O presente trabalho tem como objetivo compreender o processo de construção de uma performance através da observação do estudo de flautistas profissionais que atuam em orquestras brasileiras. Para isso, foram selecionados três flautistas com o cargo de 1ª flauta. Foram utilizadas as técnicas de pesquisa, entrevistas semiestruturadas e gravações das sessões de estudo, nas quais os flautistas foram incentivados a mencionar os problemas com os quais se deparavam e como faziam para resolvê-los, no solo inicial do Choros nº 6, de Heitor Villa-Lobos. O referencial teórico foi construído através do estudo de modelos das pesquisas empíricas existentes na área e, a partir dele, foi elaborado um modelo próprio de análise. Dessa forma, foi possível identificar as estratégias de estudo utilizadas por cada um dos participantes e verificar qual a importância dada a cada uma delas, além de analisar a construção de cada performance, utilizando como referência o estudo de Chaffin e Imreh (2001). Entendemos que cada flautista, apesar de variadas semelhanças, construiu o seu estudo de forma diferenciada, uma vez que cada participante se atentou para um aspecto diferente de cada dimensão. As estratégias de estudos muitas vezes se repetiram durante a prática dos flautistas; entretanto, estratégias individuais também foram observadas. Além disso, é importante ressaltar que algumas dessas estratégias são específicas para o instrumento estudado. / The purpose of this study is to understand the process of building a performance by observing the practice of professional flutists working in Brazilian orchestras. Therefore, three principal flutists were selected. Technical research, semi-structured interviews and recordings of study sessions were used, in which the participants were encouraged to mention the problems they faced while performing the solo section of the Choros nº 6 solo by Heitor Villa-Lobos and how they solved them. The theoretical framework was based on studying models of empirical research in the area from which we built our own analytical model to identify the practice strategies used by each of the participants and check the importance given to each of the strategies, as well as analyzing the construction of each performance using the study by Chaffin and Imreh (2001). We understand that each flutist built his practice differently, since each participant focused on a separate aspect of each dimension. The study strategies were often repeated during the study. However, individual strategies were used by each participant in their own practice. We observed that some strategies are specific to the instrument in study.

Neste trabalho discutimos três estudos de caso com o objetivo de investigar empiricamente a modelagem como ferramenta de estudo no desenvolvimento musical e pianístico de alunos do Bacharelado em Instrumento/Piano da UFRGS. Durante a pesquisa, cada um dos três participantes foi instruído a ouvir atentamente uma gravação de pianista de renome internacional como modelo a ser seguido. Na etapa da coleta de dados, os participantes realizaram três gravações de dois trechos contrastantes de uma obra do seu repertório e gravaram cinco entrevistas semiestruturadas. A análise dos dados baseou-se nos relatos sobre as preocupações referentes aos trechos escolhidos, nas reflexões sobre os efeitos da modelagem, na observação das características de suas interpretações após a modelagem e na análise do andamento e da condução do tempo musical. Para isso, utilizamos o software Sonic Visualiser. A análise de dados juntamente com o conjunto de entrevistas individuais comprovam nossa hipótese de que a modelagem incrementa e amplia os recursos expressivos dos participantes, incentiva a autonomia e individualidade de suas interpretações e potencializa a audição crítica e a reflexão sobre processos de estudo. / This research presents three case studies aiming at empirically investigating modeling as a learning tool for the musical and pianistic development of undergraduate students. Each one of the three students was instructed to critically listen to the recording of a famous pianist as a model to be followed. Data collection combined three recording sessions of two contrasting excerpts already in the students repertoire and five semi- structured interviews. The analysis of the resulting data was based on individual reports concerning the selected musical segments as well as their reflection on learning processes in relation to the model, observations of interpretive characteristics after the modeling and analysis of timing and choices of musical tempo. The chosen software was Sonic Visualiser. Data analysis in combination with the sets of individual interviews confirmed our initial hypothesis that modeling increases and widens the their interpretations, potentiates critical listening and promotes reflection on learning processes.

