Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A presente DissertaÃÃo se propÃe a analisar o processo de construÃÃo da naÃÃo moÃambicana no perÃodo pÃs-colonial (1975-1990) tendo como material empÃrico os livros escolares produzidos e difundidos nesse perÃodo Trata-se concretamente de uma anÃlise de conteÃdo dos livros de leitura dos primeiros anos de escolaridade do ensino primÃrio de gestÃo pÃblica nomeadamente os da 2Â 3Â 4Â 5Â e 6Â classes Afastando-se das concepÃÃes essencialistas o estudo encara o conceito de naÃÃo como sendo uma comunidade polÃtica e simbolicamente imaginada de pessoas que independentemente de suas caracterÃsticas empÃricas estabelecem laÃos de solidariedade entre si suportados por um passado rico de experiÃncias o que lhes torna um grupo peculiar, mas que acima de tudo tem vontade - cultivada por uma elite - de continuar vivendo conjuntamente num espaÃo geograficamente delimitado e que se pretende soberano. Nesta senda os seus resultados sugerem que no MoÃambique pÃs-colonial verificou-se um processo simbÃlico de construÃÃo da naÃÃo que procurava a todo o custo distanciar-se do imaginÃrio social que dominou o perÃodo colonial e as vivÃncias do meio tradicional Tal foi feito pela elite dirigente encabeÃada pelo ex-movimento militar de descolonizaÃÃo, a FRELIMO que fazendo uso do monopÃlio que detinha sobre o processo de produÃÃo e difusÃo dos conteÃdos educativos, como os livros escolares teve a possibilidade de usÃ-los como difusores de suas visÃes de mundo A partir deles a FRELIMO procurou legitimar-se como âdignoâ guia do povo atravÃs da estratÃgia de universalizaÃÃo de suas experiÃncias e auto-imagens para toda a populaÃÃo como se ela e o povo em geral fossem a mesma âunidadeâ Nessa estratÃgia discursiva, as vivÃncias da luta de descolonizaÃÃo foram capitalizadas como sendo o ponto de referÃncia âmÃticoâ onde sÃo destacados atitudes e comportamentos considerados âideaisâ a partir dos quais a nova geraÃÃo de moÃambicanos se devia inspirar Ao mesmo tempo a FRELIMO chamou para si a prerrogativa de definir simbolicamente Ãquilo que em sua visÃo devia caracterizar os moÃambicanos nomeadamente que cultivassem o habitus trabalhador o sentimento guerreiro a exaltaÃÃo da vida em coletividade bem como uma grande predisposiÃÃo para a disciplina e obediÃncia / This dissertation aims at analyzing the Mozambican Nationâs construction process during the post-colonial period (1975-1990) by investigating as its empirical source school books produced and divulged at the time It is therefore in a very direct way an analysis of school books used in the first grades of public primary schools namely 2nd 3rd 4th 5th and 6th grades Keeping a distance from essentialist conceptions the investigation tackles the concept of nation as a symbolically-devised political community involving people that independently from empirical characteristics establish solidarity-based ties among themselves supported by a past rich of experiences which will weld them as a unique group that will step beyond anything to express its will â cultivated by an elite â of going on living together in a geographically-established supposedly-free space Following this trail the upshot suggests that during pre-colonial time the Mozambican state reveals a symbolic process of erection of a nation that was trying with all its strength to keep itself apart from a fanciful socially-inclined body of ideas that dominated colonial life in its traditional ways That road was taken by the dominating elite headed by the former military decolonization movement the FRELIMO which by using the monopoly that it held over the process of production and divulging of educational contents such as school books had the opportunity to use them as disseminating agents of its ideas and apprehension of the world With the books FRELIMO tried to legitimate itself as a âdignifiedâ leader of the people by means of a strategy bound on a universal approach to its experiences and auto-images directed to all as if FRELIMO and the people was the same âunitâ Following that discursive trail daily actions of decolonization struggles were seen as âmythicalâ reference instances that by attitudes and behavior should be considered an âideal patternâ that should inspire the new generation of Mozambicans At the same time FRELIMO claimed to itself the privilege of symbolically defining what in its interpretation should characterize the Mozambicans namely that they cultivated the workerâs habitus the warriorâs disposition exaltation of collective life and a great disposition for discipline and obedience

