Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T15:14:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertacaoIdelvanBlanco.pdf: 1724472 bytes, checksum: d46e852bf7845784bc35b71392ae2cc3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-12 / The increase in productivity of soy beans in recent years happened, basically, for the adoption of technologies such as the use of inputs and equipments, which are directly related to the cost of production. Among the inputs used, fertilizers are more expensive. The western Parana has a large number of pigs and poultry integrators, generating a lot of animal waste. The use of animal waste as fertilizer is a rational alternative of great interest in terms environmental, economic, social and agronomic. Thus the objective of this study was evaluate the effects of different doses application of poultry litter and pig slurry, in to the macronutrient content into soil and soy bean leaves as on grains and soy bean oil compared to mineral fertilization. The experimental area is located at the Experimental Station of the Agronomic Institute of Paraná, in Santa Tereza do Oeste - PR. The treatments were generated by factorial (2x3)+1+1, being two waste (liquid swine and poultry litter) with three doses of each (poultry litter: 1.2, 2.4 and 3.6 t / ha (wet basis) and pig slurry: 48, 96 and 144 m3 (cubic meter) / ha). Others additional treatments were the control (no fertilization) and mineral fertilization (300 kg/ha of the formulated 04-30-10). Experimental delineation adopted was random blocks with three repetitions. The animal manure fertilization resulted in higher levels of P and K into soil and greater absorption of N and P by plants, beyond a higher percentage of lodged plants in relation to the control and mineral fertilization. Grains productivity and soy bean oil income were similar between animal waste and mineral fertilization and higher than the control. It demonstrated both fertilizations are effective providing nutrients for the soy bean culture. / O aumento da produtividade de soja nos últimos anos ocorreu, basicamente, pela adoção de tecnologias como o uso de insumos e equipamentos, o que está diretamente relacionado ao custo de produção. Dentre os insumos utilizados, os fertilizantes são os mais onerosos. A região Oeste do Paraná possui grande número de integradores de suínos e aves, gerando uma grande quantidade de dejetos. A utilização de dejetos de animais como fertilizantes é uma alternativa racional, de grande interesse em termos ambientais, econômicos, sociais e agronômicos. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de diferentes doses de cama de aviário e dejetos de suínos, nos teores de macronutrientes no solo e nas folhas de soja, bem como sobre a produtividade de grãos e óleo, em comparação à adubação mineral. A área experimental localiza-se na Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, no município de Santa Tereza do Oeste - PR. Os tratamentos foram gerados pelo esquema fatorial (2x3)+1+1, sendo dois dejetos (líquido de suínos e cama de aviário) e três doses de cada (cama de aviário: 1,2; 2,4 e 3,6 t/ha (base úmida) e dejeto líquido de suínos: 48; 96 e 144 m3/ha). Os tratamentos adicionais utilizados foram a testemunha (sem adubação) e o com adubação mineral (300 kg/ha do formulado 04-30-10). O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. A adubação com dejetos de animais resultou em maior teor de P e K no solo e maior absorção de N e P pelas plantas, além de um maior porcentual de plantas acamadas em relação à testemunha e à adubação mineral. A produtividade de grãos e o rendimento de óleo foram equivalentes, entre adubação com resíduos animais e adubação mineral e superiores à testemunha, demonstrando que ambos são eficazes em fornecer nutrientes para a cultura da soja.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T15:14:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertacaodelvanBlanco.pdf: 1724467 bytes, checksum: f790bc7ea9e5fad4db1ebecded618e88 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-12 / The increase in productivity of soy beans in recent years happened, basically, for the adoption of technologies such as the use of inputs and equipments, which are directly related to the cost of production. Among the inputs used, fertilizers are more expensive. The western Parana has a large number of pigs and poultry integrators, generating a lot of animal waste. The use of animal waste as fertilizer is a rational alternative of great interest in terms environmental, economic, social