O presente estudo investigou a realização de atividades de leitura à primeira vista em diferentes contextos acadêmicos. Três estudos realizados entre 2014 e 2015 investigaram a implantação de exercícios preparatórios em tarefas de leitura à primeira vista de excertos retirados da literatura do violão. Os estudos, intitulados Estudos A, B e C, contaram com a participação de estudantes de cursos de nível básico, superior e pós-graduação. A incipiência aural afetou no resultado de tarefas de transcrição e execução de um trecho melódico e de composição melódica, sugerindo que os melhores desempenhos estiveram mais baseados na memória motora de localização das notas (Estudo A). A experiência musical e com o estudo de repertório por partituras demonstrou maior influência com os desempenhos, principalmente com a questão do componente aural (Estudo B). Atividades que influenciam no desenvolvimento da leitura à primeira vista foram relatadas pelos participantes, como tocar de ouvido e improvisar. No entanto, relataram não praticar a habilidade de forma sistemática. Um aspecto não considerado como influente afetou na percepção visual de um dos participantes (diferença de escrita entre o exercício e o excerto musical). Mesmo assim, sugere-se ter ocorrido transferência da informação motora armazenada na memória do exercício para o excerto. Participantes com melhores desempenhos apresentaram um equilíbrio de entre experiência musical e experiência de estudo de repertório por partituras (Estudo C). Ainda assim, diferentes níveis de execução da habilidade foram verificados, o que sugere a importância de um treinamento específico. Os participantes pertencentes à amostragem de curso superior demonstraram maior capacidade de otimização do tempo das sessões de estudo, bem como maior autonomia na execução dos mesmos. Isto sugere forte relação com o aumento da capacidade de retenção e decodificação da informação de entrada pelo aumento da experiência geral. / The present study investigated the application of sight-reading activities on different academic contexts. Three case studies, between 2014-2015, investigated the application of preparatory exercises prior to the task of sight-reading excerpts taken from the guitar literature. The participants in the studies, named Studies A, B and C, were high school, undergraduate and graduate students. Aural incipience impacted the result of transcription of a melodic line and melodic composition. It suggests that the best performances were based more on motor memory for note location (Study A). Musical experience in association with repertoire study by scores showed more influential on the performance, especially with the aural component (Study B). Participants related activities which influenced their development of sight-reading, such as playing by ear and improvising music. However, they admitted to not practicing sight-reading in a systematic manner. Differences between an exercise of one excerpt was an aspect not considered previously. Nevertheless, it was suggested that transfer of motor information stored in the memory occurred from the exercise to the excerpt. Participants with better sight- reading results demonstrated balance between musical experience and repertoire study by scores (Study C). However, different levels of skill performance were verified, suggesting the importance of specific training. College level participants showed more ability to optimize time in study sessions, as well as more autonomy to perform it. This suggests a strong relationship between the increase of the ability to retain and decode input data by increasing the general level of experience.

The role of the first violinist in a professional symphony orchestra is rarely only to perform. The position of concertmaster, at the professional level, generally constitutes a wide range of responsibilities and activities, not necessarily restricted to the realm of music-making. The present research utilized interviews with five concertmasters of professional Brazilian symphony orchestras in order to respond to the following questions: What is the role of the professional concertmaster? What musical and educational experiences defined the paths of current professional concertmasters in Brazil? What is the scope of their responsibilities as concertmaster? Lastly, what are the expectations of these concertmasters for the future of their own careers, of their Orchestras and of professional Brazilian symphony orchestras in general? After a systematic categorization, twenty-eight professional Brazilian symphony orchestras were identified. The concertmasters of fifteen of these twenty-eight orchestras were contacted with an invitation to participate in a recorded interview. Ultimately, the invitation was accepted by two current and three former professional concertmasters. Analysis of the information gathered through the interviews was further expanded by an investigation into the careers of 16 additional professional concertmasters from various countries who were cited in the present research but not personally interviewed. Several trends were revealed within the life paths and professional perspectives of the concertmasters. Of the five concertmasters interviewed in Brazil, four received musical training outside of South America during their formative years. All five serve or served as music educators in addition to their orchestral work: three at the university level and two with younger students. Only one of the five interviewees passed through a strictly traditional audition process in order to assume the position of concertmaster. Of the 21 professional concertmasters about whom data was collected (including the five interviewees), at least sixteen held the position of concertmaster several times before assuming the role in a prominent orchestra. Five of the 21 concertmasters (including two of the five interviewees) eventually branched into the realm of symphonic conducting, while at least twelve of the 21 did not. Seventeen are or were employed as music professors at the university level. All 21 of the violinists cited within the present research performed solo and/or chamber music regularly throughout their orchestral careers. Ultimately, the interviewees emphasized the following four characteristics as the basic requirements of effective concertmastership at the professional level: (1) technical ability, (2) two-way respect of colleagues, (3) natural leadership/firmness, and (4) a supportive relationship with the conductor.

