This thesis extrapolates upon theoretical examinations of meat consumption as linked to masculinity in order to consider how meat consumption may also be connected to dominant themes in Canada’s national foundation as marked by whiteness, multiculturalism, and post-coloniality. I investigate two sets of advertisements – Maple Leaf Canada’s “Feeding the Country” commercial, and Alberta Beef Producer’s Raised Right online campaign – through employing multimodal critical discourse analysis and tenets of Stuart Hall’s theories of representations. In doing so, I argue that meat consumption is depicted in advertising as an ideologically and symbolically loaded practice that seizes upon and re-articulates greater themes of Canadian national identity in a way that denotes the nation as having overcome its racial tensions and colonial history.

Avec sa brillante civilisation et son paganisme, la Chine a bousculé le XVIIIe siècle, bouleversé les Lumières et inspiré les auteurs de romans. Au XIXe siècle, tandis que l'Europe se passionne pour l'Asie et que les études chinoises se développent, la France, contrariée dans ses projets coloniaux, met le racisme scientifique au service de sa politique impérialiste. A partir de 1840, le discours sur les « Jaunes » se cristallise. À la fin du XIXe siècle, il représente un danger incarné dans la notion de Péril jaune. Ce propos diabolisateur, oublié de la critique postcoloniale, fait aujourd'hui partie des représentations communes. Pour le comprendre, nous nous proposons d'extraire les spécificités chinoises du discours générique sur l'Asie et l'Orient, pour examiner qui l'énonce et dans quelles conditions en terme d'histoire sociale et culturelle. / With its brilliant civilisation and its paganism, China disturbed the eighteenth century, troubled the Enlightenments and inspired novelists. In the nineteenth century, while Europe had a passion for Asia, Chinese studies developped, France, obstructed in its colonial projects in China, used scientific racism in the service of its imperialist policy. From 1840 on, the discourse on the "Yellow" freezed. At the end of the nineteenth century, it embodied a danger known as the ‘Yellow Peril'. This discursive demonisation, put aside by postcolonial studies, is now part of the common representations. In order to understand it, we propose to take the Chinese characteristics out of the generic speech on Asia and the East in order to examine who formulates it and under what conditions, from a social and cultural history point of view.

Cette thèse porte sur le discours de cinq poètes chiliennes, ceux qui vivent au sud de ce territoire. Elles montrent une construction de leur identité dans sa poétique, qui traverse leurs corps et leurs mémoires, essayant de déconstruire les mandats historiques, politiques, sociaux et religieux qui ont été inventés pour construire l'identité de la femme. Cette recherche examine l’émergence de le discours poétique féminin, qui comprend la période des années 60 à nos jours, cela puisque c’est dans cette époque que commence une “plus grande” diffusion de la poétique de femmes au Chili, et comment évolue le langage poétique de la femme, les transits vers un nouveau langage: le corps comme auteure, du géodésique au physio- poétique, permettant l'analyse de les différences littéraires existantes dans ce territoire, où la littérature indigéniste joue un rôle prééminent, marquant une littérature de frontières avec la poétique national, pour exorciser les traumatismes du colonialisme. Dans ce cadre, les contributions des “les théories postcoloniales”, et les “études subalternes », m'ont aidé à comprendre et démonter, d’un côté les images stéréotypées construites vers les indigènes, tant idéologies de l'étatisme, et d’un autre côté, découvrez comment se produit « l'abandon » dans cette poétique, a travers de retour au discours naturalisés de la genèse, ce qui nous amène à la réflexion sur l’écriture et la réécriture de la poétique des femmes, qui est marquée par la construction aporétique de « la différence ». / This thesis focuses on the speech of five Chilean poets who live in the South of the territory. They show their identity construction in their Poetics, which runs through their bodies and their memories, trying to deconstruct the historical, political, social and religious mandates that have been invented to build the identity of the woman. This research examines the emergence of the feminine poetic speech, which includes the period from the 1960s to the present day, since it is during this time that a "larger" dissemination of the poetics of women to the Chile begins and how changing the poetic language of the woman, the transits to a new language: the body as the author, the “geodesic to the physic poetic”, the analysis of existing literary differences in this territory, where indigenous literature played a prominent role, scoring a borders with the national poetic literature, to exorcise the trauma of colonialism. In this context, the contributions of "postcolonial theories", and the "subaltern studies", helped me to understand and remove, one side stereotyped images built towards the natives, both ideologies of statism and, on the other hand, discover how 'abandonment' occurs in this poetic, a naturalized return to the speech through the Genesis, which leads to a reflection on the writing and rewriting of the poetics of women", which is marked by the aporetic construction of the 'difference '.

