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Weld Metal Properties for Extra High Strength SteelsHåkansson, Kenneth January 2002 (has links)
No description available.
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Weld Metal Properties for Extra High Strength SteelsHåkansson, Kenneth January 2002 (has links)
No description available.
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Electric Infrared Die heating for Aluminum High Pressure Die CastingCarl Kuang Yu Shi (9721637) 15 December 2020 (has links)
Casting is a substantial part of modern manufacturing and production, typically used in
the production of aluminum alloys. The high pressure die casting process is extremely
suitable for mass production. Due to the high volume, wasted time and resources during
the production cycle become more significant. Aluminum die castings require the die to
be at elevated temperatures to produce acceptable castings. When the inner surfaces of a
die are cold, the outer shell of the casting will cool too rapidly, and solidification of the
outer shell occurs before the aluminum has time to uniformly fill the cavities. Therefore,
without the die being within the proper temperature range, the castings produced will have
significant issues in porosity and casting incompleteness. Furthermore, stresses are
introduced to the casting surfaces when warm-up shots are used to raise the temperature
prior to production. In the present work, research is conducted on designing a heating
method for a casting die used in the manufacturing of an automotive transmission
intermediate plate. An electric, short wave infrared heating system is simple and effective
for the purpose. By utilizing an electric infrared heater in combination with a flat mirror
reflector, the aluminum high pressure die casting die was heated to 300 ◦C surface
temperature within 30 minutes. Further research can be done to optimize heat flux
distribution and minimize energy consumption.
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En utvärdering av metoder för att bestämma den förhöjda arbetstemperaturen vid svetsning av S355J2 / An evaluation of methods for predicting preheat temperature when welding S355J2Nöbauer, Henrik January 2015 (has links)
En vanlig orsak till brott i svetsade kolstålskonstruktioner kan härledas till små sprickbildningar som uppstår i svetsgodset eller det område av grundmaterialet som har påverkats strukturellt av energin från svetsprocessen, även kallad HAZ. Dessa sprickor uppstår ofta timmar eller dagar efter avslutad svetsning och beror på en kombination av väte, en hård och spröd mikrostruktur och närvaro av spänningar. För att undvika dessa sprickor kan man förvärma materialet innan svetsning. Den förhöjda arbetstemperaturen ger en långsammare svalning vilken minskar risken för martensitbildning och låter väte diffundera ut från svetsförbandets kritiska delar. Det finns olika beräkningsmodeller för att räkna ut den förvärmningstemperatur som krävs för att motverka dessa sprickor. De flesta av dem är grafiska men försök har gjorts att översätta dessa till matematiska algoritmer. Beräkningsmodellerna kan ge väldigt varierande temperaturer och olika modeller kan anses vara bäst tillämpade till olika stål. I denna rapport har det undersökts vilken beräkningsmodell som är bäst lämpad för konstruktionsstålet S355J2. Modellerna som har använts är den matematiska CET, de grafiska CEIIW och CEN samt matematiska tolkningar av de två sistnämnda. Utvärderingen har gjorts genom att svetsa upp prover på plåtar med en godstjocklek på 30 mm med en stegvis ökande förhöjd arbetstemperatur. Dessa prover har sedan genomgått både oförstörande och förstörande provning för att undersöka hur sprickbenägna de är. En analys av svetsförbandets mikrostruktur har också genomförts för att identifiera de mest kritiska zonerna. Det visade sig att de matematiska tolkningarna av de grafiska metoderna skiljde sig såpass mycket från sina grafiska motsvarigheter att de inte kan rekommenderas för användning. Det visade sig även att det inte fanns en beräkningsmodell av ursprungsmodellerna som var bäst lämpad för S355J2 utan valet berodde helt och hållet på vilken sträckenergi som användes då modellerna tar olika mycket hänsyn till denna. För en sträckenergi på över 1,6 kJ/mm rekommenderas CET-metoden som beräknade en temperatur som gav goda materialparametrar. För sträckenergier under 0,9 kJ/mm beräknar ingen metod en tillräckligt hög temperatur, men CEIIW är den som beräknar den högsta förhöjda arbetstemperaturen och rekommenderas därför för användning. Man bör dock ha i åtanke att den inte var tillräckligt hög och bör därför ses som en lågt räknad rekommendation. Mellan 0,9 kJ/mm och 1,6 kJ/mm har inga prover svetsats men rekommendationen är att använda sig av CET-metoden då den är enkel och beräknar högst temperatur. Vad det gäller svetsförbandets kritiska zoner så visade det sig att korntillväxtzonen var området där vätesprickor har störst förutsättningar för att uppstå. / One of the most common causes of failure in welded carbon steel constructions can be traced to small cracks that occur in the weld metal or in the area of the base metal that has been affected structurally by the energy from the welding process, also known as HAZ. These cracks can occur hours or days after the welding is completed and do so due to a combination of hydrogen that has penetrated the metal during the weld process, a hard and brittle microstructure and tensile stresses acting on the weld. A method to avoid these cracks is to preheat the material before welding. The increased temperature results in a slower cooling which reduces the risk of a martensitic microstructure and allow hydrogen to diffuse out of the most critical zones of the welded joint. There are many different methods for calculating the preheat temperature needed to counter these cracks. Most of them are solved graphically but attempts have been made to translate them into mathematical algorithms to facilitate calculations. The outcome of the methods may vary and different methods can be considered to be best applied to various steel. The purpose of this study is to investigate which method is best suited to determine the preheat temperature to eliminate the risk of hydrogen cracking for the structural steel S355J2. The methods used in this study was the mathematical CET, the graphic CEIIW and CEN and mathematical interpretations of the latter two. The evaluation was made by welding samples of plates with a thickness of 30 mm and with an incrementally increased preheat temperature. These samples were then subjected to both non-destructive and destructive testing to examine how prone they were to crack. An analysis of the weld microstructure was also conducted to identify the most critical zones. It turned out that the mathematical interpretations of the graphic methods differed so much from their graphical equivalent that they can not be recommended for use. It was also found that none of the original methods can be said to be best suited for S355J2 but the choice depended entirely on the heat input. For a heat input over 1.6 kJ/mm it is recommended to use the CET-method which estimated a temperature that gave good material parameters. For a heat input below 0.9 kJ/mm no method calculates a sufficiently high temperature, but the CEIIW-method is calculating the highest temperature and is therefore recommended for use. However, one should keep in mind that it was not sufficient and should therefore be seen as a conservative recommendation. No samples were welded between 0.9 kJ/mm and 1.6 kJ/mm but the recommendation is to use the CET- method because it is simple and calculates the maximum temperature. It was also found that the coarse grain zone was the area where hydrogen cracking is most likely to occur.
