Este trabalho trata da retificação trifásica com elevado fator de potência. São mostradas algumas soluções encontradas na literatura. Dentre elas, optou-se pela utilização de um conversor trifásico autocomutado do tipo fonte de tensão (VSC), operando em modulação em largura de pulso (PWM). Apresenta-se a modelagem do conversor, que é utilizado para o projeto dos controladores responsáveis pelo rastreamento das correntes da rede CA e pela regulação da tensão CC. O projeto do controlador das correntes CA, baseado na estratégia de dead-beat, é mostrado de forma simples e intuitiva e é discutida a estabilidade deste controlador. O projeto do controlador PI utilizado para a regulação da tensão CC é baseado no modelo linearizado do conversor. É utilizado um algoritmo simples e eficiente para o bloco PLL, baseado na estratégia “dead-beat”. O comportamento do sistema completo é verificado teoricamente, por simulações numéricas e resultados experimentais, confirmando o excelente desempenho das estratégias de controle e do método de projeto propostos. São discutidos ainda os efeitos da variação nos parâmetros no desempenho e na estabilidade do sistema. / This study investigates three-phase rectifiers with high power factor. Some existing solutions in the literature are presented. One of them, the three-phase voltage source converter (VSC) rectifier with pulse width modulation (PWM) is chosen to be used. Converter modeling is presented and used to design a mains current tracking controller and a DC voltage regulator. AC current controlling based on the deadbeat strategy is presented in a simple and intuitive way, and the stability of this controller is discussed. The DC side PI controller is designed based on the linearized model of the converter. A simple and efficient PLL block algorithm, based on the deadbeat strategy is presented. The behavior of the complete system is verified theoretically, by numerical simulation and experimental results, confirming the excellent performance of the proposed control strategy and method of design. The effects of parameter mismatch on system performance and stability are also discussed.

Este trabalho trata da retificação trifásica com elevado fator de potência. São mostradas algumas soluções encontradas na literatura. Dentre elas, optou-se pela utilização de um conversor trifásico autocomutado do tipo fonte de tensão (VSC), operando em modulação em largura de pulso (PWM). Apresenta-se a modelagem do conversor, que é utilizado para o projeto dos controladores responsáveis pelo rastreamento das correntes da rede CA e pela regulação da tensão CC. O projeto do controlador das correntes CA, baseado na estratégia de dead-beat, é mostrado de forma simples e intuitiva e é discutida a estabilidade deste controlador. O projeto do controlador PI utilizado para a regulação da tensão CC é baseado no modelo linearizado do conversor. É utilizado um algoritmo simples e eficiente para o bloco PLL, baseado na estratégia “dead-beat". O comportamento do sistema completo é verificado teoricamente, por simulações numéricas e resultados experimentais, confirmando o excelente desempenho das estratégias de controle e do método de projeto propostos. São discutidos ainda os efeitos da variação nos parâmetros no desempenho e na estabilidade do sistema. / This study investigates three-phase rectifiers with high power factor. Some existing solutions in the literature are presented. One of them, the three-phase voltage source converter (VSC) rectifier with pulse width modulation (PWM) is chosen to be used. Converter modeling is presented and used to design a mains current tracking controller and a DC voltage regulator. AC current controlling based on the deadbeat strategy is presented in a simple and intuitive way, and the stability of this controller is discussed. The DC side PI controller is designed based on the linearized model of the converter. A simple and efficient PLL block algorithm, based on the deadbeat strategy is presented. The behavior of the complete system is verified theoretically, by numerical simulation and experimental results, confirming the excellent performance of the proposed control strategy and method of design. The effects of parameter mismatch on system performance and stability are also discussed.

The primary focus of this thesis is to present a simple and practical implementation of an optimal-time response controller for multiphase interleaved dc-dc SMPS. This novel solution enables equal current sharing between phases not only in steady-state, but also during load transients, as well as bump-less transition between those two states. A digital voltage loop and multiple analog peak current programmed mode current loops are combined to implement a capacitor charge balance control algorithm with fairly simple hardware. This algorithm provides recovery from a disturbance in a single on-off switching action, which is performed in virtually the fastest possible time. The hybrid interface between the loops is provided through a structure combining a sample-and-hold circuit and a relatively slow successive-approximation DAC that provides control signals for all the loops in the system. Furthermore, for operation under light load conditions, the controller automatically switches into simply implemented pulse-frequency mode of operation.