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Magister Legum - LLM / Since the early 1990s, the move towards decentralisation has been given prominence in African constitutions. Countries that embarked on ambitious decentralisation processes had to make the necessary constitutional reforms. The emergence and proliferation of constitutional entrenchment of decentralisation in Africa was long overdue and thus necessitated by the popular widespread discontent expressed against leaders who ‘personalize power and concentrate it within a privileged clique in the capital city’. While stifling the inroads of liberal democracy, authoritarian rulerships, single-party state systems and military dictatorships contributed immensely to the downward trajectory of political development in post-colonial Africa. Evidently, the intent and purpose for the quest to consolidate the complementary relationship between decentralisation and constitutionalism is aimed at domesticating the Leviathan – the untrammeled ruler.

This interpretative case study examines the ways in which socio-spatial exclusion is main-tained though urban planning designs in the informal settlement of Kibera in Kenya. It ap-plies the theoretical and analytical framework of T. Mitchell and A. Church, M. Frost, K. Sullivan to investigate how the urban design of the Kenyan Slum Upgrading Programme (KENSUP) contributes to the maintenance of socio-spatial hierarchies that allow for the ex-clusion of Kibera’s urban residents. This investigation is a reaction to the lacking considera-tion of implanted structural violence in place and urban development.The study found that persisting socio-spatial exclusion of residents in Kibera is in-deed sustained through KENSUP. The built environment functions as power medium that excludes some people based on their socio-spatial status in the city. The applied framework confirmed that the urban planning programme KENSUP maintains existing forms of eco-nomic, physical, and geographic exclusion, besides the exclusion from facilities through the built environment.The findings suggest that urban planning designs require a shift from the focus on the built environment towards the focus on human rights and inclusive participation in order to reduce the structural influence of socio-spatial city hierarchies.