and agronomic. Thus the objective of this study was evaluate the effects of different doses application of poultry litter and pig slurry, in to the macronutrient content into soil and soy bean leaves as on grains and soy bean oil compared to mineral fertilization. The experimental area is located at the Experimental Station of the Agronomic Institute of Paraná, in Santa Tereza do Oeste - PR. The treatments were generated by factorial (2x3)+1+1, being two waste (liquid swine and poultry litter) with three doses of each (poultry litter: 1.2, 2.4 and 3.6 t / ha (wet basis) and pig slurry: 48, 96 and 144 m3 (cubic meter) / ha). Others additional treatments were the control (no fertilization) and mineral fertilization (300 kg/ha of the formulated 04-30-10). Experimental delineation adopted was random blocks with three repetitions. The animal manure fertilization resulted in higher levels of P and K into soil and greater absorption of N and P by plants, beyond a higher percentage of lodged plants in relation to the control and mineral fertilization. Grains productivity and soy bean oil income were similar between animal waste and mineral fertilization and higher than the control. It demonstrated both fertilizations are effective providing nutrients for the soy bean culture. / O aumento da produtividade de soja nos últimos anos ocorreu, basicamente, pela adoção de tecnologias como o uso de insumos e equipamentos, o que está diretamente relacionado ao custo de produção. Dentre os insumos utilizados, os fertilizantes são os mais onerosos. A região Oeste do Paraná possui grande número de integradores de suínos e aves, gerando uma grande quantidade de dejetos. A utilização de dejetos de animais como fertilizantes é uma alternativa racional, de grande interesse em termos ambientais, econômicos, sociais e agronômicos. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de diferentes doses de cama de aviário e dejetos de suínos, nos teores de macronutrientes no solo e nas folhas de soja, bem como sobre a produtividade de grãos e óleo, em comparação à adubação mineral. A área experimental localiza-se na Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná, no município de Santa Tereza do Oeste - PR. Os tratamentos foram gerados pelo esquema fatorial (2x3)+1+1, sendo dois dejetos (líquido de suínos e cama de aviário) e três doses de cada (cama de aviário: 1,2; 2,4 e 3,6 t/ha (base úmida) e dejeto líquido de suínos: 48; 96 e 144 m3/ha). Os tratamentos adicionais utilizados foram a testemunha (sem adubação) e o com adubação mineral (300 kg/ha do formulado 04-30-10). O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. A adubação com dejetos de animais resultou em maior teor de P e K no solo e maior absorção de N e P pelas plantas, além de um maior porcentual de plantas acamadas em relação à testemunha e à adubação mineral. A produtividade de grãos e o rendimento de óleo foram equivalentes, entre adubação com resíduos animais e adubação mineral e superiores à testemunha, demonstrando que ambos são eficazes em fornecer nutrientes para a cultura da soja.

The use of ethanol produced from lignocellulosic biomass for transportation fuel offers solutions in reducing environmental emission and the use of non-renewable fuels. However, lignocellulosic ethanol production is still hampered by economic and technical obstacles. For instance, the inhibitory effect of toxic compounds produced during biomass pretreatment was reported to inhibit the fermenting microorganisms, hence there was a decrease in ethanol yield and productivity. Thus, there is a need to improve the bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol in order to promote its commercialization. The research reported here investigated the use of poultry litter biochar to improve the ethanol production from steam-exploded poplar and corn stover. The effect of poultry litter biochar was first studied on Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 204508/S288C growth, and second on the enzyme hydrolysis and fermentation of two steam-exploded biomasses: (poplar and corn stover). The third part of the study investigated optimal process parameters (biochar loading, biomass loading, and enzyme loading) on the reducing sugars production, and ethanol yield from steam-exploded corn stover. In this study, it has been shown that poultry litter biochar improved the S. cerevisiae growth and ethanol productivity; therefore poultry litter biochar could potentially be used to improve the ethanol production from steam-exploded lignocellulosic biomass.