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar estratégias de estudo para a parte de violino da Primeira Sonata-Fantasia, Désespérance, para violino e piano de Heitor Villa- Lobos. A prática é o caminho que o instrumentista usa para desenvolver habilidades como ritmo e afinação, articulação e demais demandas expressivas da obra. O foco da prática instrumental está no uso de estratégias adequadas para vencer aspectos técnicos de determinados repertórios. Este trabalho expõe estratégias de estudo baseadas nas propostas dos professores de violino Robert Gerle e Simon Fischer nos livros: The Art of Practising The Violin e The Art of Bowing Practice, do primeiro, e nos livros Basics e Practice do último. As estratégias apresentadas são exercícios específicos, utilizados pela autora, para o desenvolvimento dos aspectos técnicos contidos na Sonata-Fantasia tais como arpejos e escalas com andamentos rápidos, cordas duplas, acordes de três ou quatro notas e trechos de harmônicos artificiais. / This research investigates violin practice strategies applicable to Heitor Villa-Lobos‟s Sonata-Fantasy No. 1, Désespérance, for Violin and Piano. Instrumentalists develop the abilities needed to execute various instrumental techniques, through specific practice methods. Thus, the focus of instrumental practice is the use of appropriate strategies to overcome technical difficulties within the studied repertoire. Departing from the extensive pedagogical works of violinists Robert Gerle and Simon Fischer, this article presents the violin practice strategies applied by the author to develop the technical abilities required to perform the Sonata-Fantasia, such as: arpeggios, scales in fast tempo, double-stops, chords of three and four notes and artificial harmonics.

A presente pesquisa buscou identificar estratégias de aprendizado utilizadas por flautistas, alunos do curso de graduação em música da UFRGS, no preparo de um excerto orquestral. O referencial teórico foi um estudo de caso realizado por Nielsen (1999) intitulado “Learning strategies in instrumental music practice” no qual a autora se propõe a identificar a utilização de estratégias de aprendizado por dois estudantes de órgão no preparo de uma obra musical. O presente trabalho buscou identificar e classificar possíveis estratégias utilizadas pelos flautistas em seu estudo individual bem como fazer uma reflexão envolvendo o esquema proposto por Nielsen (1999) e suas relações com as estratégias utilizadas pelos flautistas. Os participantes foram sete alunos-flautistas da graduação da UFRGS, e o excerto trabalhado foram os quatro primeiros compassos da obra “Prélude à l’après midi d’un faune”, do compositor Claude-Achille Debussy. A metodologia utilizada se constituiu na coleta de relatos verbais, na observação do comportamento e em entrevista semi-estruturada dos participantes, todos com registro em vídeo. A análise dos dados foi feita qualitativamente, tendo-se chegado à conclusão de que os flautistas utilizam estratégias de aprendizado, aplicam-nas de maneira coerente à resolução pretendida dos problemas, ao passo que essas se diferem daquelas identificadas em pesquisas com pianistas e organistas. / This research aimed to identify learning strategies utilized by flute graduate students in the preparation of an orchestral excerpt to be played in a final exam. The theoretical framework was constituted by Nielsen’s case study ‘Learning strategies in instrumental music practice’ (1999), in wich the author aimed to identify learning strategies used by two organ students in their preparation of a piece to be performed. More specifically, this work aimed to identify possible strategies as these were used by the students in their individual practice, classify these strategies into categories as well as provide a reflexion on the correspondence of the strategies identified with those proposed by Nielsen (1999) in her research. Seven flute graduate students at The Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, at Porto Alegre, Brazil, were videotaped as they worked through the first four bars of Debussy’s “Prélude à l’après midi d’un faune”, providing verbal reports throughout their practice, wich constituted data for this research, along with their observed behavior as well as a semi-structured interview that took place at the end of data collecting period. Data was analysed qualitatively. The analysis showed the use of learning strategies by the students, as well as a rather coherent aplication of them as these were utlilized in the solving of problems. Meanwhile, the strategies used by the flutists differed of those used by pianists and organists.

