Este trabalho buscou avaliar o desempenho de um reator de leito fixo e escoamento ascendente, operado de modo contínuo, com argila expandida e espuma de poliuretano como suportes para imobilização da biomassa, no tratamento de água residuária proveniente de abatedouro de aves. Na primeira fase do trabalho, o reator foi operado em condição anaeróbia e anaeróbia-aeróbia, no tratamento da água residuária bruta proveniente do abatedouro. No entanto, sua eficiência na redução de matéria orgânica pode ser atribuída a processos de adsorção e não biodegradação, o que resultou em períodos de operação curtos devido à obstrução do leito reacional. Na segunda fase, o reator foi alimentado com água residuária coletada após o pré-tratamento por sistema de flotação por ar dissolvido (FAD), realizado no próprio abatedouro, com intuito de minimizar a carga lipídica e a concentração de sólidos na entrada do reator. Assim, a vida útil do reator foi prolongada, com eficiências médias de remoção de DQO e nitrogênio total de 90 \'+ OU -\' 4% e 44 \'+ OU -\' 10%, respectivamente, e eficiência de desnitrificação de 89 \'+ OU -\' 6%, para o reator anaeróbio-aeróbio com razão de recirculação do efluente líquido igual a 1,5. Assim, o reator demonstrou bom desempenho na remoção simultânea de matéria orgânica e nutrientes, desde que seja precedido por sistema de pré-tratamento para remoção parcial de sólidos e óleos e graxas. / This work aimed to evaluate the performance of an up-flow fixed bed reactor, operated in a continuous way, using expanded clay and polyurethane foam as supports for immobilization of the biomass, for treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater. Initially, the reactor was operated under anaerobic and anaerobic-aerobic conditions for the treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater. However, the COD removal efficiency was related to adsorption and not to biodegradation processes. In this way, the operational periods were short due to solids retention in the system. In the second part of this work, trying to reduce the lipids and solids concentration in the reactor\'s affluent, the wastewater was collected after a pre-treatment installed at the poultry slaughterhouse. This pre-treatment was constituted of a dissolved air flotation (DAF) system. As a result, the operational longevity of the reactor was increased and the COD and total nitrogen removal efficiencies were 90 \'+ OU -\' 4% and 44 \'+ OU -\' 10% respectively, and the denitrification efficiency was 89 \'+ OU -\' 6% under an anaerobic-aerobic condition with a recycle ratio of the liquid phase of 1,5. Therefore, the reactor showed a good performance in reducing the organic matter and removing nutrients simultaneously, since it is preceded by a pre-treatment for the partial removal of solids, oils and grease.

Este trabalho buscou avaliar o desempenho de um reator de leito fixo e escoamento ascendente, operado de modo contínuo, com argila expandida e espuma de poliuretano como suportes para imobilização da biomassa, no tratamento de água residuária proveniente de abatedouro de aves. Na primeira fase do trabalho, o reator foi operado em condição anaeróbia e anaeróbia-aeróbia, no tratamento da água residuária bruta proveniente do abatedouro. No entanto, sua eficiência na redução de matéria orgânica pode ser atribuída a processos de adsorção e não biodegradação, o que resultou em períodos de operação curtos devido à obstrução do leito reacional. Na segunda fase, o reator foi alimentado com água residuária coletada após o pré-tratamento por sistema de flotação por ar dissolvido (FAD), realizado no próprio abatedouro, com intuito de minimizar a carga lipídica e a concentração de sólidos na entrada do reator. Assim, a vida útil do reator foi prolongada, com eficiências médias de remoção de DQO e nitrogênio total de 90 \'+ OU -\' 4% e 44 \'+ OU -\' 10%, respectivamente, e eficiência de desnitrificação de 89 \'+ OU -\' 6%, para o reator anaeróbio-aeróbio com razão de recirculação do efluente líquido igual a 1,5. Assim, o reator demonstrou bom desempenho na remoção simultânea de matéria orgânica e nutrientes, desde que seja precedido por sistema de pré-tratamento para remoção parcial de sólidos e óleos e graxas. / This work aimed to evaluate the performance of an up-flow fixed bed reactor, operated in a continuous way, using expanded clay and polyurethane foam as supports for immobilization of the biomass, for treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater. Initially, the reactor was operated under anaerobic and anaerobic-aerobic conditions for the treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater. However, the COD removal efficiency was related to adsorption and not to biodegradation processes. In this way, the operational periods were short due to solids retention in the system. In the second part of this work, trying to reduce the lipids and solids concentration in the reactor\'s affluent, the wastewater was collected after a pre-treatment installed at the poultry slaughterhouse. This pre-treatment was constituted of a dissolved air flotation (DAF) system. As a result, the operational longevity of the reactor was increased and the COD and total nitrogen removal efficiencies were 90 \'+ OU -\' 4% and 44 \'+ OU -\' 10% respectively, and the denitrification efficiency was 89 \'+ OU -\' 6% under an anaerobic-aerobic condition with a recycle ratio of the liquid phase of 1,5. Therefore, the reactor showed a good performance in reducing the organic matter and removing nutrients simultaneously, since it is preceded by a pre-treatment for the partial removal of solids, oils and grease.