Orientador: Roberto de Oliveira Roça / Resumo: O objetivo este estudo foi avaliar o turnover isotópico de δ13C e δ15N no leite, sangue e fezes, ocasionados pela inclusão da cama de aviário na dieta de vacas leiteiras, a fim de determinar o tempo de incorporação do valor isotópico da dieta. Foram utilizadas 12 vacas mestiças, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis repetições e dois tratamentos. Os tratamentos foram: T1 – dieta estritamente vegetal durante todo o período experimental; T2 – 50% cama de aviário e 50% vegetal durante o primeiro período experimental e depois dieta vegetal. Foram colhidas amostras diariamente e analisadas com espectrômetro de massas de razão isotópica. Para mensurar o turnover de δ13C e δ15N em determinado intervalo de tempo, foi utilizada a função exponencial de primeira ordem. Os dados isotópicos foram submetidos ao teste t-Student. Os valores isotópicos das fezes e do leite atingiram o patamar de equilíbrio. O sangue não conseguiu atingir o patamar de equilíbrio nos períodos avaliados indicando ser um tecido para detecção de dietas de períodos mais longos. O resultado do teste de t Student (p<0,05) foi semelhante ao encontrado pela análise dos isótopos estáveis mostrando que no primeiro período os valores isotópicos das fezes do T1 diferiram do T2, e para o leite não houve diferença entre os tratamentos. No segundo período, os valores isotópicos das fezes e do leite do T1 não diferiram do T2. Os valores isotópicos de δ 15N no leite para o 1°período diferiram entre o T1... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

O uso intensivo do solo para a produção olerícola com a utilização continua de fertilizantes orgânicos e minerais pode aumentar o teor de elementos-traço (ETs) no solo e nas plantas. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi o de quantificar os teores de Cd, Cr, e Pb em amostras de fertilizantes orgânicos, de solos e de plantas de alface de áreas de produção olerícola localizadas nos municípios de Novo Hamburgo e São Leopoldo / Rio Grande do Sul. A maioria das amostras de fertilizantes orgânicos não apresentou teor de ETs acima do limite máximo estabelecido para utilização na produção agrícola. Entretanto, três amostras oriundas das áreas de cultivo organomineral apresentaram teor de Cr acima do limite máximo de 200 mg kg-1. Os teores de Cd, Cr e Pb em nenhuma das áreas de produção olerícola estiveram acima dos limites de prevenção estabelecido pelo CONAMA. A maioria das amostras de alface não apresentou teor de Pb acima do limite máximo de 7,1 mg kg-1 de massa seca, considerado seguro para o consumo humano. Porém, foi verificado cinco amostras de alface com o teor de Pb acima do limite, duas em áreas de cultivo organomineral e três em áreas de cultivo orgânico. Em nenhuma das amostras de alface não se encontrou teor de Cd acima do limite seguro para o consumo humano. / The intensive use of soil for vegetable crop production with continued use of organic and mineral fertilizers can increase the content of trace elements (ETs) in soil and plants. The objective of this research was to quantify the levels of Cd, Cr, and Pb in samples of organic fertilizers, soil and lettuce in areas located in Novo Hamburgo and St. Leopoldo counties of Rio Grande do Sul. Most samples of organic fertilizer showed no ETs above the limit for use in agricultural production. However, three samples from the growing areas Organomineral showed Cr content above the limit of 200 mg kg-1. The concentrations of Cd, Cr and Pb in any area were greater than the prevention limit established by CONAMA. Most lettuce samples showed no Pb content above the maximum limit of 7.1 mg kg-1 dry weight, considered safe for human consumption. However, it was found five samples of lettuce with Pb content above the limit, in two organomineral areas and in three areas of organic farming. The Cd content in any of the lettuce samples was above the limit considered safe for human consumption.

O uso intensivo do solo para a produção olerícola com a utilização continua de fertilizantes orgânicos e minerais pode aumentar o teor de elementos-traço (ETs) no solo e nas plantas. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi o de quantificar os teores de Cd, Cr, e Pb em amostras de fertilizantes orgânicos, de solos e de plantas de alface de áreas de produção olerícola localizadas nos municípios de Novo Hamburgo e São Leopoldo / Rio Grande do Sul. A maioria das amostras de fertilizantes orgânicos não apresentou teor de ETs acima do limite máximo estabelecido para utilização na produção agrícola. Entretanto, três amostras oriundas das áreas de cultivo organomineral apresentaram teor de Cr acima do limite máximo de 200 mg kg-1. Os teores de Cd, Cr e Pb em nenhuma das áreas de produção olerícola estiveram acima dos limites de prevenção estabelecido pelo CONAMA. A maioria das amostras de alface não apresentou teor de Pb acima do limite máximo de 7,1 mg kg-1 de massa seca, considerado seguro para o consumo humano. Porém, foi verificado cinco amostras de alface com o teor de Pb acima do limite, duas em áreas de cultivo organomineral e três em áreas de cultivo orgânico. Em nenhuma das amostras de alface não se encontrou teor de Cd acima do limite seguro para o consumo humano. / The intensive use of soil for vegetable crop production with continued use of organic and mineral fertilizers can increase the content of trace elements (ETs) in soil and plants. The objective of this research was to quantify the levels of Cd, Cr, and Pb in samples of organic fertilizers, soil and lettuce in areas located in Novo Hamburgo and St. Leopoldo counties of Rio Grande do Sul. Most samples of organic fertilizer showed no ETs above the limit for use in agricultural production. However, three samples from the growing areas Organomineral showed Cr content above the limit of 200 mg kg-1. The concentrations of Cd, Cr and Pb in any area were greater than the prevention limit established by CONAMA. Most lettuce samples showed no Pb content above the maximum limit of 7.1 mg kg-1 dry weight, considered safe for human consumption. However, it was found five samples of lettuce with Pb content above the limit, in two organomineral areas and in three areas of organic farming. The Cd content in any of the lettuce samples was above the limit considered safe for human consumption.