Nos últimos anos, o Brasil tem testemunhado o surgimento de uma produção literária com características muito próprias do nosso tempo: seus autores são periféricos (favelados), sua forma e conteúdo derivam do momento de extrema violência que assola grande parte da população. Exemplar desta produção, o livro de Ferréz, Capão Pecado é primeiramente publicado em 2000. O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar o romance, compreendendo-o dentro de um escopo maior, que abarca outros setores, da arte e da política. Para isso, a teoria pós-colonial, assim como um estreito diálogo com uma parte da tradição crítico-literária brasileira são utilizadas. / In the last few years, Brazil has witnessed the appearance of one type of literary production whose characteristics are typical or our times: its authors are from the suburbs (the slums), its form and content derive from the extreme violence imposed to a great part of the population. An example of this literary production, Ferrézs book, Capão Pecado is first published in 2000. This dissertation aims at analyzing the novel, understanding that it belongs to a greater scope, that comprehends other spheres of the arts and politics. In order to do so, the post-colonial theory will be used, as well as a great deal of the Brazilian literary theory tradition.

This study aims to analyze the aspect of national and cultural identity in the works of the contemporary Angolan writer José Eduardo Agualusa. This master‛s thesis contains a brief introduction to the history of Angola, the processes of shaping society and an introduction to Agualusa and his literary works. In addition to that ideas of postcolonial thinking and literary tendencies in postmodern times are discussed, which influenced the works of this writer. Furthermore, aspects of cultural identity and related views on human and historical memory are investigated. An analysis of selected works, demonstrates Agualusa's criticism concerning the political situation in Angola and his technique of using different concepts of Angolan identity. Keywords: Angola, Agualusa, identity, nationalism, literature, postcolonialism

My goal with this dissertation was to discover more about how the Bildungsroman genre in English or the coming-of-age story became a staple of post-colonial and ethnic minority writing. I grew up reading novels like these and feel a great deal of affection for them, and I wanted to understand how authors writing in these other traditions represented a broader response to colonialist Western culture. My method was to survey philosophical approaches to subjectivity and subject-formation, read a wide variety of texts I understood as engaging with the Bildung tradition, and examining how they represented subject-formation. While I originally saw the appropriation of the genre as a revolutionary act that fundamentally changed the nature of the Bildungsroman, I found that the Bildungsroman contained a germ of this oppositional, in Theodor Adorno’s terminology non-identical, subjectivity throughout its existence as a type in English literature. The opposition of writers of Bildung to heteronormative, racist, and sexist discourse is what brought out this non-identical strain more forcefully and ultimately culminated in contemporary manifestations of the Bildungsroman that reject essentialism and understand subjectivity as strategic, hyphenated, and positioned against a centered, stable identity. The positive significance of studying these texts as featuring a de-centering literary subject is that it demonstrates how this mode of writing, including a future anterior narrator that reflects on his or her past experiences as usable material for fashioning a durable and adaptive self, empowers subjects to exert greater control over their own self-fashioning. Students learn empathy and agency from witnessing the struggles of these protagonists to tell their stories.

This thesis aims to describe how Western tourist websites represents India. Although there has been much research on tourism and Western representation of India, no literature is available on how Western tourist websites represents India. This thesis uses three theories, social constructivism, post-colonial theory, and representation theory. Social constructivism is the base for this thesis. Post-colonial theory is used to find out whether the representation of India includes colonial stereotypes or no. Moreover, the representation theory is the center and the main tool to know and explain how Western tourist websites represents India. The design used is a 'case study' as case study design is compatible to explore the representations of India. The method used is a 'qualitative discourse analysis' which helps to provide a critical analysis of the description of India. Main results of this thesis are that Western tourist websites describe Indian economy as a backward economy. It is unclear whether Indian politics is described as undemocratic or democratic. Indian people are described as a mix of traditional, modern, unfree as well as free people. Indian culture is described as ancient and collective.

