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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Cytochrome P450 et inflammation : approche pharmacogénomique et aspects moleculaires des effets anti-inflammatoires des thiénopyridines / Cytochrome P450 and inflammation : pharmacogenomic approach and molecular aspects of anti-inflammatory effects of theinopyridines

Shahabi, Payman 12 September 2013 (has links)
Cette thèse est dédiée à l'approche pharmacogénétique des effets anti-inflammatoires de la thérapie par les thiénopyridines. Prenant en compte que les plaquettes activées jouent un rôle central dans les états inflammatoires et que des polymorphismes du cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 ont été montré responsable de différences inter individuelle dans la réponse de l'effet antiplaquettaire de thiénopyridines, nous avons émis l'hypothèse que CYP2C19 *2 ou *17 sont également associés à la variabilité interindividuelle du potentiel antiinflammatoire des thiénopyridines. Les marqueurs d'inflammation utilisés pour suivre l'effet des thiénopyridines sont : la CRP, l'haptoglobines et l'orosomucoïde. Nous avons démontré que pour interpréter les valeurs de l'haptoglobine il était nécessaire de tenir compte du statut génétique et obtenir des valeurs de référence stratifiés. D'abord dans une population saine, nous n'avons pas trouvé d'association entre les valeurs de base des marqueurs inflammatoires et les polymorphismes fréquents de CYP époxygenases. Dans une population après intervention coronarienne percutanée qui était composée de 1128 sujets traités par clopidogrel ou prasugrel, le niveau de CRP observé a montré une interaction significative entre le tabac et le polymorphisme de CYP 2C19 ; cet effet est indépendant du niveau d'agrégation plaquettaire. Dans une 3ème population, sur plus de 1000 sujets hospitalisés à Coimbra, nous avons identifié une interaction entre le clopidogrel CYP2C19 et les médicaments bloqueurs des canaux calciques. En résumé, tous ces résultats obtenus sur plusieurs populations laissent envisager que les marqueurs d'inflammation pourraient être un moyen intéressant de suivi des patients lors de la thérapeutique par les thiénopyridines / The main part of the thesis is devoted to pharmacogenetic approach to the anti-inflammatory effects of thienopyridine therapy. Taking into the account that activated platelets play a central role in the inflammatory responses and that CYP2C19 gain- and loss-of-function polymorphisms (*2 and *17) are sources of inter-individual difference in response to the anti-platelet effects of thienopyridines, we hypothesized that *2 and/or *17 alleles are also associated with inter-individual variability in the potential inflammation-reducing effects of thienopyridines. The following markers were used to test the hypothesis: CRP, haptoglobin and orosomucoid acid. To be reliably interpretable in daily medical practice, genetic status should be considered for partitioning the reference values of haptoglobin. In a small healthy population, no significant association was observed between *2 allele and changes in levels of inflammatory markers from baseline to 7 days after administration of clopidogrel and our findings did not support the notion that the genetic variations of CYP epoxygenases are associated with the level of inflammatory markers. Also, in post-PCI population consisting of 1128 on-clopidogrel or on-prasugrel patients, CRP levels were observed to be regulated with a significant interaction between smoking and CYP2C19 polymorphisms; this effect was independent to the level of platelet aggregation. Additionally, in a large population of 1000 on-clopidogrel patients, whether there is a potential interaction between clopidogrel and calcium channel blockers. Collectively, we demonstrated in this thesis that inflammatory markers might be alternative tools for the prediction of response to thienopyridines
2

What Is the Appropriate Duration of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy?

Mospan, Cortney M. 01 January 2016 (has links)
Healthcare providers often are faced with the challenge of determining an appropriate length of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) for patients who have had percutaneous coronary intervention and stent placement. This is an especially challenging clinical decision for patients with drug-eluting stents, as several studies show different results when assessing risk and benefit.
3

Πρωτόκολλο μελέτης προσδιορισμού της αντιδραστικότητας των αιμοπεταλίων με τη συσκευή μέτρησης VerifyNow σε ασθενείς υπό αιμοκάθαρση : σύγκριση της διπλής δόσης κλοπιδογρέλης (150mg) έναντι πρασουγρέλης (10mg)