<p>Converting a nutrient management plan from commercial fertilizers to poultry litter helps effectively utilize waste from the nearly 10 billion broiler birds across the United States. Nine field scale watersheds from the USDA ARS Grassland, Soil and Water Research Laboratory near Riesel, TX were evaluated for P inputs and P outputs to determine phosphorus budgets for 15 years of annual application of poultry litter ranging from 75 – 219 kg P ha^-1 yr^-1 on cultivated and pasture/grazed fields. The cumulative net P continued to increase regardless of the application rate and had a positive relationship with soil level P (Mehlich-3 P) and flow weighted mean concentration (FWMC) for dissolved reactive P for both cultivated and pasture managed fields. We assessed hydrological connectivity within two nested watersheds by using the before-after-control-impact (BACI) design. Results showed hydrological connectivity during high rainfall years whereas low rainfall years had minimal connectivity compared to the controls. These results suggest the P contributions from upstream fields receiving poultry litter, even at high application rates, did not exhibit a treatment effect during the low rainfall years at downslope monitoring stations. </p><p><br></p> <p>As nutrient source variability increases in nutrient management plans, improving our ability to differentiate P sources and their fate in soils is critical. We evaluated soils with unique P inputs: inorganic P, poultry litter, and cattle grazing for isotopic signatures by forming silver phosphate and determining the δ¹⁸O_P. Isotopic signatures of the oxygen molecules which are strongly bound to P, provided signatures of 17.09‰, 18.00‰, and 17.20‰ for fields receiving commercial fertilizer, poultry manure, and cattle grazed, respectively. Significant effort was made to determine critical steps in the method to successfully precipitate Ag₃PO₄for analysis. Results show adding a cation removal step as well as monitoring and adjusting pH throughout the method increases probability of successful Ag₃PO₄precipitation. Findings from this study provide a valuable framework for future analysis to confirm unique δ¹⁸O_P signatures which can be used to differentiate the fate of different phosphorus sources in agricultural systems.</p>

The decrease in subtherapeutic antibiotic administration in poultry has increased the need to address production challenges caused by pathogens, such as E. coli. One potential way to improve bird health and reduce bacterial infection is through the addition of litter amendments that absorb moisture. Biochar (BC) has previously been shown to increase water holding capacity in poultry litter, but its effects on E. coli mitigation are unknown. The objectives of this research were to 1) evaluate water activity of poultry litter amended with pine and miscanthus BC, and 2) determine the effects of different BC inclusion rates on litter E. coli populations. The studies found that BC increased water activity when mixed with broiler litter, and pine BC resulted in lower E. coli counts over time than miscanthus BC. An inclusion rate of 30% by weight of pine BC was most effective at reducing E. coli populations in broiler litter.

