘civic contexts’ in the development and sustainment of civic engagement among young people. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2023. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Counseling, Developmental and Educational Psychology.

There is a recognized need for additional research that produces empirical data on positive youth development (PYD) frameworks, as well as PYD impacts and roles amongst human-animal interactions (HAI) and youth. This study used inputs and outcomes from the 4-H Formula for Success to identify and describe components of the 4-H dog program within one state as case studies. Inputs included skill-building, meaningful leadership, and long-term relationships with caring adults. Outcomes included the 5 C's: caring, character, confidence, connection and competence. Three counties (cases) were identified, and participants were interviewed about their 4-H dog program experiences. 4-H youth, parents, volunteers and agents were included. A total of 19 interviews were transcribed and coded for themes that fit within the 4-H Formula for Success within the context of each case. Findings indicate a strong presence of inputs that are specific to dog programming, as well as some outcomes and emergent themes, including accessibility, motivation to join and COVID implications. Dog industry professionals greatly contributed to the skill-building and meaningful leadership opportunities for 4-H youth. Connection and Competence were the most frequently coded outcomes across the cases. Participants described the 4-H dog program as accessible due to cost, small size and simple housing requirements, compared to livestock or equine projects. A shared interest in dogs was the primary motivation to join 4-H dog clubs and led to strong connections or bonds between members. Limitations of this study are related to a low participant pool in one case, and recall accuracy and cognitive ability of 4-H youth to recognize and name their perceived outcomes. Recommendations for practice are included for 4-H agents and 4-H volunteers to start, promote or strengthen 4-H dog programs in any location by being intentional when recruiting 4-H volunteers, and planning educational programming. This program can be promoted as more accessible compared to large animal science 4-H programs such as livestock or equine based on data provided by participants in all three cases within diverse contexts. There are several recommendations for further research beyond this study including a longitudinal continuation of this model, replicating this study in other states to examine other 4-H dog programs, or replicating this study for other 4-H program areas. / Master of Science in Life Sciences / The 4-H dog project is one of many animal science projects available to youth enrolled in 4-H across the nation. Unfortunately, it is not nearly as recognizable or flashy as market livestock or equine and is often overlooked by families and agents alike. This study is a case study of three county 4-H dog programs, looking at what positive youth development inputs exist to promote positive youth development outcomes in the youth enrolled. 4-H members, parents, volunteers and agents were interviewed from three counties that had existing 4-H dog programs in each county as well as state 4-H dog opportunities. Each case presented opportunities for skill-building and meaningful leadership for 4-H members, as well as relationships with caring adults that led to the development of 4-H PYD outcomes including caring, connection, character, competence and confidence. Dog industry professionals were found to be a very valuable asset within each 4-H dog program. The 4-H dog program facets of each case are described in detail as well as how they contribute to outcome development. Limitations and recommendations for practice and future research are included to assist 4-H agents and volunteers in starting, strengthening or promoting 4-H dog programs in any location. A model created by the researcher based on findings is presented to assist 4-H agents and volunteers for future research or practice.

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Master of Science / Department of Family Studies and Human Services / Karen S. Myers-Bowman / The current study focuses on qualitative data collected from youth and adults in two rural Kansas communities. The focal point of analysis was youth and adults' answers to questions about their experiences working with one another within community-based programs, specifically questions regarding youth's feeling of empowerment within the context of the program. Lerner's theory of developmental contextualism provided a framework for understanding how youth-adult relationships contribute to the development of youth empowerment. Youth voice, a construct related to the youth empowerment literature, appeared in the participants' responses across program sites. Common themes across settings were that teens who had been involved in the program the longest felt especially empowered, that youth became more responsible as a result of participating in the program, and that adults in both program sites fulfilled the six adult roles for youth empowerment that have been established in the research literature. Finally, three constructs significant in the youth development literature (confidence, connection and compassion) emerged as themes in relation to the experiences of the young people in the program. Implications of this study include exploring the impact youth-adult relationships have on adults and investigating how teens as role models or mentors for "littles" impact their feeling of empowerment. Suggestions for replication of this study are also given.

Social capital, or access to resources through relationships with other people, can facilitate the socioeconomic mobility of youth living in low-income communities. This study examined whether parent-child relationship quality and participation in a youth development program (YDP) were associated with gains in hope for the future, and whether those associations were mediated by parent social capital (i.e., access to resources through relationships with parents) and non-parent social capital (i.e., access to resources through relationships with people other than parents). The sample included 216 participants of one YDP program, Cool Girls, Inc., and 92 comparisons. Path analyses indicated that program participation for over one year predicted gains in non-parent social capital, and increases in both parent and non-parent social capital predicted increases in hope for the future. There was also evidence that first-year program participation was associated with gains in hope for the future. Implications for practice and research are discussed.