Cremos poder propor algumas articulações no campo político da filosofia espinosana a partir de uma análise aprofundada do conceito de indivíduo e de sua realidade nesta filosofia. Salientaremos o papel fulcral desse conceito na compreensão da natureza necessária da totalidade, enquanto produção pela substância de infinitas coisas que expressam de infinitos modos a sua potência infinita. Nessa articulação, enfrentaremos problemas referentes à real unidade do indivíduo, da perspectiva de sua natureza relacional, natureza esta que nos permite compreender melhor a formação do campo político em Espinosa e porque a realidade individual neste campo possibilita a ele superar algumas análises que afirmam, explicíta ou implicitamente, alguma ruptura intrínseca à formação social e a descontinuidade da causalidade eficiente individual, justamente por tais análises não levarem tão longe a realidade do indivíduo. / We believe we can propose some joints in the political philosophy Espinoza from a thorough analysis of the concept of the individual and their reality in this philosophy. Salientaremos the central role of this concept in understanding the nature of the required total, while production of the substance of infinite things in infinite ways to express their infinite power. In this connection, we face problems relating to the real unity of the individual, the prospect of its relational nature, nature that allows us to better understand the formation of the political field in Spinoza and because the individual reality in this field enables him to overcome some analyzes that claim, the explicit or implicitly, some disruption to the social formation and the intrinsic discontinuity of efficient causality individual, precisely because such analyzes do not take so far the reality of the individual.

<p>A B S T R A C T</p><p>Title: Democracy- Choice of the people or the voice of media? (Demokrati- Folkets styre eller Mediernas Makt?)</p><p>Number of pages: 36</p><p>Author: Carolina Vallin</p><p>Tutor: Else Nygren</p><p>Course: Media and Communication Studies C</p><p>Period: Autumn term 2006</p><p>University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala University</p><p>Purpose/Aim: The purpose with this essay is to discuss which influence media has on the democracy.</p><p>Material/Method: Qualitative explorative research method is used to see how much space the newspaper Dagens Nyheter gave to the parties represented in the parliament, and compare the results with the numbers the parties received in the general election 2006.</p><p>Main results: This research showed similar results in the survey made of DN and the numbers the parties received in the general election 2006. Media can’t decide how people should vote in a election, but they can influence what citizens think and talk about by having the power to choose which information that shows on the agenda.</p><p>Key Words: Dagens Nyheter, Agenda setting, Media, Power and Democracy.</p>

A B S T R A C T Title: Democracy- Choice of the people or the voice of media? (Demokrati- Folkets styre eller Mediernas Makt?) Number of pages: 36 Author: Carolina Vallin Tutor: Else Nygren Course: Media and Communication Studies C Period: Autumn term 2006 University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala University Purpose/Aim: The purpose with this essay is to discuss which influence media has on the democracy. Material/Method: Qualitative explorative research method is used to see how much space the newspaper Dagens Nyheter gave to the parties represented in the parliament, and compare the results with the numbers the parties received in the general election 2006. Main results: This research showed similar results in the survey made of DN and the numbers the parties received in the general election 2006. Media can’t decide how people should vote in a election, but they can influence what citizens think and talk about by having the power to choose which information that shows on the agenda. Key Words: Dagens Nyheter, Agenda setting, Media, Power and Democracy.

Cremos poder propor algumas articulações no campo político da filosofia espinosana a partir de uma análise aprofundada do conceito de indivíduo e de sua realidade nesta filosofia. Salientaremos o papel fulcral desse conceito na compreensão da natureza necessária da totalidade, enquanto produção pela substância de infinitas coisas que expressam de infinitos modos a sua potência infinita. Nessa articulação, enfrentaremos problemas referentes à real unidade do indivíduo, da perspectiva de sua natureza relacional, natureza esta que nos permite compreender melhor a formação do campo político em Espinosa e porque a realidade individual neste campo possibilita a ele superar algumas análises que afirmam, explicíta ou implicitamente, alguma ruptura intrínseca à formação social e a descontinuidade da causalidade eficiente individual, justamente por tais análises não levarem tão longe a realidade do indivíduo. / We believe we can propose some joints in the political philosophy Espinoza from a thorough analysis of the concept of the individual and their reality in this philosophy. Salientaremos the central role of this concept in understanding the nature of the required total, while production of the substance of infinite things in infinite ways to express their infinite power. In this connection, we face problems relating to the real unity of the individual, the prospect of its relational nature, nature that allows us to better understand the formation of the political field in Spinoza and because the individual reality in this field enables him to overcome some analyzes that claim, the explicit or implicitly, some disruption to the social formation and the intrinsic discontinuity of efficient causality individual, precisely because such analyzes do not take so far the reality of the individual.