Water stress is the most critical environmental factor limiting crop production in the US Piedmont. The presence of humic substances in composted organic amendments may increase crop tolerance to water stress through their hormone-like effects on plant metabolism. The objectives of this study were to calculate N mineralization rates of composted and non-composted organic materials used in this long-term field study, and to determine differences in soil physiochemical properties, corn and soybean leaf physical and biochemical properties yield and seed quality between organically amended and inorganically fertilized treatments. Nitrogen mineralization rates were greatest in the poultry litter (21%) and Panorama yard waste compost (4.5%) amended plots. Nitrogen uptake (120 mg/pot, 133 mg/pot, respectively) in these treatments were greater than that in the control (0N) (91.3 mg/pot) treatment. Wolf Creek biosolids compost and Huck's Hen Blend yard waste compost induced N immobilization (-5.0% and 0.18%, respectively), and had N uptake values similar to the control (92.6 mg/pot and 95.7 mg/pot). Rivanna biosolids compost immobilized N (-14.8%) but N uptake (136 mg/pot) was greater than that in the control due to the relatively high inorganic N content in the amendment. The total N concentration and C:N values were less reliable variables in predicting N mineralization when a significant portion of the total N was in the inorganic form. The annual application of poultry litter, Rivanna biosolids compost, and Panorama yard waste compost at 100% agronomic nitrogen and 30 % agronomic nitrogen rates in the field study improved soil fertility and increased total organic and humified carbon contents relative to the inorganically fertilized and control treatments. The amended treatments had slightly greater plant available water contents (average 10.0 cm/15 cm) than the control (8.38 cm/15 cm). Leaf water potential measurements revealed that neither crop experienced water stress during the sampling season. Treatment differences in leaf antioxidant activity were only observed in corn. All corn plants that were fertilized with amendments supplying the crop's nitrogen needs, regardless of the source, had greater leaf nitrogen (+29%), chlorophyll (+33%), and protein contents (+37%), lower superoxide dismutase (-29%) and ascorbate peroxidase (-17%) activities, and lower malondialdehyde (-33%) contents relative to the control and low nitrogen treatments. There were no observed differences in catalase activity, which was likely due to the evolutionary advantage of C4 metabolism. Yield was strongly related to midseason leaf nitrogen contents (R2=0.87, p<0.0001) and not soil humified carbon (R2=0.02, p=0.0543). There were no observed treatment differences in soybean leaf physiology and metabolism. Differences, however, were observed over time. As the leaves senesced, leaf chlorophyll, protein, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities decreased, and the malondialdehyde content increased. Ascorbate peroxidase activity slightly increased with time. Catalase activity in soybean was primarily driven by the oxidation of glycolate, a product of photorespiration, and not the formation of reactive oxygen species in the chloroplasts. The organically amended treatments had higher yields (9-21% increase), greater protein contents (4-9% increase), and seed weights (5-14% increase) relative to the fertilizer and control treatments. It was concluded that differences in soybean yield and seed quality were due to non-nutritive benefits of the organic amendments and not available water or plant nutrition. / Master of Science

Direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) is a high temperature fuel cell (around 700 "C) that produces electrical energy from the direct conversion of the chemical energy of carbon. DCFC has a higher achievable efficiency of 80% compared to other fuel cells and the corresponding CO2 emission is very low compared to conventional coal-burning power plants. Moreover, a DCFC can use diversified fuel resources even waste material, which is advantageous compared to other types of fuel cells which are limited to specific fuels. DCFCs are still under development due to a number of fundamental and technological challenges such as the efficiency of carbon fuels and the effect of impurities on the performance and lifetime of the DCFC. These are key factors for the development and commercialization of these devices. In this study, three biochars obtained from the pyrolysis of poultry litters (PL) collected from Tunisian and US farmers, were characterized to see whether they can be potential anode fuels for DCFC or not. PL biochars have low fixed carbon contents (19-35 wt%) and high ash contents (32.5-63 wt%). These ashes contain around 40 wt% catalytic oxides for carbon oxidation reaction, however, these oxides have very low electrical conductivities, which resulted in the very low (negligible) electrical conductivity of the PL biochars (7.7x10-9-70.56x10-9 S/cm) at room temperature. Moreover, the high ash contents resulted in low surface areas (3.34-4.2 m"/g). These findings disqualified PL biochar from being a potential anode fuel for DCFCs. Chemical demineralization in the sequence HF/HCl followed by carbonization at 950" C of the PL biochars will result in higher fixed carbon content, higher surface area, and higher electrical conductivities. Moreover, the treated PL biochars would contain a potential catalyst (Calcium in the form of CaF2) for carbon oxidation. All these criteria would qualify the treated PL biochars to be potential fuels for DCFC. / Master of Science