En grundsten i det svenska samhället är det konsumentskydd som tar tillvara på konsumentensintressen i förhållandet till näringsidkare. Europakommissionens bolånedirektiv motiverar ett starktkonsumentskydd i syfte att främja utvecklingen av en väl fungerande kreditmarknad i såväl Sverigesom i övriga medlemsstater. Sverige är således tvungna att följa direktivet. Konsumenter har enligtdirektivet rätt att lösa bundna bolån i förtid. Ränteskillnadsersättning kan utgå när en konsument lösersitt bundna bolån i förtid. Syftet är att ersätta kreditgivaren för den förlust som kan uppkomma tillföljd av det uppsagda avtalet. Historiskt har regleringen av ränteskillnadsersättning påverkatbolånebeteenden och gett konsumenter incitament att strategiskt lösa lån eller att inte välja bundnabolån över huvud taget. Enligt EU-direktivet ska ersättningen bland annat vara skälig, objektiv ochendast täcka de direkta kostnader som återbetalningen av lånet innebär för kreditgivaren. Detkonstateras att svensk lagstiftning inte är väl förenlig med EU-direktivet och inte heller uppfyller detkonsumentskydd som direktivet motiverar i villkoren för ersättningen. Avtalsrättsliga principermotiverar att en ersättning utgår vid en förtidsbetalning, däremot motiveras interänteskillnadsersättningen som utgår idag. En väl fungerande kreditmarknad motiverar ettkonsumentskydd utifrån risken för finansiell instabilitet som en över- respektive underkompensationkan resultera i. / The foundation in Swedish society is the consumer protection which takes the consumer’s interests inrelation to the businesses in consideration. European directives include injunctions for housingmortgage loans that motivate a legit consumer protection aiming to improve a well functioning creditmarket in Sweden as well as in other member states. Sweden is therefore obligated to follow thedirectives by law. Pursuant to the directives the consumers obtain the right to repay mortgages with afixed rate prematurely. A prepayment penalty proceeds when a premature payment of a fixed ratemortgage is done and intends to compensate the lender for the contingent loss that may occur due tothe terminated agreement. Historically, the regulation of the prepayment penalty has affected themortgage behavior and given consumers incentives to strategically solve mortgages or not choose afixed rate in the first place. The compensation should be reasonable, objective and only cover thedirect costs that can be related to the premature payment according to the European directive. It isascertained that Swedish regulations are not compatible with the European directives and they do notmeet the consumer protection that the directives warrant for the terms of the compensation. Principleswithin contract law motivate that a compensation emanates in the situation of a prematurely paidmortgage but the prepayment penalty that emanates from today's conditions are not. A wellfunctioning credit market motivates consumer protection through the risk of financial instability as aneffect of an overcompensation as well as an undercompensation.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / This thesis examines the area of transportation bill auditing in the Federal Government. It reviews the history of transportation bill auditing, the mechanics of auditing freight transportation bills, and the various factors that impact on the causes and identification of overcharges. This thesis analyzes the current method of post-payment audits of all government transportation bills by GSA and reviews the ongoing initiatives by DOD to implement pre-payment auditing. It concludes that DOD is paying upwards of $48 million a year in freight overcharges alone and that pre-payment audits can significantly reduce this amount. / http://archive.org/details/auditinggovernme00karn / Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy

Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:42:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009 / O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar a evolução dos fatores históricos que ensejaram a formação do atual desenho do setor de saúde suplementar no Brasil, tendo por principal base teórica a teoria da estruturação de Anthony Giddens. A pesquisa utiliza o método da análise de documentos e entrevistas semi-estruturadas, envolvendo a análise qualitativa dos dados coletados com vistas à compreensão dos fenômenos estudados, segundo a perspectiva dos atores. Neste sentido, a pesquisa identifica os principais atores que compõem a estrutura do setor e suas relações recíprocas, inferindo sobre os recursos de poder utilizados, procurando mostrar, por meio de uma descrição histórica linear, com cortes em fatos determinantes, a evolução da constituição do setor. Ao final, o estudo mostra que o setor da saúde suplementar se formou a partir de inúmeras ações do Estado, principalmente após a década de setenta, como fruto de uma estratégia alternativa de disseminação de serviços de saúde à população brasileira. O estudo avalia que os fenômenos da crescente longevidade da população brasileira e aconseqüente redução nos postos de trabalho e na renda familiar poderão acarretar uma elitização do setor da saúde suplementar representando um grave problema para o final da próxima década para este sensível segmento da política social do governo brasileiro. / The aim of the present study is to analyze the evolution of the historical and institutional elements that generate the current design of the private health market in Brazil. Its main theoretical basis is the Theory of Structuration, by Anthony Giddens. The research’ data were collected through documents and semi structured interviews involving the qualitative analyze due to understand the field’s phenomena under an actors’ perspective. The research identifies the several players that integrate the market, and their reciprocal relationship besides of the powers’ resources used to reach them. Thus, it tries to show, through a historic linear description, and emphasis in the determinant facts, the evolution of the market’s constitution. The study demonstrates that the field had formed from several Estate’ actions, basically after the past seventy’ decade, as result of a alternative Government’ strategy towards a Brazilian population’s dissemination plan of health’ services that enforced the institutionalization of social structures, with a strong internal interaction. In the end, the study estimates that the crescent longevity’ Brazilian’s population and the consequent work’s dismiss may cause a private health’ elitism conforming a future problem in this sensible segment of the social politics of the Brazilian government.