The primary focus of this thesis is to present a simple and practical implementation of an optimal-time response controller for multiphase interleaved dc-dc SMPS. This novel solution enables equal current sharing between phases not only in steady-state, but also during load transients, as well as bump-less transition between those two states. A digital voltage loop and multiple analog peak current programmed mode current loops are combined to implement a capacitor charge balance control algorithm with fairly simple hardware. This algorithm provides recovery from a disturbance in a single on-off switching action, which is performed in virtually the fastest possible time. The hybrid interface between the loops is provided through a structure combining a sample-and-hold circuit and a relatively slow successive-approximation DAC that provides control signals for all the loops in the system. Furthermore, for operation under light load conditions, the controller automatically switches into simply implemented pulse-frequency mode of operation.

Increasing power density of switch mode power supplies, by increasing their switching frequency has becoming a challenging obstacle for EMI mitigation. The passive EMI suppression technique has always been the primary solution to fulfill the EMC requirement in terms of conducted emission limits. However, the call for stringent power supplies specifications renders the passive techniques less desirable, due to their increasing size and power losses. In other words, the greater the power density of the converter, the bigger the passive filter. Other suppression techniques such as the spread spectrum frequency modulation (SSFM), and soft switching, prove to have less performance and much complex to implement. The active analog EMI filters provide the basic noise suppression technique; however, their performance is dramatically impeded at higher frequency. This solution requires an additional small size passive filter to complete the EMC spectrum for conducted emissions. Digital active filtering techniques offer advantages of flexibility, fewer external components and reduced overall size and power losses as compared to conventional passive filtering techniques. In this thesis DSP-based and FPGA-based EMI control techniques to mitigate the conducted emissions of switch mode power converters are proposed. These techniques are implemented in-lieu of the passive filtering techniques, by keeping equal or better performance. Moreover, these solutions can be configured as a stand-alone or integrated into the converter digital controller algorithm. Finally, the proposed solutions are implemented into three types of power converters, namely, a AC-DC power factor corrected converter, DC-AC micro-inverter for Photovoltaic application, and DC-DC for Electric Vehicle (EV) battery charger. Analytical, simulation and experimental results are provided to verify the proposed solutions. / Thesis (Ph.D, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2011-11-07 10:48:49.191

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματεύεται το σχεδιασμό και την κατασκευή διάταξης για τον έλεγχο κινητήρα ενός ηλεκτροκίνητου οχήματος με στόχο την εξοικονόμηση ενέργειας. Η εργασία αυτή εκπονήθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Ηλεκτρομηχανικής Μετατροπής Ενέργειας του Τμήματος Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών της Πολυτεχνικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Κύριος σκοπός της διπλωματικής αυτής εργασίας είναι η κατασκευή ηλεκτρονικών μετατροπέων ισχύος που θα μας επιτρέψουν τον έλεγχο της τάσης διέγερσης και της τάσης τυμπάνου σε μια μηχανή Συνεχούς Ρεύματος ξένης διέγερσης. Απώτερος στόχος είναι η πειραματική επιβεβαίωση της θεωρίας που αναπτύχθηκε στη διδακτορική διατριβή του Ε. Ρίκου, «Μέθοδοι Εξοικονόμησης Ενέργειας σε Ηλεκτροκίνητα