Magister Artium - MA / Intercultural communication (ICC) is one of the most relevant fields for investigation in post-colonial Africa and post-apartheid South Africa, given the movements between people from African countries and the wide range of attractions, both economic and social, that South Africa holds for people from other African countries. This study reports on intercultural communication in post-democratic South Africa in an era marked by what Appadurai (1990) calls 'flows'. Greenmarket Square in the heart of Cape Town, well known as a hub for informal traders, local people and tourists, was chosen as the site for this study, because of the rich cultural diversity of the role-players. The principal aim of this research is to examine how people from different cultural backgrounds in this particular space of Greenmarket Square communicate with one another, and where the'intercultural fault-lines' (Olahan, 2000) occur, keeping in mind how ICC could be improved in such a space. My position as a trader in the market placed me in an ideal 'insider' position to do the research. The theory of spatiality (Vigouroux, 2005; Blommaert et al. 2005) was used to show how the space of Greenmarket Square affected intercultural communication. Discourse analysis was also applied to the data to show how the various roleplayers were socially constructed by others. Saville-Troike's (1989) ethnography of communicative events was also used to bring out other barriers that were not identified by spatiality and discourse analysis. Aspects like scene, key, message form and content, the observed rules for interaction and where these rules were broken and to what effect as well as the norms for interpretation were considered during the analysis of this qualitative data. The analysis showed that spatiality, social constructions of 'the other' and other factors like nonverbal communication and differences between communicative styles in high and low context cultures (LCC/HCC), had a major impact on intercultural communication at Greenmarket Square, frequently leading to complete breakdowns in communication. Many of the traders interviewed acknowledged that they needed to improve their competence in intercultural communication. The study concludes with a number of recommendations on how people can become more 'interculturally competent' (Katan, 2004) in a globalized world. / South Africa

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD (Anthropology/Sociology) / This dissertation investigates colonial and postcolonial practices of cultural representations in Namibia. The state sponsored Annual National Culture Festival in Namibia was studied with a specific focus on the Kavango Region in northeastern Namibia. I was particularly interested in how cultural representations are produced by the nation-state and local people in a post-colonial African context of nation-building and national reconciliation, by bringing visions of cosmopolitanism and modernity into critical dialogue with its colonial past. During the apartheid era, the South African administration encouraged the inhabitants of its Native Homelands to engage in cultural activities aimed at preserving their traditional cultures and fostering a sense of distinct cultural identity among each of Namibia officially recognized ;ethnic groups. This policy was in line with the logic of South African colonial apartheid rule of Namibia, which relied upon the emphasis of ethnic differences, in order to support the idea that the territory was inhabited by a collection of requiring a central white government to oversee their development. The colonial administration resorted to concepts of traditional and cultural heritage in order to construct Africans as members of distinct, bounded communities attached to specific localities or homelands. My central argument is that since Namibian independence in 1990, the postcolonial nation-state has placed emphasis on cultural pride in new ways, and identifying characteristics of Namibian-nessa. This has led to the institution of cultural festivals, which have since 1995 held all over the country with an expressed emphasis on the notion of Unity in Diversity. These cultural festivals are largely performances and cultural competitions that range from lang-arm dance, and traditional dances, displays of traditional foodstuffs and dramatized representations. The ethnographic study shows that while the performers represent diversity through dance and other forms of cultural exhibition, the importance of belonging to the nation and a larger constituency is simultaneously highlighted. However, as the study demonstrates, the festivals are also spaces where local populations engage in negotiations with the nation-state and contest regional forms of belonging. The study shows how a practice which was considered to be a colonial representation of the other has been reinvented with new meanings in postcolonial Namibia. The study demonstrates through an analysis of cultural representations such as song, dances and drama that the festival creates a space in which social interaction takes place between participants, spectators and officials who organize the event as social capital of associational life. / South Africa