Thesis (Master of Environmental Management)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. / Fresh water is a renewable resource, but it is also finite, especially given environmental impacts from anthropogenic activities. Globally, there are countless signs that untreated industrial discharge into fresh watercourses is one of the main causes of ecosystem degradation. Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) amongst the main pollutants of fresh water sources. In recent years, the world’s pre-eminent researchers have developed innovative wastewater treatment processes to treat the large quantity of wastewater generated as well as to manage the environmental health concerns arising from PSW discharged into the environment. Furthermore, increasing wastewater treatment capital costs and the implementation of increasingly rigorous government legislation to mitigate environmental pollution whilst minimizing fresh water source contamination, requires that wastewater such as PSW, be adequately treated prior to discharge. In order to assist the small-scale poultry producers in South Africa (SA), process simulation for a small-scale poultry slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plant was proposed using Sumo Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) simulation software. Sumo is an innovative and most versatile wastewater simulation package on the market. The simulator is capable of modelling treatment plants of unlimited complexity, focusing largely on Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen and phosphorus removal; with digester, and side streams design options, being available. Considering the possible advantages in modelling and ongoing studies of implementing wastewater treatment to increase water management, anaerobic digestion of high strength wastewater such as PSW, warranted this research study. Model development from the simulation included the evaluation of numerous design options to assist small scale poultry producers, to have a variety of designs to choose from in their PSW WWTP designs. With the aid of Sumo, two models were designed in this study, namely a single-stage and a two-stage anaerobic digestion without a recycle. The PSW used as feed was obtained from a local poultry slaughterhouse (Western Cape, South Africa). Both model designs predicted the reduction of the organic matter (COD, BOD5) total suspended solids (TSS), and volatile suspended solids (VSS) in the PSW. The digester for the single stage anaerobic digestion system modelled was set to operate at steady state for 150 days under mesophilic temperature (35 ˚C) with a solid retention time (SRT) of 25 days. The COD, TSS, VSS and BOD removal efficiencies reached a maximum of 64%, 77%, 84%, and 94%, respectively, at an organic load rate (OLR) of 143.6 mg COD/L/day. A minute increase in the ammonia (NH3) and phosphate (PO3- 4) concentration was observed once the simulation was completed. As for the two-stage anaerobic digestion system, both digesters were set to perform at mesophilic temperatures (35 ˚C) and a SRT of 13 days in the first digester and 25 days in the subsequent digester. The two-stage anaerobic digestion showed better performance in comparison to the single-stage anaerobic digestion system. The COD, TSS, VSS and BOD5 removal efficiencies reached a maximum of 69%, 79%, 85%, and 96%, respectively, at an at an OLR of 143.6 mg COD/L/day. A similar trend regarding phosphate and ammonia removal was noticed in the two-stage anaerobic digestion, suggesting a tertiary treatment system to be in place for further treatment. Although, the two-stage anaerobic digestion demonstrated adequate performance, for the purpose of this study, the single-stage was the process recommended for PSW treatment, as it is less costly and will be suitable for small scale poultry producers; albeit biogas production is much higher when digesters are connected in series. The PSW treatment modelling for this study was successfully employed with the resultant effluent being compliant with the City of Cape Town (CCT) wastewater and industrial effluent by-law discharge limits. Although, both the PO3- 4 and NH3 were suggested to require further monitoring. Therefore, the poultry slaughterhouse from which the PSW was obtained will be able to safely discharge the treated wastewater proposed in this research into local water bodies, i.e. rivers in the Western Cape, SA; however, the treated PSW will not be suitable for re-use as process water.