Breath, Eyes, Memory (1994) de l’autrice Edwidge Danticat relate l’histoire de Sophie, une jeune femme Haïtienne qui quitte Croix-Des-Rosets pour New York où elle rejoint sa mère biologique, Martine. Le récit et le passage à l’âge adulte de Sophie sont une exploration de l’acculturation, de la violence politique, et des abus sexuels intergénérationnels auxquels le personnage fait face. The Dew Breaker (2004), un roman divisé en plusieurs nouvelles, raconte les récits de différents personnages dont les vies s’entrecroisent sous les dictatures de François et Jean-Claude Duvalier. Ce texte explore la multiplicité des perspectives étant les résultats directs d’une politique de terreur et de ses effets sur le long-terme sur les différents personnages. Au centre se trouve deux personnages : Ka Bienaimé, une jeune Haïtiano-Américaine qui idéalise la figure paternelle qu’elle perçoit comme une victime du régime dictatorial de Duvalier, et son père, un immigrant Haïtien qui cache son passé de ‘dew breaker’, un Tonton Macoute, qui travaille comme agent d’exécution violent de la dictature. Ces deux romans décrivent les dommages psychologiques, interpersonnels et culturels causés par la violence d’un régime autoritaire. Dans ce mémoire, mon intention est d’analyser comment Danticat utilise les personnages de Sophie et Ka pour enquêter sur des questions relatives au trauma et aux trahisons émotionnelles. Mon étude soutient que dans ces textes, l’autrice crée un espace où les notions d’hybridité et de créolisation se mélangent et donnent naissance à de nouvelles formes de discours. Plus particulièrement, j’offre que la langue Créole aide le lecteur à "come to a better understanding of the cultural, physical, and the historical realities of Haiti" (Sarthou 20). En reconnaissant leurs traumatismes passés comme faisant partis intégrants de leurs êtres, les personnages de Danticat gagnent en autorité et choisissent de confronter leur passé. Ce mémoire sera divisé en trois chapitres. Dans un premier temps, j’explore comment l’hybridité et le langage Créole créent un espace pour articuler de nouvelles formes d’identité. Dans un second temps, j’examine comment l’autrice utilise Breath, Eyes, Memory pour redéfinir la mémoire et les traditions. Dans un troisième chapitre, j’analyse comment The Dew Breaker entremêle les notions de violence, les souvenirs et le pardon pour interroger le potentiel d’une guérison émotionnelle. / Edwidge Danticat's Breath, Eyes, Memory (1994) tells the story of Sophie Caco, a young Haitian girl who moves from Croix-Des-Rosets, Haiti, to New York City to reunite with Martine, her birth mother. Her coming-of-age-narrative becomes an exploration of cultural displacement, political violence, and intergenerational sexual abuse. The Dew Breaker (2004), a novel as short stories, recounts the tales of different characters whose lives intersect under the Haitian regimes of both François and Jean-Claude Duvalier. The text explores a multiplicity of perspectives representing the long-term effects of political terror on a host of characters. At their center are Ka Bienaimé, a young Haitian-American woman, who has idealized her father, whom she has perceived as a victim of the Duvalier regime, and her father, a Haitian immigrant hiding his past as a dew breaker, a Tonton Macoute, working as a violent enforcer of the dictatorship. Both novels depict the psychological, interpersonal, and cultural damage caused by the violence of an authoritarian regime. In my thesis, I investigate how Danticat uses the characters of Sophie and Ka to interrogate questions related to trauma and emotional betrayal. My study argues that in these texts the author creates a space where notions of hybridity and creolization mingle and give birth to new forms of discourse. More particularly, I provide an account of how the Creole language helps the reader to "come to a better understanding of the cultural, physical, and the historical realities of Haiti" (Sarthou 20). In acknowledging the traumatic experiences of their past as part of themselves, Danticat’s characters exercise agency by choosing to address the past. I will thus divide my thesis in three chapters. In Chapter One, I explore hybridity and creolized language as a space to articulate new forms of identity. In my second chapter, I examine how the author uses Breath, Eyes, Memory to reformulate memory and reclaim tradition. In Chapter Three, I analyze how The Dew Breaker interweaves explorations of violence, remembrance, and forgiveness to interrogate the potential for emotional healing.

The rapid post-Independence development of the city of Windhoek, Namibia; and the ensuing destruction of a substantial number of German colonial buildings in the capital city, prompted speculation as to why these buildings are inadequately protected as heritage – and whether they are, in fact, considered to be heritage. The study explores the issues pertaining to the presence of German colonial architecture, as artefacts of the German colonial period, within the postcolonial context of Windhoek. The trauma and pain of the Namibian War and genocide (1904 – 1908) are recurring themes in the body of literature on postcolonial Namibia; and this informs a wider discourse on memory. Memory is found to play a crucial role in evoking a sense of both individual and shared ownership, through its capacity to create meaning, which can in turn ascribe value to a place. Memory is also dependent on visual cues for its continued existence, which suggests the importance of colonial architecture as a material prompt to sustain memory. The research therefore investigates the memories and multiple meanings attributable to colonial architecture in this plural society, and how these meanings can be created, or possibly reinvented, through the continued use of these buildings. The study is based on an assessment of three halls in Windhoek – the Grüner Kranz Hall (1906), the Kaiserkrone Hall (1909), and the Turnhalle (1909; 1912), all designed by the German architect Otto Busch – which illustrates in part, the need for the development of historical building surveys that assess the social values and significances of these contested spaces; and moreover, the potential that these spaces have to support memory work through their continued use.