Οχήματα», Πανεπιστήμιο Πατρών, Τμήμα Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών, Πάτρα 2005. Αρχικά εξετάζονται οι σχέσεις που περιγράφουν τις απώλειες ισχύος που παράγονται κατά τη λειτουργία του ηλεκτροκίνητου οχήματος, καθώς και το πώς μεταβάλλονται αυτές συναρτήσει δύο μεγεθών: του λόγου μετάδοσης του κιβωτίου ταχυτήτων λ και της μαγνητικής ροής στον κινητήρα CΦ. Όπως αναφέρθηκε, ο κινητήρας με τον οποίο γίνεται η μελέτη είναι κινητήρας συνεχούς ρεύματος, τα αποτελέσματα όμως μπορούν να επεκταθούν και για άλλα είδη κινητήρα, όπως σε τριφασικό ασύγχρονο τροφοδοτούμενο από αντιστροφέα τάσης ελεγχόμενο μέσω της μεθόδου του διανυσματικού ελέγχου. Στη συνέχεια προσδιορίζεται νόμος ελέγχου της μαγνητικής ροής και του λόγου μετάδοσης στο κιβώτιο έτσι ώστε να πετυχαίνουμε τη μέγιστη δυνατή εξοικονόμηση ενέργειας. Οι βέλτιστες τιμές της μαγνητικής ροής και του λόγου μετάδοσης στο κιβώτιο είναι συναρτήσεις της ταχύτητας του οχήματος και της δύναμης που αυτό δέχεται. Το επόμενο βήμα είναι η επιβεβαίωση της θεωρητικής μελέτης μέσω προσομοίωσης, η οποία γίνεται σε περιβάλλον Matlab/Simulink. Τέλος, μελετάται και κατασκευάζεται στο εργαστήριο η πειραματική διάταξη, με τη χρήση της οποίας διεξάγονται μετρήσεις για την επιβεβαίωση και αξιολόγηση της θεωρητικής μελέτης. / This degree thesis the design discourse the analysis and manufacture of a device for controlling an electric vehicle motor in order to save energy. The work was conducted in the Laboratory of Electromechanical Energy Conversion, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Patras. The main purpose of this work is the construction of power electronic converters that will allow us to control the excitation voltage and the armature voltage of a separate excitation Direct Current Machine. The ultimate goal is the experimental confirmation of the theory developed in the doctoral thesis of E. Ricos, “Methods of Energy Saving in Electric Vehicles”, University of Patras, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Patras 2005. Initially, we consider the relations describing the power losses generated during the operation of an electric vehicle, and how they vary according to two sizes: the gear ratio λ, and the magnetic flux CΦ of the motor. As mentioned, the engine of making this study is a DC motor, but the results can be extended to other types of motors such as asynchronous three-phase voltage supplied from inverter controlled by the method of vector control. Then, we determine control laws for the magnetic flux and the transmission ratio in the gearbox so that we achieve maximum energy savings. The best values of magnetic flux and the transmission ratio in the box are expected to be functions of the vehicle speed and the force under which the vehicle is subjected. The next step is to confirm the theory by computer simulation, which takes place in an environment of Matlab/Simulink environment. Finally, the design and manufacturing of the laboratory experimental set-up is being studied, in order to carry out the measurements required to confirm and evaluate the theory.

Τα τελευταία χρόνια οι ανανεώσιμες πηγές ενέργειας είναι ένας τομέας που παρουσιάζει αλματώδη ανάπτυξη. Οι συνεχώς αυξανόμενες απαιτήσεις σε ενέργεια, αλλά και σε θέματα προστασίας του περιβάλλοντος, έχουν οδηγήσει στην ανάπτυξη αυτή. Στην εργασία αυτή γίνεται μελέτη των τεχνολογιών που χρησιμοποιούνται στους μετατροπείς ισχύος, για σύνδεση ανανεώσιμων συστημάτων παραγωγής ενέργειας στο δίκτυο. Αρχικά, θα παρουσιαστούν τοπολογίες μετατροπέων ισχύος για σύνδεση με το δίκτυο φωτοβολταικών (ΦΒ) συστημάτων παραγωγής ενέργειας. Ο μετατροπέας ισχύος, που λειτουργεί ως αντιστροφέας στην περίπτωση σύνδεσης με το δίκτυο ΦΒ συστημάτων, είναι το κυριότερο στοιχείο του συστήματος γιατί μετατρέπει την DC ισχύ που παράγεται από το ΦΒ σύστημα σε AC ισχύ, που παρέχεται στο δίκτυο. Για τη σύνδεση