Orientador: Luiz Antonio Rossi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T11:07:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bueno_LedaGobbodeFreitas_D.pdf: 3460239 bytes, checksum: 352ebe782b90ca7094650917d0d00794 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Nos abatedouros, as operações que se desencadeiam na ante mortem até o armazenamento do produto final são intensamente dependentes da energia elétrica e respondem, em parte, pela qualidade do produto final. Este trabalho teve como objetivo diagnosticar, analisar e propor soluções que conduzam ao uso racional da energia elétrica, sem interferir, ou manter, a qualidade do produto final nas linhas de produção de um frigorífico de frangos de corte, incluindo o processo de armazenamento que usa câmaras de resfriamento e congelamento. Este trabalho foi realizado em um frigorífico de abate de frangos de corte, situado no estado de São Paulo, SP, no período de 2004 a 2008. Através das análises verificou-se que os compressores da sala de máquinas, responsáveis pela manutenção do frio dos ambientes refrigerados, apresentaram o maior consumo de energia elétrica no frigorífico, cerca de 97%. Observou-se que em nenhum dos motores elétricos avaliados, o fator de potência, atinge o valor recomendado pela ANEEL, e que possivelmente com a implantação de medidas de conservação de energia elétrica, indicadores de eficiência energética, como o fator de carga e o consumo específico, podem ser otimizados. A temperatura média do ar dos ambientes refrigerados, com exceção das câmaras de resfriamento, não atende as recomendações da portaria n° 210 do Ministério da Agricultura e Abastecimento de 1998. Entretanto observou-se que o comportamento da temperatura média do ar, nas câmaras de resfriamento, apresentou oscilações, ficando acima ou no limite superior da faixa de temperatura recomendada por esta portaria. No mapeamento da temperatura do ar, foram identificadas áreas com médias diferentes no interior da câmara de resfriamento 2 e no túnel de congelamento. A temperatura média da água dos resfriadores por imersão e a percentagem de absorção de água apresentaram valores condizentes aos recomendados pela portaria supracitada. Concluiu-se haver falhas no uso da energia elétrica, demonstrando necessidade da implementação de um plano de ação que vise a conservação e o uso racional da energia e conseqüente redução nos custos gerados para produção de carne de frango / Abstract: In the slaughterhouses the operations that if unchain in the one before slaughter until the storage of the end item are intensely dependents of the electric energy and answer for the final product quality. This work had as objective to diagnosis, to analyze and to consider solutions that lead to the rational use of the electric energy without intervening or keeping the product quality in the lines of production of one cold storage room of broiler including the storage process that uses chambers of cooling and freezing. This work was carried through in one cold storage room of slaughter of chicken situated in the state of São Paulo, SP in the period of 2004 the 2008. Through the analyses it was verified that the compressors of the room of machines, responsible for the maintenance of the cold of cooled environments, had presented the biggest consumption of electric energy in the cold storage room, about 97%. It was observed that in none of the evaluated electric engines, the potency factor, reaches the value recommended for the ANEEL, and that possibly with the implantation of measures of conservation of electric energy pointers of energy efficiency as the load factor and the specific consumption they can be optimized. The average temperature of the air of cooled environments with exception of the cooling chambers does not take care of the recommendations of current law. However it was observed that the behavior of the average temperature of air, in the cooling chambers presented oscillations being above or in the superior limit of the band of temperature recommended for this it would carry. In the mapping of the temperature of air areas with different averages in the chamber of cooling 2 and in the tunnel of freezing had been identified. The average temperature of the water of the coolers for immersion and the percentage of water absorption had presented accepted values to the recommended ones for would carry above-mentioned. It was concluded to have imperfections in the use of the electric energy demonstrating necessity of the implementation of an action plan that aims at the conservation and the rational use of the energy and consequence reduction in the costs generated for production of broiler / Doutorado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Doutor em Engenharia Agrícola