Παναγιώτου, Αγγελική 02 April 2014 (has links)
Η καρδιαγγειακή νοσηρότητα είναι πολύ υψηλή στους ασθενείς με Χρόνια Νεφρική Νόσο (ΧΝΝ) τελικού σταδίου οι οποίοι υποβάλλονται σε αιμοκάθαρση και πολλοί ασθενείς έχουν ένδειξη χορήγησης αντι-αιμοπεταλικής αγωγής. Παρόλα αυτά, η αυξημένη αντιδραστικότητα των αιμοπεταλίων είναι συχνή σε ασθενείς που υποβάλλονται σε αιμοκάθαρση. Σκοπός: Σκοπός της μελέτης είναι η σύγκριση της αποτελεσματικότητας της πρασουγρέλης σε σχέση με υψηλή δόση κλοπιδογρέλης σε ασθενείς οι οποίοι υποβάλλονται σε αιμοκάθαρση και παρουσιάζουν υψηλή αντιδραστικότητα αιμοπεταλίων. Υλικό/Μέθοδος: Προοπτική, τυχαιοποιημένη, διασταυρούμενη (cross-over) μελέτη που περιέλαβε 25 αιμοκαθαιρόμενους ασθενείς που λάμβαναν κλοπιδογρέλην σε δόση 75 mg/ημέρα. Οι 21 (84%) εξ αυτών παρουσίαζαν αυξημένη αντιδραστικότητα αιμοπεταλίων και τυχαιοποιήθηκαν σε πρασουγρέλη 10 mg/ημέρα ή κλοπιδογρέλη 150 mg/ημέρα. Οι μετρήσεις της αντιδραστικότητας έγιναν με τη συσκευή VerifyNow© (Accumetrics, San Diego, USA). Ως αυξημένη αντιδραστικότητα των αιμοπεταλίων καθορίστηκε η τιμή PRU (P2Y12 reaction units) ≥235. Επίσης μελετήθηκε η παρουσία του CYP2C19*2 loss-of-function αλληλίου ως πιθανού παράγοντα που σχετίζεται με την αντιδραστικότητα των αιμοπεταλίων. Αποτελέσματα: Το πρωτεύον καταληκτικό σημείο της αντιδραστικότητας των αιμοπεταλίων ήταν χαμηλότερο στους ασθενείς που έλαβαν πρασουγρέλη (least square 156,7, 95% CI 132,2-181,1) σε σχέση με όσους έλαβαν διπλή δόση κλοπιδογρέλης (least square 279,9, 95% CI 255,5-304,4, p<0,001). Η διαφορά ελαχίστων τετραγώνων μεταξύ των δύο ομάδων ήταν -113,4, 95% CI -152,9 έως -73,8, p<0,001 και -163,8, 95% CI -218,1 έως -109,2, p<0,001 σε μη φορείς και σε φορείς τουλάχιστον ενός CYP2C19*2 αλληλίου αντίστοιχα. Η αυξημένη αντιδραστικότητα ήταν χαμηλότερη στην πρασουγρέλη σε σχέση με την κλοπιδογρέλη σε όλους τους ασθενείς (19% έναντι 85,7%, p<0,001) και στους μη φορείς (25,7% έναντι 80%, p=0,003). Όλοι οι φορείς του αλληλίου που ήταν σε θεραπεία με διπλάσια δόση κλοπιδογρέλης συνέχιζαν να εμφανίζουν υψηλή αντιδραστικότητα των αιμοπεταλίων αλλά κανείς από τους λαμβάνοντες πρασουγρέλη (p=0,07). Συμπεράσματα: Σε ασθενείς που υποβάλλονται σε αιμοκάθαρση και εμφανίζουν αυξημένη αντιδραστικότητα αιμοπεταλίων στη συνήθη δόση κλοπιδογρέλης, ο διπλασιασμός της δόσης είναι ιδιαίτερα αναποτελεσματικός. Αντιθέτως, η πρασουγρέλη σε δόση 10 mg ημερησίως οδηγεί σε επαρκή αναστολή. Η παρουσία ή όχι του αλληλίου του γονιδίου CYP2C19*2 δεν επηρεάζει αυτή την απάντηση. / High on treatment platelet reactivity (HTPR) during clopidogrel administration is frequent in patients undergoing chronic maintenance hemodialysis (HD). Objectives: The primary aim of the study was to determine the antiplatelet effects of prasugrel (10 mg/day) versus high-dose clopidogrel (150 mg/day) in HD patients who present HTPR (“High on-Treatment Platelet Reactivity”) under standard dose of clopidogrel (75 mg/day). Patients/Methods: We performed a prospective, single-center, single-blinded, investigator-initiated, randomized, cross-over study to compare platelet inhibition by prasugrel 10 mg/day versus high-dose 150 mg/day clopidogrel in 21 chronic HD patients with HTPR. Platelet function was assessed by the VerifyNow assay and genotyping was performed for CYP2C19*2 carriage. Results: The primary end point of platelet reactivity (PR, measured in PRU) was lower in patients receiving prasugrel (least squares estimates (LS) 156.6, 95% CI 132.2-181.1) compared with high dose clopidogrel (LS 279.9, 95% CI 255.4-304.3), p<0.001). The LS mean difference between the two treatments was -113.4 PRU (95% CI -152.9 to -73.8, p<0.001) and -163.8 PRU (95% CI -218.1 to -109.2, p<0.001) in non-carriers and carriers of at least one CYP2C19*2 allele, respectively. HTPR rates were lower for prasugrel than clopidogrel, in all patients (19% vs 85.7%%, p<0.001) and in non-carriers (25.7% vs 80%, p=0.003). All carriers continued to demonstrate HTPR on high clopidogrel, but none while on prasugrel. Conclusions: In HD patients exhibiting HTPR following standard clopidogrel treatment, prasugrel 10 mg/d is significantly more efficient than doubling the clopidogrel dosage, in achieving adequate platelet inhibition. Both effects seem not to be influenced by the presence of the loss-of-function CYP2C19*2 allele carriage.
4

