Thesis (M.S.W.)--Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, Mass., 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-53).

Thesis (M.S.W.)--Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, Mass., 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 52-54).

Thesis (M.A.)--Lancaster Bible College, 2007. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 53-54).

Thesis (M.A.)--Lancaster Bible College, 2007. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 53-54).

The Canadian military and veterans have a long history of dealing with psychological trauma caused by war and peacekeeping. Over the past century views about trauma among physicians, military leaders, society, and veterans’ themselves have been shaped by medical theories, predominant views about the ideal soldier and man, and the nation’s role in international affairs. Since the First World War, major conflicts and peacekeeping operations have been responsible for distinct shifts in how trauma is conceptualized, named, and experienced by Canadian soldiers and the public. Canadian historians have examined this subject by looking at particular wars, most notably the First World War, but no attempt has been made to provide a monograph-length study of military trauma over the past century. This thesis utilizes several lenses – medical, social, and cultural – to explore how conceptions of trauma changed from 1914 to 2014, how such changes affected veterans in their civilian life, and the interactions between medical and popular knowledge, military culture, and veterans’ lived experiences. With a particular emphasis on the latter, it uses oral interviews with veterans of the post-Cold War, government reports, medical literature, and national newspapers to track shifts in consciousness about trauma and its social and medical treatment. It argues that despite numerous changes in medical thought and popular understandings of trauma, stigmas about psychological illness persisted, and that masculine ideals inherent in 1914 were still present, albeit in an altered form, one-hundred years later. It also argues that the Canadian veteran’s experience demonstrates that from 1914 to 2014, trauma consistently oscillated between being a medical entity and a metaphorical representation of war, peacekeeping, veterans’ socio-economic struggles, and national identity. This thesis takes advantage of a historically unique openness in the Canadian military since the year 2000 to contribute to a growing literature about trauma in Canadian military history and society.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Desde a síndrome do coração irritável, passando pelas diversas síndromes do fin de siècle e chegando ao triunfo das teorias neurocientíficas sobre a hipersensibilidade dos centros cerebrais de resposta ao alarme e sufocação, a Medicina buscou teorias para explicar a experiência de pavor. Investiga-se o modo como ocorreram, ao longo da história, as transformações da atenção médica sobre o medo e os estados mórbidos que o acompanham. Ao se buscar na literatura médica vestígios de análises científicas sobre o mal-estar intenso, do meio do século XIX ao fim do XX, não se pretendeu construir uma história triunfalista, de modo que as teorias atuais pudessem ganhar status de superioridade em relação às do passado. Evidenciou-se, sim, a importância cultural e a força histórica de cada uma delas, salientando as possíveis continuidades e rupturas de sentido que elas assumiram. / From irritable heart syndrome, through the various syndromes of the fin de siècle and the coming triumph of neuroscientific theories about the brain centers of the hypersensitivity response to the alarm and suffocation, Medicine sought for theories to explain the experience of terror. This essay examines the way it occurred throughout history the transformation of medical concern on fear and several emotional states that come with it. By searching the medical literature on scientific analysis traces of the intense discomfort related to fear, from the mid-nineteenth century to the end of the twentieth century, we did not intend to build a triumphalist history, so that current theories could gain status of superiority in relation to the previous ones. Instead of it, the cultural and historical force of each theory was evidenced, emphasizing the possible continuities and disruptions in the meanings that they assumed.

This study acknowledges the fact that compassionate witnesses working with traumatised clients suffer from secondary traumatisation. Weingarten (2000, 2001, 2003) and Figley (1995) are some of the authors on this subject. The study is based within the Zimbabwean context, which is going through a period of transition involving political and economic factors. Survivors of political violence seek assistance from counselling agencies like CONNECT and Mopane Trust. Mopane Trust chose to specialise in this work through counselling and research. This study explores how Mopane Trust trauma counsellors cope with secondary trauma. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M.Th. (Pastoral Therapy)