The role of the first violinist in a professional symphony orchestra is rarely only to perform. The position of concertmaster, at the professional level, generally constitutes a wide range of responsibilities and activities, not necessarily restricted to the realm of music-making. The present research utilized interviews with five concertmasters of professional Brazilian symphony orchestras in order to respond to the following questions: What is the role of the professional concertmaster? What musical and educational experiences defined the paths of current professional concertmasters in Brazil? What is the scope of their responsibilities as concertmaster? Lastly, what are the expectations of these concertmasters for the future of their own careers, of their Orchestras and of professional Brazilian symphony orchestras in general? After a systematic categorization, twenty-eight professional Brazilian symphony orchestras were identified. The concertmasters of fifteen of these twenty-eight orchestras were contacted with an invitation to participate in a recorded interview. Ultimately, the invitation was accepted by two current and three former professional concertmasters. Analysis of the information gathered through the interviews was further expanded by an investigation into the careers of 16 additional professional concertmasters from various countries who were cited in the present research but not personally interviewed. Several trends were revealed within the life paths and professional perspectives of the concertmasters. Of the five concertmasters interviewed in Brazil, four received musical training outside of South America during their formative years. All five serve or served as music educators in addition to their orchestral work: three at the university level and two with younger students. Only one of the five interviewees passed through a strictly traditional audition process in order to assume the position of concertmaster. Of the 21 professional concertmasters about whom data was collected (including the five interviewees), at least sixteen held the position of concertmaster several times before assuming the role in a prominent orchestra. Five of the 21 concertmasters (including two of the five interviewees) eventually branched into the realm of symphonic conducting, while at least twelve of the 21 did not. Seventeen are or were employed as music professors at the university level. All 21 of the violinists cited within the present research performed solo and/or chamber music regularly throughout their orchestral careers. Ultimately, the interviewees emphasized the following four characteristics as the basic requirements of effective concertmastership at the professional level: (1) technical ability, (2) two-way respect of colleagues, (3) natural leadership/firmness, and (4) a supportive relationship with the conductor.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo compreender o processo de construção de uma performance através da observação do estudo de flautistas profissionais que atuam em orquestras brasileiras. Para isso, foram selecionados três flautistas com o cargo de 1ª flauta. Foram utilizadas as técnicas de pesquisa, entrevistas semiestruturadas e gravações das sessões de estudo, nas quais os flautistas foram incentivados a mencionar os problemas com os quais se deparavam e como faziam para resolvê-los, no solo inicial do Choros nº 6, de Heitor Villa-Lobos. O referencial teórico foi construído através do estudo de modelos das pesquisas empíricas existentes na área e, a partir dele, foi elaborado um modelo próprio de análise. Dessa forma, foi possível identificar as estratégias de estudo utilizadas por cada um dos participantes e verificar qual a importância dada a cada uma delas, além de analisar a construção de cada performance, utilizando como referência o estudo de Chaffin e Imreh (2001). Entendemos que cada flautista, apesar de variadas semelhanças, construiu o seu estudo de forma diferenciada, uma vez que cada participante se atentou para um aspecto diferente de cada dimensão. As estratégias de estudos muitas vezes se repetiram durante a prática dos flautistas; entretanto, estratégias individuais também foram observadas. Além disso, é importante ressaltar que algumas dessas estratégias são específicas para o instrumento estudado. / The purpose of this study is to understand the process of building a performance by observing the practice of professional flutists working in Brazilian orchestras. Therefore, three principal flutists were selected. Technical research, semi-structured interviews and recordings of study sessions were used, in which the participants were encouraged to mention the problems they faced while performing the solo section of the Choros nº 6 solo by Heitor Villa-Lobos and how they solved them. The theoretical framework was based on studying models of empirical research in the area from which we built our own analytical model to identify the practice strategies used by each of the participants and check the importance given to each of the strategies, as well as analyzing the construction of each performance using the study by Chaffin and Imreh (2001). We understand that each flutist built his practice differently, since each participant focused on a separate aspect of each dimension. The study strategies were often repeated during the study. However, individual strategies were used by each participant in their own practice. We observed that some strategies are specific to the instrument in study.

