Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

abstract: Globally, more than 350 000 women die annually from complications during pregnancy and childbirth (UNFPA, 2011). Nearly 99% of these, according to World Health Organization (WHO) trends (2010) occur in the developing world outside of a hospital setting with limited resources including emergency care (WHO, 2012; UNFPA, 2011). The most prevalent cause of death is postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), accounting for 25% of deaths according to WHO statistics (2012). Conditions in Afghanistan are reflective of the scope and magnitude of the problem. In Afghanistan, maternal mortality is thought to be among the highest in the world. The Afghan Mortality Survey (AMS) data implies that one Afghan woman dies about every 2 hours from pregnancy-related causes (AMS, 2010). Lack of empowerment, education and access to health care resources increase a woman's risk of dying during pregnancy (AMS, 2010). This project aims to investigate the prospects of scaling-up the correct use of misoprostol, a prostaglandin E1 analogue, to treat PPH in developing countries where skilled assistance and resources are scant. As there has been little published on the lessons learned from programs already in place, this study is experience-driven, based on the knowledge of industry experts. This study employs a concurrent triangulation approach to synthesize quantitative data obtained from previous studies with qualitative information gathered through the testimonies of key personnel who participated in pilot programs involving misoprostol. There are many obstacles to scaling-up training initiatives in Afghanistan and other low-resource areas. The analysis concludes that the most crucial factors for scaling-up community-based programs include: more studies analyzing lessons learns from community driven approaches; stronger partnerships with community health care workers; overcoming barriers like association with abortion, misuse and product issues; and a heightened global and community awareness of the severity of PPH without treatment. These results have implications for those who actively work in Afghanistan to promote maternal health and other countries that may use Afghanistan's work as a blueprint for reducing maternal mortality through community-based approaches. Keywords: Afghanistan, community-based interventions, community-driven, maternal mortality, MDG5, misoprostol, postpartum hemorrhage, reproduction, scale-up / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S.Tech Technology 2013

La France se démarque par un ratio de mortalité maternelle par hémorragie du postpartum (HPP) élevé.Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient: 1/comparer les caractéristiques épidémiologiques de l'HPP entre la France et le Canada 2/décrire les pratiques d'anesthésie-réanimation dans l'HPP et évaluer leur adéquation par rapport aux recommandations chez les femmes décédées d'HPP et dans une population de femmes avec HPP.Les sources de données utilisées étaient: La base nationale canadienne de données hospitalières sur les séjours des patients, l'essai Pithagore6 et l'Enquête nationale confidentielle sur les morts maternelles.La comparaison du profil épidémiologique de l'HPP entre la France et le Canada montre que l'HPP n'est pas plus fréquente en France. Le recours plus fréquent à des traitements de seconde ligne suggère une incidence plus élevée de l'HPP sévère en France. Dans les décès maternels par HPP, certaines pratiques d'anesthésie-réanimation apparaissent comme inadéquates: le monitorage clinique et la mise en condition des patientes, la surveillance paraclinique, le protocole d'anesthésie générale et la stratégie transfusionnelle. La description en population des pratiques transfusionnelles dans l'HPP montre un recours insuffisant à la transfusion. Inversement des stratégies transfusionnelles dont l'efficacité n'est pas prouvée sont fréquemment appliquées.Ce travail suggère une sévérité importante de l'HPP en France, pouvant expliquer l'importance de la mortalité par HPP. Certaines pratiques d'anesthésie-réanimation apparaissant comme non-optimales pourraient être impliquées dans cette sévérité. L'association entre pratiques et sévérité de l'HPP reste à être étudiée. / In France, the maternal mortality ratio due to postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is higher than in other high resources countries. This situation remains partially unexplained. The objectives of this PhD thesis were: 1/ to compare PPH epidemiological characteristics between France and Canada, 2/ to describe anesthesia and intensive care practices in PPH and to compare them with guidelines, first in cases of maternal deaths from PPH and secondly in a large population of women with PPH. The data sources were: the Discharge