διανεμημένων συστημάτων παραγωγής ενέργειας με το δίκτυο πρέπει να πληρούνται ορισμένες προϋποθέσεις, έτσι ώστε να διασφαλισθεί ασφαλής και συνεχής ροή ισχύος στο δίκτυο. Οι προϋποθέσεις που απαιτούνται παρουσιάζονται στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο. Το ηλεκτρικό δίκτυο είναι ένα δυναμικό σύστημα, του οποίου η συμπεριφορά εξαρτάται από πολλούς παράγοντες. Συνεπώς, οι συδεδεμένοι στο δίκτυο μετατροπείς ισχύος θα πρέπει να είναι σχεδιασμένοι έτσι ώστε να εγγυώνται σταθερή λειτουργία υπό κανονικές συνθήκες τάσης. Ακόμα, πολύ σημαντικός είναι και ο σχεδιασμός αλγόριθμων ελέγχου οι οποίοι εγγυώνται ασφαλή και σθεναρή λειτουργία κατά τη διάρκεια σφαλμάτων. Η AC ισχύς που παρέχεται στο δίκτυο, υπό κανονικές συνθήκες, πρέπει να είναι συγχρονισμένη με αυτό. Οι μέθοδοι συγχρονισμού του AC ρεύματος του μετατροπέα, που παρέχει την ισχύ στο δίκτυο, παρουσιάζονται στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζεται το φαινόμενο της νησιδοποίησης. Δίνονται λόγοι για τους οποίους το φαινόμενο αυτό είναι ανεπιθύμητο σε ΦΒ συστήματα συνδεδεμένα στο δίκτυο. Στη συνέχεια παρουσιάζονται τεχνολογίες που ανιχνεύουν το φαινόμενο ώστε να αποσυνδέσουν το σύστημα από το δίκτυο. Τέλος, στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο, παρουσιάζονται στρατηγικές υλοποίησης ελεγκτών, ώστε υπό μη κανονικές συνθήκες οι μετατροπείς ισχύος να παρέχουν την απαιτούμενη στήριξη στο δίκτυο. / In the last few years, renewable energy sources have experienced swift growth, due to the evergrowing needs for energy and environmental concerns. In the present, the technologies used in grid connected power converters for renewable energy sources are studied. In the first chapter, widely used topologies for grid connected power converters, mainly used in photovoltaic (PV) systems, are presented. The power converter, which in this case functions as an inverter, is the key element in grid connected PV systems. This is beacause it is used to convert the DC power generated by PV panels into grid-synchronized AC power. Grid connected PV systems have to comply with requirements, so that safe and seamless tranfer of electrical energy is ensured. These requiremnts are presented in the second chapter. The electrical grid is a dynamical system, whose behaviour depends upon many factors. As a consequence, grid connected power converters should be designed in such way, so that proper operation under generic grid voltage conditions is guaranteed. Furthermore, control algorithms which can guarantee a robust and safe performane under abnorman grid conditions is a key factor in the design of grid connected power converters. The AC power delivered to the grid from a renewable energy source, under generic grid conditions, should be synchronised with a grid parameter. Grid synchronization methods for the regulation of the AC currents or voltages supplied to the grid by the power converter (in PV systems) are presented in the third chapter. In the fourth chapter, the condition of islanding is presented. The reasons why the islanding condition is unwanted in PV systems are mentioned and anti-islanding methods are discussed. Finally, in the fifth chapter, implementation methods of controllers that can guarantee the support to the grid by the power converter, under unbalanced grid conditions, are presented.