Neste trabalho discutimos três estudos de caso com o objetivo de investigar empiricamente a modelagem como ferramenta de estudo no desenvolvimento musical e pianístico de alunos do Bacharelado em Instrumento/Piano da UFRGS. Durante a pesquisa, cada um dos três participantes foi instruído a ouvir atentamente uma gravação de pianista de renome internacional como modelo a ser seguido. Na etapa da coleta de dados, os participantes realizaram três gravações de dois trechos contrastantes de uma obra do seu repertório e gravaram cinco entrevistas semiestruturadas. A análise dos dados baseou-se nos relatos sobre as preocupações referentes aos trechos escolhidos, nas reflexões sobre os efeitos da modelagem, na observação das características de suas interpretações após a modelagem e na análise do andamento e da condução do tempo musical. Para isso, utilizamos o software Sonic Visualiser. A análise de dados juntamente com o conjunto de entrevistas individuais comprovam nossa hipótese de que a modelagem incrementa e amplia os recursos expressivos dos participantes, incentiva a autonomia e individualidade de suas interpretações e potencializa a audição crítica e a reflexão sobre processos de estudo. / This research presents three case studies aiming at empirically investigating modeling as a learning tool for the musical and pianistic development of undergraduate students. Each one of the three students was instructed to critically listen to the recording of a famous pianist as a model to be followed. Data collection combined three recording sessions of two contrasting excerpts already in the students repertoire and five semi- structured interviews. The analysis of the resulting data was based on individual reports concerning the selected musical segments as well as their reflection on learning processes in relation to the model, observations of interpretive characteristics after the modeling and analysis of timing and choices of musical tempo. The chosen software was Sonic Visualiser. Data analysis in combination with the sets of individual interviews confirmed our initial hypothesis that modeling increases and widens the their interpretations, potentiates critical listening and promotes reflection on learning processes.

O presente estudo investigou a realização de atividades de leitura à primeira vista em diferentes contextos acadêmicos. Três estudos realizados entre 2014 e 2015 investigaram a implantação de exercícios preparatórios em tarefas de leitura à primeira vista de excertos retirados da literatura do violão. Os estudos, intitulados Estudos A, B e C, contaram com a participação de estudantes de cursos de nível básico, superior e pós-graduação. A incipiência aural afetou no resultado de tarefas de transcrição e execução de um trecho melódico e de composição melódica, sugerindo que os melhores desempenhos estiveram mais baseados na memória motora de localização das notas (Estudo A). A experiência musical e com o estudo de repertório por partituras demonstrou maior influência com os desempenhos, principalmente com a questão do componente aural (Estudo B). Atividades que influenciam no desenvolvimento da leitura à primeira vista foram relatadas pelos participantes, como tocar de ouvido e improvisar. No entanto, relataram não praticar a habilidade de forma sistemática. Um aspecto não considerado como influente afetou na percepção visual de um dos participantes (diferença de escrita entre o exercício e o excerto musical). Mesmo assim, sugere-se ter ocorrido transferência da informação motora armazenada na memória do exercício para o excerto. Participantes com melhores desempenhos apresentaram um equilíbrio de entre experiência musical e experiência de estudo de repertório por partituras (Estudo C). Ainda assim, diferentes níveis de execução da habilidade foram verificados, o que sugere a importância de um treinamento específico. Os participantes pertencentes à amostragem de curso superior demonstraram maior capacidade de otimização do tempo das sessões de estudo, bem como maior autonomia na execução dos mesmos. Isto sugere forte relação com o aumento da capacidade de retenção e decodificação da informação de entrada pelo aumento da experiência geral. / The present study investigated the application of sight-reading activities on different academic contexts. Three case studies, between 2014-2015, investigated the application of preparatory exercises prior to the task of sight-reading excerpts taken from the guitar literature. The participants in the studies, named Studies A, B and C, were high school, undergraduate and graduate students. Aural incipience impacted the result of transcription of a melodic line and melodic composition. It suggests that the best performances were based more on motor memory for note location (Study A). Musical experience in association with repertoire study by scores showed more influential on the performance, especially with the aural component (Study B). Participants related activities which influenced their development of sight-reading, such as playing by ear and improvising music. However, they admitted to not practicing sight-reading in a systematic manner. Differences between an exercise of one excerpt was an aspect not considered previously. Nevertheless, it was suggested that transfer of motor information stored in the memory occurred from the exercise to the excerpt. Participants with better sight- reading results demonstrated balance between musical experience and repertoire study by scores (Study C). However, different levels of skill performance were verified, suggesting the importance of specific training. College level participants showed more ability to optimize time in study sessions, as well as more autonomy to perform it. This suggests a strong relationship between the increase of the ability to retain and decode input data by increasing the general level of experience.