Abstract Database from the Canadian Institute for Health Information, the Pithagore6 trial and the French Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths. The comparison of PPH epidemiological profiles between France and Canada shows that PPH incidence is not higher in France. Second-line treatments in PPH management are more frequently performed, suggesting a higher incidence of severe PPH in France. Among maternal deaths from PPH, some practices in anesthesia and critical care management appear to be inadequate: clinical monitoring and laboratory assessment, protocol for general anesthesia and transfusion strategy. The description on transfusion practices in a large population of women with PPH shows that the use of blood products is not sufficient. Conversely, transfusion strategies with unproved efficacy are frequently used. These results suggest a higher rate of severe PPH in France, that may result in the higher maternal mortality due to PPH. Inadequate practices in anesthesia and critical care could be involved in this severity. But the association between specific components of anesthesia and critical care management and PPH severity remains to be explored

Postpartumblödning utgör den främsta anledningen till mödradödlighet globalt med en tendens till att öka i både låg- och höginkomstländer. Det är viktigt att vården besitter god kunskap och förståelse för hur en postpartumblödning upplevs och dess konsekvenser för de födande kvinnorna för att på bästa sätt kunna förebygga och hantera en postpartumblödning. För att få en bredare bild och skapa förståelse för hur en postpartumblödning kan påverka födande kvinnor var syftet med denna litteraturstudie att belysa kvinnors erfarenheter av en postpartumblödning. En litteraturstudie användes som metod där dataanalysen utfördes med hjälp av en integrerad analys. Databassökning genomfördes i databaserna PubMed, CINAHL och PsycINFO och resulterade i att 18 vetenskapliga artiklar publicerade 2011 till 2022 inkluderades. Resultatet visar att det finns ett tydligt samband mellan postpartumblödning och en påverkan på förlossningsupplevelsen samt den efterföljande tiden. Resultatet redovisas i två huvudkategorier: Förlossningsupplevelser vid en postpartumblödning och Konsekvenser efter en postpartumblödning. Majoriteten av kvinnorna beskriver postpartumblödningen som en traumatisk upplevelse som påverkade deras förlossningsupplevelse negativt. Konsekvenserna av blödningen hade en negativ inverkan på den psykiska och fysiska hälsan. Slutsatsen av litteraturstudien visar på att postpartumblödning ökar risken för en traumatisk förlossningsupplevelse samt efterföljande fysisk och psykisk problematik. För en positiv förlossningsupplevelse krävs en god kommunikation och ett gott bemötande från vårdpersonal. Därtill behöver vården identifiera kvinnor som drabbats av postpartumblödning i ett tidigt skede och rutinmässigt erbjuda stöd för att på sikt minska sexuell och reproduktiv ohälsa. / Postpartum hemorrhage, in connection with childbirth, is the main reason for global maternal mortality with a tendency to increase in both low- and high-income countries. Care must possess good knowledge and the understanding of how a postpartum hemorrhage is experienced and its consequences, to help reduce and prevent illness, in particular in areas of sexual and reproductive health. To get a broader picture and create an understanding of how a postpartum hemorrhage can affect the women giving birth, this study aimed to shed light on experiences of postpartum hemorrhage. The method used is a literature study where the data analysis was performed using integrated analysis. Database searches were performed in the databases PubMed, CINAHL and PsycINFO and resulted in the inclusion of 18 scientific articles published from 2011 to 2022. The results demonstrate that there is a connection between postpartum hemorrhage and an impact on childbirth experience and the subsequent postpartum period. The results are reported in two main categories: childbirth experiences when suffering a postpartum hemorrhage and consequences after a postpartum hemorrhage. The majority of women describe a postpartum hemorrhage as a traumatic experience that negatively affected their childbirth experience and where the consequences mostly had a negative impact on mental and physical health. The conclusion of the literature study shows that postpartum hemorrhage increases the risk of a traumatic childbirth experience and subsequent physical and mental problems. A positive childbirth experience requires good communication and a good response from healthcare staff. In addition, healthcare needs to pay attention to women who have suffered from postpartum hemorrhage at an early stage, where they are offered routine support in order to reduce sexual and reproductive illness in the long run.