The study examined the effects of Public Service Reform in the appointments of management cadres in the Public Service of Namibia from 1990 to 2005. Specific focus was given to the Office of the Prime Minister, the core institution in the management of the Central Government operations. The study found that the need for a new post-colonial dispensation compatible with the requirements of statehood prompted the structuring of Government institutions. The Research Question explicitly sought to explain the extent to which the Post-independent Public Service Reform initiatives have transformed the structures and reoriented the government institutions to adopt the New Public Management principles, which can ensure efficiency and effective delivery of services. The legislative frameworks, particularly the Constitution of Namibia and the Public Service Act, 1995 (Act 13 of 1995), have provided the bases for analyzing the Recruitment Policy in the Public Service of Namibia. A systematic semi-structured interview with respondents has significantly unveiled a highly structured institution, with complex mechanisms of planning and executing programmes within managerial frameworks. The empirical research conducted for the study explored the political, economic, social and historical significance of Public Service Reform and indeed produced sufficient evidence confirming the adoption of new ways of improving performance and of enhancing accountability of the civil servants. Qualitative research methods were employed to evaluate the participants’ daily life experience for the purpose of describing the Public Service Reform from the insider’s perspective. The findings show that the traditional culture of administration is evidently being phased out and the New Public Management is gradually taking root. The Merit System has given way to new practices without loss of values that are generic to the selection of the “right type of people” for the meritocratic Public Service. Nevertheless, the current managerial reform initiatives appear to be superficial, taking a pragmatic approach with no serious provisions for structural change. Options for Namibia should include adopting structural changes that responds to its social, economic and political conditions in the face of globalisation. The study has ultimately recommended Competency-Management as the best approach to achieve a meritocratic and professional civil service. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / School of Public Management and Administration (SPMA) / unrestricted

The Farming of Bones is Edwidge Danticat’s novel about Amabelle Desir, a Haitian migrant in the Dominican Republic during the 1937 Haitian massacre. The Massacre is a historical fact presented through a fictional text that acts as a testimonial. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate how Danticat, in her role as an activist, urges readers to become social justice seekers and enter the discourse of race. Through an examination of Carl Jung’s and Vodou’s shadow theories in regards to the construction of a racial identity by Haitians and Dominicans, I uncover the racial narratives in place from Haiti’s colonization and independence to our current time. Danticat, through the novel, moves the reigning racial paradigm out of the shadow and thus allows readers to reflect on its effects. Thus it is not only the characters in the novel that must confront the shadow, but the readers themselves.

The purpose of this study of Anglo-Egyptian writer Ahdaf Soueif’s two novels, In the Eye of the Sun (1999), first published in 1992, and The Map of Love (2000), first published in 1999, is to examine how they are arenas for hybrid politics in the post-colonial Egyptian context and the Arab diasporic context. This thesis examines how Soueif deals with residual colonial logics by using Post-colonial theories of transculturation. These theories reveal, through an analysis of Soueif’s use of Pharaonicism and her depiction of social and religious divides, that Soueif sometimes legitimizes and sometimes contests the results of transculturation by using products of this very process of transculturation. In the diasporic context, Soueif’s work deterritorializes these hybrid politics of legitimation and contestation by collapsing disparate temporalities and emphasizing continuity between them. To do this she deterritorializes and reterritorializes Pharaonicism, as well as Western literary tradition, the English language and political activism, to emphasize the cultural affinities between Egyptians/Arabs and Western culture. In this manner, she composes an integration strategy designed to facilitate her incorporation into her Western society of settlement, Great-Britain. This allows her to build a political platform from which she can contest and influence politics in her homeland, her society of settlement and the shape of Western cultural and political hegemony on a global scale. She is consequently able to transcend residual colonial logics through the very hybrid politics that they have created. Moreover, in the process, through the political agency that she exercises in her writing and activism, she builds a deterritorialized diasporic identity based on integration into many spheres of belonging that problematizes the victim model of diaspora in Diaspora studies.