Frontier Internship in Mission (FIM) was an experimental mission project conceived of and run by Presbyterian Student World Relations director Margaret Flory between 1961 and 1974. It was broadly ecumenical in concept and execution and closely tied to the World Student Christian Federation community. Recent college or seminary graduates were assigned to live and work with local people who were connected in some way to the global ecumenical network and who had invited them. They worked on projects mutually agreed upon, usually for two years. One hundred fourteen of the 140 Americans who originally participated and eight of the original 20 international participants were interviewed for this study. Their narratives about their life histories and experience during and after these international partnerships offer an intimate look at one group of largely mainline Protestant Americans born in the 1930s and 1940s, and the social and religious institutions that were their avenues to engagement with the wider world at a time of cataclysmic change. Over the thirteen years of FIM program operation considered here, conditions in the forty-eight different countries where Frontier Interns (FIs) served were transformed by movements for independence and by escalating covert and overt American intrusions. The core of this dissertation presents regionally-organized internship case studies highlighting the impact of those encounters on the FI’s Christian and American identities . It also analyzes the rejection of their witness when they returned home. Moving forward with their lives, Frontier Interns reaffirmed their commitment to “right relations” of mutual respect across difference and most often gravitated to social roles as bridge-builders and interpreters, domestically and internationally. The strong internal opposition to global ecumenism that had developed in some mainline Protestant churches changed the relationship of many FIs to those churches. It is argued here that the Frontier Interns’ experience highlights a societal shift from a moral order based on covenant or social contract to one that privileged the unrestrained exercise of power and interests. A covenantal commitment to mutual global partnerships is central to who the FIs are, their internships, and what they did with their lives subsequently.

The issue of reconstruction has appealed to many nations that have moved from significant transitional periods, be it economic, social, and or political. This has made the reconstruction theology, a relevant theology. This study is a result of realities unfolding in Zimbabwe which left many to ask what is missing in Zimbabwe in order to have a better society. The study seeks to contribute to the reconstruction theology debate from a missiological perspective which is based on asking and answering the question, “what is the role of the Christian Church in reconstruction?” At the onset, the study seeks to assert the applicability of the Ezra - Nehemiah Motif in Zimbabwe. The research is motivated by the premise that the church ought to have the capacity to adequately formulate a public-social theology which meets the demands of society. It is on this basis that the research will grapple with the concerns for justice, aspects of difference in relationship to human life- human dignity, policies of democratisation and democracy, social development and societal peaceful coexistence. The theology of reconstruction has been argued as a praxis and deed-oriented model of rebuilding. Whilst appreciating the Liberation Theology and its value to Zimbabwe, it could be argued further that the liberation has served the purpose and the need for a complementary theology; - Reconstruction Theology. However, if this assertion is to be upheld, questions may be raised as to whether Reconstruction Theology seeks to replace Liberation Theology. It is therefore through this research that it can be established whether there is a replacement of or a complement of liberation theology with reconstruction theology. This research then aims to analyse the deplorable Zimbabwean, socio-economic and socio-political fibers that require reconstruction and transformation, to enable development of a better society in which human dignity is respected. Further to that, the research explores and reflects upon the theological and missiological models of reconstruction that could be considered in post-colonial Zimbabwe. It is in this research that some alternative cultural variables, which could help achieve national reconstruction are deconstructed in light of reconstruction of Zimbabwe. To achieve this research utilises African Renaissance as its theoretical framework and informed by social construction theory. This research engages in the quantitative and qualitative research methods, supported by interviews and questionnaires. There is a plethora of produced in published and unpublished literature that enriched this thesis. Furthermore, the research utilised various methodological approaches which includes theological, sociological, and post-colonial. The research will then comprise nine chapters subtitled depending on the matters of concern. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2018. / Science of Religion and Missiology / PhD / Unrestricted