Orientadores: José Guilherme Cecatti, Maria Laura Costa do Nascimento / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-27T12:19:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RochaFilho_EdilbertoAlvesPereirada_D.pdf: 3450916 bytes, checksum: 5ca5edfeffaee70f519ed0df55045f08 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar a ocorrência de complicações graves e óbitos associadas a gravidez ectópica (GE) e a hemorragias ante e intraparto (HAI) e pós-parto (HPP) entre mulheres da Rede Brasileira de Vigilância de Morbidade Materna Grave. Métodos: Estudo de corte transversal multicêntrico realizado em 27 unidades de referência obstétrica no Brasil entre julho de 2009 e junho de 2010. Foi avaliada a ocorrência de condições potencialmente ameaçadoras da vida (CPAV), near miss materno (NMM) e mortes maternas (MM) associadas com GE, HAI e HPP em 9.555 mulheres identificadas como tendo alguma complicação obstétrica. Características sóciodemográficas e obstétricas e o uso de critérios de manejo nestas hemorragias graves também foram avaliados. Foram calculadas as razões de prevalência (RP) com seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% ajustados para o efeito de cluster e análise de regressão logística múltipla para identificar os fatores associados de forma independente com a ocorrência de resultado materno grave (Severe Maternal Outcome - SMO=NMM+MM). Resultados: Das 9.555 mulheres com complicações obstétricas, 312 (3,3%) tiveram complicações por GE, sendo 286 (91,7%) CPAV, 25 (8,0%) NMM e 1 (0,3%) MM. HPP foi a causa principal entre 1192 mulheres (12,5%), sendo 981 CPAV, 181 NMM e 30 MM. HAI ocorreu em 8% (767) das mulheres que experimentam algum tipo de complicação obstétrica e foi responsável por 7,1% (613) dos casos de CPAV, 18,2 % (140) de NMM e 10% (14) das MM. Mulheres com GE complicada tiveram maior risco de transfusão sanguínea, laparotomia e menor risco de admissão em UTI e tempo prolongado de internação do que mulheres com outras complicações. Houve cuidado deficiente ou demoras no atendimento associado a casos de GE complicados. Os fatores associados ao melhor resultado foram uma cicatriz uterina prévia e ser não branca. Entre as mulheres que apresentaram HPP, a idade materna, idade gestacional precoce, cicatriz uterina anterior e cesariana prévia foram os principais fatores associados com maior risco de ocorrência de SMO. Essas mulheres também tiveram uma maior proporção de transfusão sanguínea e retorno para a sala operatória. Já para as que apresentaram HAI, a idade materna e cesariana anterior foram independentemente associadas a este maior risco. Conclusão: O aumento da morbidade materna devido a GE aumentou a conscientização sobre a doença e seu impacto sobre a vida reprodutiva feminina. A hemorragia pós-parto persiste como uma das principais complicações obstétricas e importante causa de morbidade e morte materna no Brasil. O conhecimento dos fatores associados a um maior risco de ocorrência de SMO pode ser útil para melhorar a qualidade da atenção obstétrica e dos resultados maternos. SMO devido a hemorragia ante e intraparto foi altamente prevalente entre as mulheres brasileiras. Alguns fatores de risco, em particular a idade materna e cesareana prévia, foram associados com a ocorrência desta complicação hemorrágica. Os serviços obstétricos devem desenvolver diretrizes e intervenções específicas para prevenir a morbidade materna grave para cada condição hemorrágica obstétrica específica identificada / Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the occurrence of severe obstetric complications associated with ectopic pregnancy (EP) and antepartum or intrapartum (AIH) and postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) among women in the Brazilian Network for the Surveillance of Severe Maternal Morbidity. Methods: A multicenter cross-sectional study conducted in 27 referral obstetric units in Brazil between July 2009 and June 2010. The occurrence of potentially life-threatening conditions (PLTC), maternal near miss (MNM) and maternal death (MD) associated with EP, AIH and HPP were evaluated among 9,555 women identified as having some obstetric complication. Socio demographic and obstetric characteristics and use of management criteria in these severe hemorrhages were also assessed. Prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated with their respective 95% confidence intervals adjusted for the cluster effect and multiple logistic regression analysis to identify factors independently associated with the occurrence of severe maternal outcome (SMO = MNM + MD) . Results: Among the 9,555 women with obstetric complications, 312 (3.3%) had complications due to EP, with 286 (91.7 %) PTLC, 25 (8.0%) MNM and 1 (0.3 %) MD. HPP was the leading cause in 1192 women (12.5 %), with 981 PTLC, 181 MNM and 30 MD. AIH occurred in 8% (767) of women experiencing any type of obstetric complication and accounted for 613 (7.1%) of the PTLC cases, 140 (18.2%) of MNM and 10% (14) of MD. Women with complicated PE had a higher risk of blood transfusion, laparotomy and lower risk of ICU admission and prolonged hospitalization than women with other complications. There was a substandard care or delays associated with cases of complicated EP. The factors associated with a better outcome were a previous uterine scar and to be non-white. Among women who had PPH, maternal age, early gestational