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματεύεται τη μελέτη μίας διάταξης ανεμογεννήτριας 1kW με σύγχρονη μηχανή μόνιμων μαγνητών και με ανορθωτική γέφυρα διόδων στην έξοδό της καθώς και τη διασύνδεση αυτής με το εναλλασσόμενο δίκτυο χαμηλής τάσης. Επιπρόσθετα πραγματεύεται την κατασκευή του ανυψωτή τάσης που ενσωματώνεται στην εν λόγω τοπολογία. Η εργασία αυτή εκπονήθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Ηλεκτρομηχανικής Μετατροπής Ενέργειας του Τμήματος Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών της Πολυτεχνικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Απώτερος σκοπός της εργασίας είναι η συνολική κατασκευή μίας διάταξης δύο βαθμίδων για τη διασύνδεση της ανεμογεννήτριας με το δίκτυο χαμηλής τάσης. Οι διατάξεις αυτές περιλαμβάνουν μια πρώτη βαθμίδα ανύψωσης της τάσης της ανεμογεννήτριας μέσω της οποίας εκτελείται ένας αλγόριθμος εύρεσης του σημείου μέγιστης ισχύος της ανεμογεννήτριας (MPPT) και μια δεύτερη βαθμίδα που μετατρέπει τη συνεχή τάση σε εναλλασσόμενη (αντιστροφέας) και διατηρεί σταθερή την τάση στον πυκνωτή διασύνδεσης που παρεμβάλλεται μεταξύ των δύο βαθμίδων με έλεγχο της ενεργού ισχύος που εγχέει στο δίκτυο, ενώ παράλληλα παράγει ρεύμα συμφασικό με την τάση του δικτύου (μοναδιαίος συντελεστής ισχύος). Η πρώτη βαθμίδα αποτελεί αντικείμενο της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας, ενώ η δεύτερη υλοποιήθηκε στα πλαίσια της διπλωματικής εργασίας του συναδέλφου Γ. Πυρρή. Αρχικά παρουσιάζονται τα πλεονεκτήματα και οι δυσκολίες στην εκμετάλλευση ανανεώσιμων πηγών ενέργειας και ιδιαίτερα της αιολικής, ενώ παρατίθενται και συγκρίνονται οι τεχνολογίες διασύνδεσης ανεμογεννητριών στο δίκτυο χαμηλής, μέσης και υψηλής τάσης στοχεύοντας στο να δοθεί στον αναγνώστη μια σφαιρική άποψη του υπό μελέτη θέματος. Στη συνέχεια παραθέτουμε μια θεωρητική ανάλυση όλων των εμπλεκομένων μονάδων της τοπολογίας. Ιδιαίτερη βαρύτητα δίνεται στην ανάλυση της λειτουργίας του ανυψωτή τάσης. Επόμενο βήμα αποτέλεσε η διαστασιολόγηση ολόκληρου του υπό μελέτη συστήματος, η μελέτη μεθόδων ελέγχου μέγιστης απομάστευσης ισχύος και η προσομοίωση του συστήματος. Τέλος αναλύουμε τη διαδικασία υλοποίησης του ανυψωτή τάσης και παραθέτουμε παλμογραφήματα και μετρήσεις που προέκυψαν από τα πειράματα που διενεργήσαμε μετά την ολοκλήρωση της κατασκευής σε εργαστηριακό περιβάλλον. / The current thesis deals with the study of a module of a wind generator 1kW with a synchronous permanent magnet machine and a diode rectifier in its output and its interconnection to the low voltage AC grid. Furthermore the thesis deals with the construction of the boost converter that is connected to this topology. This thesis was conducted in the Laboratory of Electromechanical Energy Conversion, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering School of Engineering, University of Patras. The outer purpose of this study is the construction of a two-stage topology for the interconnection of the wind genereator to the low voltage grid. The topology consist of a first stage that boosts the voltage of the wind generator while a maximum power point tracking algorithm (MPPT) is executed and of a second stage that converts the direct voltage to alternative (inverter) and maintains the voltage of the link capacitor that is between the two stages with control of the active power that is injected to the grid, while producing current that has the same phase as the voltage grid (unitary power coefficient). The first stage is object of the current thesis, while the second was constructed in the thesis of workmate G.Pyrris. Initially, are represented the advandages and disadvantages of the utilization of the renewable energy sources and especially the wind energy, while different technologies for interpolation of wind generators to the low, medium and high voltage grid are represented and compared in order to give to the reader a global idea of the subject. Consequently a theoretical analysis of all the related modules is cited. Special reference was given to the analysis of the boost converter. Next step was the dimensioning of the whole system, the study of maximum power point tracking methods and the simulation of the system. Finally, the procedure of the boost converter’s construction is elaborated and pulse waves and measurements that were extracted during the experiments that were conducted in laboratory environment are represented .