[pt] O presente trabalho procura compreender as motivações sociais que influenciam os atuais ministros do STF em tomadas de decisões e suas possíveis consequências para a estrutura do Estado brasileiro. A hipótese com a qual começamos essa pesquisa supõe haver elementos estamentais burocráticos que motivem a ação de seus atuais membros. E, posteriormente, estabelecer de que maneira o novo desenho institucional da corte dialoga com o pacto democrático, federativo e republicano; considerando, principalmente, os conceitos de estamento e patrimonialismo. / [en] This research examines the current Brazilian Supreme Court s actions enlightened by Max Weber and Raymuno Faoro s concept of estamento burocrático. The hypothesis with which we begin this research supposes that it exists elements of the estamento burocrático present on the judges actions and judgements. Therefore, in whitch way the new redesign of the Brazilian Supreme Court dialogues with the democratic, federative and democratic pacts, highlighting the concepts of estamento and patrimonialismo on our analysis.

本文旨在探討透過權力分享式民主與審議式民主的取徑，來緩解當前台灣民主困境的可行性。 首先，本文討論了當前台灣民主困境的成因，以及藍綠雙方的根本差異。同時指出，台灣當前的民主困境可被視為一種極度分裂社會的狀態來理解，並將台灣民主困境的關鍵難題，定位在認同差異與政治不信任。 其次，本文從既有的權力分享式民主的文獻中，梳理出有助於解決當前台灣民主困境的「規範性概念」與「經驗性證據」；做為權力分享式民主對當前台灣民主困境的回應。經過分析後發現，利用協合式民主去處理當前台灣民主困境，應是個值得嘗試的方向。若將協合式民主中菁英間的決策模式，改由審議取代議價，則此種修正型的協合式民主可為長期解決族群衝突提供更多的可能性。 繼之，本文從既有的審議式民主的文獻中，梳理出有助於解決當前台灣民主困境的「規範性理念」與「經驗性證據」，作為審議式民主對於當前台灣民主困境的回應。經過分析後發現，理論上，審議式民主的理想審議是可以解決當前台灣民主困境，只不過理想言說情境在現實生活中很難達成。但是這並不排除理想言說情境是可以近似達成的。不過文獻中迄今仍無經驗證據顯示，單獨利用審議式民主可以解決在極度分裂社會中的國家認同問題。為了讓對立雙方願意自由參加對話、願意相互尊重，以及願意理性溝通，必須提供誘因，而權力分享就是一種誘因。此外，為了判斷對話或審議環境是否接近理想言說情境，必須要有量化的測量工具，而話語品質指數(DQI)就是一種工具。因此，權力分享與DQI，就是強化審議式民主的兩種有效工具。 面對當前台灣民主困境，本文最後提出了一個結合協合式民主與審議式民主(即修正型的協合式民主)的現階段策略的建議。 / This thesis explores the feasibility of mitigating ethnic conflict of current Taiwan employing the methods of power-sharing democracy and deliberative democracy. First of all, the causes and the key difficult problems of democratic predicament, and the dispute in national identity between the pan-blue and pan-green camps, as those currently exist in Taiwan, are discussed in greater detail. The key difficult problems appear to be conflict in identities and political distrust. Next, based on the existing literature of power-sharing democracy, this thesis identifies the normative ideas and empirical evidences that are relevant to the settlement of democratic predicament of current Taiwan. After an in depth analysis, it concludes that the use of consociational approach to manage democratic predicament of current Taiwan should be the direction worth trying. The so-called modified consociational democracy, which is formed to meet the deliberative requirements of publicity and reciprocity, by replacing consociational decision making with deliberation, may provide more possibility for longer-term goal of ethnic conflict resolution. Likewise, based on the existing literature of deliberative democracy, this thesis identifies the normative ideas and empirical evidences that are relevant to the settlement of democratic predicament of current Taiwan. After an in depth analysis, it concludes that, theoretically, the use of ideal deliberation approach appears capable of dealing with the democratic predicament of current Taiwan. Although it is not possible to create Habermas’s ideal speech situation on a precise level, it is possible to achieve ISS approximately. However, there did not exist any empirical evidence in the literature to demonstrate that the application of deliberative democracy alone may provide conflict resolution of the national identity problem in deeply divided societies. In order to let both sides of the conflicting groups be willing to participate freely in the dialogue, be willing to respect one another, and be willing to communicate rationally, it is necessarily to provide both sides with power-sharing incentives tailored to make both sides feel absolutely secure. In addition, in order to evaluate how close the dialogue or deliberative approaches the conditions of ideal speech situation, it is necessarily to have a quantitative measuring instrument at our disposal and the discourse quality index (DQI) is such an instrument. Therefore, power-sharing and DQI tend to form two effective tools for strengthening the deliberative democracy. Finally, this thesis proposes the modified consociational democracy as the present stage strategy for the resolution of democratic predicament of current Taiwan.