age, previous uterine scar and previous cesarean delivery were the main factors associated with a risk of SMO. These women also had a higher proportion of blood transfusion and return to operating room. For those who had AIH, maternal age and previous cesarean section were independently associated with this increased risk. Conclusion: Increased maternal morbidity due to EP raised awareness about the condition and its impact on female reproductive life. Postpartum hemorrhage persists as one of the main obstetric complication and important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in Brazil. The knowledge of factors associated with a severe maternal outcome (SMO=MNM+MD) could be useful for improving the quality of obstetric care and maternal outcomes. SMO due to antepartum and intrapartum hemorrhage was highly prevalent among Brazilian women. Some risk factors, maternal age and prior cesarean delivery in particular, were associated with the occurrence of this hemorrhagic complication. Care providers should develop specific guidelines and interventions to prevent severe maternal morbidity for each specific obstetric hemorrhagic condition identified / Doutorado / Saúde Materna e Perinatal / Doutor em Ciências da Saúde

Obstetric hemorrhage is one of the most common causes of maternal morbidity and mortality. The measurement of quantitative blood loss (QBL) at delivery prevents clinicians from failing to recognize hemorrhage in healthy obstetric patients who initially compensate for excessive blood loss. The purpose of this project was to improve the compliance of labor and delivery nurses in a community hospital with consistent QBL measurement. Key theories that formed the basis for the project were Lewin's theory of planned change and homeostasis. The project question addressed was: Is the use of weekly scorecards to provide feedback to nurses with both blinded individual data and aggregate unit data associated with an increase in the percent of patients with blood loss at delivery documented as a QBL measurement over a 12-week period of time? A blinded scorecard of the percent of deliveries attended by each nurse that had QBL documented and an aggregate run chart of the percent of all deliveries with QBL documented were posted in the unit weekly. The postings included discussions of means to enhance facilitators of and decrease barriers to QBL measurement. Over 12 weeks, the percent of deliveries with QBL documented increased from 22.7% to 80.0%. This result is consistent with previous reports that clear and objective feedback from scorecards is associated with improvement in performance. Scorecard feedback may be explored to determine if it is associated with improvement of other nursing practices. This project has implications for positive social change as it may contribute to a reduction in preventable maternal deaths. Decreasing maternal morbidity and mortality supports the health of women in a population and influences the health of the next generation.

<p>This study was undertaken to investigate the involutional changes of the uterus and uterine cavity by ultrasound (US), gray-scale and Doppler, after normal delivery, and to compare with the corresponding findings from women with puerperal complications, particularly retained placental tissue (RPT). The overall design was exploratory and prospective, with the use of descriptive statistics for analysis. </p><p>Forty-two women with uncomplicated vaginal term delivery were examined on post-partum days 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56. The AP diameters of the uterus and uterine cavity and morphological findings were recorded. The maximum AP diameters of the uterus and uterine cavity diminished from 92.0 mm on day 1 to 38.9 mm at day 56 and from 15.8 mm at day 1 to 4.0 mm at day 56, respectively. The uterus was most often empty in the early and late puerperium while a mixed echo pattern over the whole cavity was found during mid puerperium (I).</p><p>Seventy-nine women with secondary post partum hemorrhage (SPH) were examined on the day they presented with clinical symptoms. US revealed an echogenic mass in the uterine cavity in 17 of 18 patients treated surgically and histology confirmed placental tissue in 14 of these. Sixty-one patients with either an empty cavity or mixed echo pattern had an uneventful puerperal course after conservative treatment (II).</p><p>AP diameters and morphological findings for 55 women with endometritis, 28 after caesarean section and 20 after manual evacuation of the placenta overlapped extensively with normal references (III).</p><p>The physiological vascular involution studied in 45 women after normal delivery showed that PI and RI indices did not change significantly until day 28 postpartum. The presence of at least one uterine artery notch was found in 13.3% of the women at day 1 and in 90.6% at day 56 postpartum (IV).</p><p>PI and RI values were measured and compared with reference values in 20 women with clinical suspicion of RPT who were to undergo surgical evacuation. Mean resistance indices were below the 10th percentile for eight of these 20 women, but overlapping was considerable. Doppler US has limited value as a diagnostic tool for RPT. The absence of a hyper-vascular area in the myometrium does not exclude RPT but an echogenic mass in the cavity is a sign of RPT (V).</p>