abstract: A workload-aware low-power neuromorphic controller for dynamic power and thermal management in VLSI systems is presented. The neuromorphic controller predicts future workload and temperature values based on the past values and CPU performance counters and preemptively regulates supply voltage and frequency. System-level measurements from stateof-the-art commercial microprocessors are used to get workload, temperature and CPU performance counter values. The controller is designed and simulated using circuit-design and synthesis tools. At device-level, on-chip planar inductors suffer from low inductance occupying large chip area. On-chip inductors with integrated magnetic materials are designed, simulated and fabricated to explore performance-efficiency trade offs and explore potential applications such as resonant clocking and on-chip voltage regulation. A system level study is conducted to evaluate the effect of on-chip voltage regulator employing magnetic inductors as the output filter. It is concluded that neuromorphic power controller is beneficial for fine-grained per-core power management in conjunction with on-chip voltage regulators utilizing scaled magnetic inductors. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Electrical Engineering 2011

Wireless backhaul communication and power transfer can make the deployment of outdoor small cells (SCs) more cost effective; thus, their rapid densification can be enabled. For the first time, solar cells can be leveraged for the two-fold function of energy harvesting (EH) and high speed optical wireless communication. In this thesis, two complementary concepts for power provision to SCs are researched using solar cells – the optical wireless power transfer (OWPT) in the nighttime and solar EH during daytime. A harvested power of 1W is considered to be required for an autonomous SC operation. The conditions of darkness – worst case scenario – are initially selected, because the SC needs to harvest power in the absence of ambient light. The best case scenario of daytime SC EH from sunlight is then explored to determine the required battery size and the additional power from optical sources. As a first approach, an indoor 5m experimental link is created using a white light-emitting diode for OWPT to an amorphous silicon (Si) solar panel. Despite the use of a large mirror for collimation, the harvested power and energy efficiency of the link are measured to be only 18:3mW and 0:1%, respectively. Up to five red laser diodes (LDs) with lenses and crystalline Si (c-Si) cells are used in a follow-up study to increase the link efficiency. A maximum power efficiency of 3:2% is measured for a link comprising two LDs and a mono-c-Si cell, and the efficiency of all of its components is determined. Also, the laser system is shown to achieve an improvement of the energy efficiency by 2:7 times compared with a state-of-the-art inductive power transfer system with dipole coils. Since the harvested power is only 25:7mW, an analytical model for an elliptical Gaussian beam is developed to determine the required number of LDs for harvesting 1W; this shows an estimated number of 61 red LDs with 50mW of output optical power per device. However, a beam enclosure of the developed Class 3B laser system of up to a 3:6m distance is required for eye safety. A simulation study is conducted in Zemax for the design of an outdoor 100m infrared wireless link able to harvest 1W under clear weather conditions. Harvesting 1:2W and meeting eye safety regulations for Class 1 are shown to be feasible by a 1550 nm laser link. The required number of laser power converters is estimated to be 47 with an area of 5 5mm2 per device. Also, the dimensions of the transmitter and receiver are considered to be acceptable for the practical application of SC EH. In the last part of this thesis, two multi-c-Si solar panels are initially used for EH in an outdoor environment during daytime. The power supply of at least 1W is shown to be achievable during hour periods under sunny and cloudy conditions. A maximum average power of 4:1W is measured in the partial presence of clouds using a 10W solar panel. Since the variability of weather conditions induces the harvested power to fluctuate with values of mW, the use of optical sources is required in periods of insufficient solar EH for SCs. Therefore, a hybrid solar/laser based EH design is proposed for a continuous annual SC provision of 1Win ‘darker’ places on earth such as Edinburgh, UK. The 10W multi-c-Si solar panel and the 1550 nm laser link are considered; thus, the feasibility of supplying the SC with at least 1Wper hour monthly using a battery with energy content of only 60Wh is shown through simulations. A maximum monthly average harvested power of 824mW is shown to be required by the 1550 nm laser system that has already been overachieved through simulations in Zemax.