This study explores the use of visual art therapy with traumatised adolescents. A literature review sheds light on the concepts of “visual art therapy” and “psychological trauma”, by exploring the therapeutic nature of visual art as a technique aimed at addressing the effects of trauma in the lives of adolescents. An empirical study including seven voluntary and purposefully selected participants demonstrates the efficacy of using visual art therapy with adolescents affected by trauma. Data gathered through observation, questionnaires, and interviews is qualitatively interpreted and analysed. The research findings are presented accordingly. Based on the empirical investigation, it is established that visual art can be used as a valuable therapeutic technique in the lives of adolescents affected by trauma. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)

The biological energy concepts used by Freud to account for unconscious mental processes in psychoanalysis are discredited by modem biological findings. As a result, different psychoanalytic schools developed new foundational theories in order to verify unconscious mentation. The present study argues that these theories are unsuccessful for two main reasons. Firstly, replacing Freud's drive energy theory with other equally hypothetical foundational constructs does not solve the problem of finding proof for the existence of unconscious mentation. Secondly, the clinical psychoanalytic definition of unconscious mentation as imaginary, internally generated processes, autonomous from the external world is misguided. External sensory data may play a formative role in producing unconscious mentation. In particular, neurobiological findings on sensory data encoding and storage in human infants may throw light on the nature of unconscious processes. The present study therefore compares ideas derived from Lacanian psychoanalysis with neuropsychological memory and infant research findings to ascertain whether unconscious mentation is linked to the memory encoding of sensory data in infants. This analysis is in tum contrasted with a more contemporary psychoanalytic synthesis of findings on infant memory and unconscious mentation (Lichtenberg, 1989, Lichtenberg, Lachmann, and Fosshage, 1992). The latter theory identifies connections between unconscious mentation and the encoding of sensory memories in infancy, but does not connect the episodic and procedural memory constructs used in this account to specific neurolo·gical mechanisms in the brain. The present study's original contributions therefore involve firstly connecting the development of aversive episodic and procedural memories to neurological mechanisms in the brain during the period between birth and 28 months of age. Secondly, this memory model suggests that the storage of aversive memories in infancy has lasting unconscious motivational significance for subjects. Presymbolic memories may unconsciously manipulate conscious attention and memory retrieval in verbal subjects, inviting comparison with the psychoanalytic concept of dynamic unconscious mentation. Thirdly, the presymbolic memory model contributes towards a novel understanding of false memories of childhood sex abuse, and the dissociation of real traumatic memories that occur in many cases of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. / Psychology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Desde a síndrome do coração irritável, passando pelas diversas síndromes do fin de siècle e chegando ao triunfo das teorias neurocientíficas sobre a hipersensibilidade dos centros cerebrais de resposta ao alarme e sufocação, a Medicina buscou teorias para explicar a experiência de pavor. Investiga-se o modo como ocorreram, ao longo da história, as transformações da atenção médica sobre o medo e os estados mórbidos que o acompanham. Ao se buscar na literatura médica vestígios de análises científicas sobre o mal-estar intenso, do meio do século XIX ao fim do XX, não se pretendeu construir uma história triunfalista, de modo que as teorias atuais pudessem ganhar status de superioridade em relação às do passado. Evidenciou-se, sim, a importância cultural e a força histórica de cada uma delas, salientando as possíveis continuidades e rupturas de sentido que elas assumiram. / From irritable heart syndrome, through the various syndromes of the fin de siècle and the coming triumph of neuroscientific theories about the brain centers of the hypersensitivity response to the alarm and suffocation, Medicine sought for theories to explain the experience of terror. This essay examines the way it occurred throughout history the transformation of medical concern on fear and several emotional states that come with it. By searching the medical literature on scientific analysis traces of the intense discomfort related to fear, from the mid-nineteenth century to the end of the twentieth century, we did not intend to build a triumphalist history, so that current theories could gain status of superiority in relation to the previous ones. Instead of it, the cultural and historical force of each theory was evidenced, emphasizing the possible continuities and disruptions in the meanings that they assumed.