This study was undertaken to investigate the involutional changes of the uterus and uterine cavity by ultrasound (US), gray-scale and Doppler, after normal delivery, and to compare with the corresponding findings from women with puerperal complications, particularly retained placental tissue (RPT). The overall design was exploratory and prospective, with the use of descriptive statistics for analysis. Forty-two women with uncomplicated vaginal term delivery were examined on post-partum days 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 56. The AP diameters of the uterus and uterine cavity and morphological findings were recorded. The maximum AP diameters of the uterus and uterine cavity diminished from 92.0 mm on day 1 to 38.9 mm at day 56 and from 15.8 mm at day 1 to 4.0 mm at day 56, respectively. The uterus was most often empty in the early and late puerperium while a mixed echo pattern over the whole cavity was found during mid puerperium (I). Seventy-nine women with secondary post partum hemorrhage (SPH) were examined on the day they presented with clinical symptoms. US revealed an echogenic mass in the uterine cavity in 17 of 18 patients treated surgically and histology confirmed placental tissue in 14 of these. Sixty-one patients with either an empty cavity or mixed echo pattern had an uneventful puerperal course after conservative treatment (II). AP diameters and morphological findings for 55 women with endometritis, 28 after caesarean section and 20 after manual evacuation of the placenta overlapped extensively with normal references (III). The physiological vascular involution studied in 45 women after normal delivery showed that PI and RI indices did not change significantly until day 28 postpartum. The presence of at least one uterine artery notch was found in 13.3% of the women at day 1 and in 90.6% at day 56 postpartum (IV). PI and RI values were measured and compared with reference values in 20 women with clinical suspicion of RPT who were to undergo surgical evacuation. Mean resistance indices were below the 10th percentile for eight of these 20 women, but overlapping was considerable. Doppler US has limited value as a diagnostic tool for RPT. The absence of a hyper-vascular area in the myometrium does not exclude RPT but an echogenic mass in the cavity is a sign of RPT (V).

Le ratio de mortalité maternelle en Afrique de l’Ouest est le plus élevé au monde et l’hémorragie du post-partum (HPP) y est la principale cause directe de mortalité maternelle. L’objectif général de ce travail était d’apporter des connaissances pour améliorer la prise en charge des HPP dans les structures hospitalières en Afrique de l’Ouest. Tout d’abord, nous avons montré que les facteurs de risques maternels de morbi-mortalité liée à l’HPP retrouvés dans les pays à ressources élevées étaient généralisables au contexte de l’Afrique de l’Ouest. Par ailleurs, nos analyses suggèrent que la qualification du médecin en charge du service de maternité (médecin généraliste versus gynécologue-obstétricien) a un impact déterminant sur la survie des femmes présentant une HPP dans ce contexte. Ensuite, nous avons montré que l'injection d'ocytocine dans les dix minutes qui suivent le diagnostic d’HPP était un facteur déterminant pour améliorer la santé maternelle au Bénin et au Mali. Le diagnostic rapide de l’HPP et une meilleure surveillance du post-partum immédiat étaient également importants. Enfin, nous avons mis en place une étude pilote pour évaluer la faisabilité d’un essai contrôlé randomisé (ECR) dont l’objectif est de tester l’efficacité du tamponnement utérin par condom catheter dans la prise en charge des hémorragies du post-partum dans cette région. Les résultats ont montré que la mise en place d’un ECR était faisable et ont apporté des connaissances supplémentaires pour optimiser le protocole de recherche. Ainsi, nous avons identifié un certain nombre de facteurs sur lesquels des actions doivent être menées pour améliorer la qualité de la prise en charge de l’HPP. / The maternal mortality ratio in West Africa is the highest in the world and postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the leading direct cause of maternal mortality. The general objective of this work was to provide knowledge to improve the management of PPH in hospitals in West Africa. Firstly, we have highlighted that maternal risk factors for morbidity and mortality related to the PPH found in high-resource countries were generalizable to the context of West Africa. Furthermore, our analysis suggests that the qualification of the doctor in charge of the maternity unit (general practitioner versus obstetrician) has a decisive impact on the maternal issue in this context. Then, we showed that injection of oxytocin within ten minutes after the diagnosis of PPH was a key factor for improving maternal health in Benin and Mali. Rapid diagnosis of PPH and better monitoring of the immediate postpartum period were also important. Finally, we set up a pilot study to assess the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial (RCT), which aims to test the effectiveness of uterine tamponade with condom catheter in the postpartum hemorrhage management in this region. The results showed that f a RCT was feasible and provided additional knowledge to optimize the research protocol. Thus, we have identified a number of factors on which action should be taken to improve the quality of PPH management.