Platelet Inhibition in Coronary Artery Disease – Mechanisms and Clinical Importance : Studies with Focus on P2Y12 Inhibition

Varenhorst, Christoph January 2010 (has links)
Despite the currently recommended dual antiplatelet treatment (DAT) with aspirin and P2Y12 inhibition in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) there is a risk of adverse clinical outcome. Pharmacodynamic (PD) poor response to clopidogrel occurs in ~ 30% of clopidogrel-treated patients and is associated with an increased risk of recurrent thrombotic events. The aims of this thesis were to compare the PD and pharmacokinetic effects of clopidogrel 600 mg loading dose (LD)/ 75 mg standard maintenance dose (MD) with the novel P2Y12 inhibitor prasugrel 60 mg LD/10 mg MD, in 110 patients with CAD. The mechanisms behind clopidogrel poor response were investigated by assessing the pharmacodynamics after adding clopidogrel active metabolite (AM) and genotyping for variation in CYP-genes involved in thienopyridine metabolism. In another study, we compared the on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity of patients with stent thrombosis (ST) (n=48) or myocardial infarction (MI) (n=30) while on DAT and their matched controls (n=50 + 28). Prasugrel achieved a faster and greater P2Y12-mediated platelet inhibition than clopidogrel measured with light transmission aggregometry, VASP and VerifyNow® P2Y12. Prasugrel’s greater platelet inhibition was associated with higher exposure of AM. The addition of clopidogrel AM led to maximal platelet inhibition in all subjects, suggesting that prasugrel’s greater antiplatelet effect was related to more efficient AM generation compared to that of clopidogrel. Lower levels of AM as well as less platelet inhibition were seen in clopidogrel-treated patients with reduced-metabolizer genotype CYP2C19 compared to those with normal genotype. Patients with ST while on DAT showed higher on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity compared to matched stented controls. Patients with spontaneous MI after stenting did not. In conclusion, these results showed a high rate PD poor response to a high bolus dose of clopidogrel because of a partly genetically caused lower generation of AM which could be overcome by prasugrel treatment. In patients after coronary stenting, clopidogrel poor response was related to ST but not to spontaneous MI, illustrating difficulties in optimizing treatment with clopidogrel based on platelet function or genetic testing in individual patients.
5

Are We Optimizing the Use of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients Hospitalized with Acute Myocardial Infarction?

Hariri, Essa H. 28 March 2019 (has links)
Background: Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is a mainstay treatment for hospital survivors of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, there are extremely limited data on the prescribing patterns of DAPT among patients hospitalized with AMI. Objective: To examine decade-long trends (2001-2011) in the use of DAPT versus antiplatelet monotherapy and patient characteristics associated with DAPT use. Methods: The study population consisted of 2,389 adults hospitalized with an initial AMI at all 11 central Massachusetts medical centers on a biennial basis between 2001 and 2011. DAPT was defined as the discharge use of aspirin plus either clopidogrel or prasugrel. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify patient characteristics associated with DAPT use. Results: The average age of the study population was 65 years, and 69% of them were discharged on DAPT. The use of DAPT at the time of hospital discharge increased from 49% in 2001 to 74% in 2011; this increasing trend was seen across all age groups, both sexes, types of AMI, and in those who underwent a PCI. After multivariable adjustment, older age was the only factor associated with lower odds of receiving DAPT, while being male, receiving additional evidence-based cardioprotective therapy and undergoing cardiac stenting were associated with higher odds of receiving DAPT. Conclusions: Between 2001 and 2011, the use of DAPT increased markedly among patients hospitalized with AMI. However, a significant proportion of patients were not discharged on this therapy. Greater awareness is needed to incorporate DAPT into the management of patients with AMI.

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