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Vliv svařovacích parametrů na kvalitu a mechanické vlastnosti svarového spoje / The influence of welding parameters on the quality and mechanical properties of the weld jointVlach, Jan January 2019 (has links)
The Master´s thesis focuses on the possibilities of using MAG welding on carbon steel 1.1221(C60E) without using preheating. It researches the effect of basic welding parameters on the final characteristics with the goal being to find a welding seam without defects, without using preheating.
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Experimental and numerical investigation of laminar flame speeds of H₂/CO/CO₂/N₂ mixturesNatarajan, Jayaprakash 12 March 2008 (has links)
Coal derived synthetic gas (syngas) fuel is a promising solution for today s increasing demand for clean and reliable power. Syngas fuels are primarily mixtures of H2 and CO, often with large amounts of diluents such as N2, CO2, and H2O. The specific composition depends upon the fuel source and gasification technique. This requires gas turbine designers to develop fuel flexible combustors capable of operating with high conversion efficiency while maintaining low emissions for a wide range of syngas fuel mixtures. Design tools often used in combustor development require data on various fundamental gas combustion properties. For example, laminar flame speed is often an input as it has a significant impact upon the size and static stability of the combustor. Moreover it serves as a good validation parameter for leading kinetic models used for detailed combustion simulations.
Thus the primary objective of this thesis is measurement of laminar flame speeds of syngas fuel mixtures at conditions relevant to ground-power gas turbines. To accomplish this goal, two flame speed measurement approaches were developed: a Bunsen flame approach modified to use the reaction zone area in order to reduce the influence of flame curvature on the measured flame speed and a stagnation flame approach employing a rounded bluff body. The modified Bunsen flame approach was validated against stretch-corrected approaches over a range of fuels and test conditions; the agreement is very good (less than 10% difference). Using the two measurement approaches, extensive flame speed information were obtained for lean syngas mixtures at a range of conditions: 1) 5 to 100% H2 in the H2/CO fuel mixture; 2) 300-700 K preheat temperature; 3) 1 to 15 atm pressure, and 4) 0-70% dilution with CO2 or N2.
The second objective of this thesis is to use the flame speed data to validate leading kinetic mechanisms for syngas combustion. Comparisons of the experimental flame speeds to those predicted using detailed numerical simulations of strained and unstrained laminar flames indicate that all the current kinetic mechanisms tend to over predict the increase in flame speed with preheat temperature for medium and high H2 content fuel mixtures. A sensitivity analysis that includes reported uncertainties in rate constants reveals that the errors in the rate constants of the reactions involving HO2 seem to be the most likely cause for the observed higher preheat temperature dependence of the flame speeds. To enhance the accuracy of the current models, a more detailed sensitivity analysis based on temperature dependent reaction rate parameters should be considered as the problem seems to be in the intermediate temperature range (~800-1200 K).
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Study of Compound Casting of Aluminum Alloy/Ductile Iron Bimetal : Final Report of Thesis Project, Product Development and Materials Engineering (Master Programme) / Studie av sammansatt gjutning av aluminiumlegering / duktilt järnbimetalMousavian, Amir January 2020 (has links)
Today’s transportation highly depends on hydrocarbon fuels, and reducing the weight could help a lot in reducing the air pollutants and carbon footprints in the environment to comply with the strict regulations set by reputable standard organizations in the world. Utilizing lightweight materials in automobile parts is one of the key factors to succeed in meeting the goals defined in the standards. Replacing the conventional single material component with a multi-material component having the same geometry but lighter weight could help the automakers to achieve these goals. Compound casting is one of the methods to produce such components. The aluminum alloy/ductile iron bimetal component produced by compound casting was investigated. During the production of the experimental sample of the compound casting, component two parameters were considered, melt-to-solid volume ratio and pre-heat temperature of the solid insert. The results showed that the increasing melt-to-solid volume ratio caused the formation of a stronger metallurgical bond between the two materials compared to the lower melt-to-solid volume ratio. However, pre-heating the solid insert under the atmospheric condition caused the formation of iron oxide layers on the surface, and as a result, no metallurgical bonding was formed, no matter which melt-to-solid volume ratio was used during the production process. So, inspired by AlFin process, the solid inserts were first dipped inside the aluminum alloy bath with the target temperature of 750 °C for two extended periods, 15 minutes and 30 minutes, to ensure that the preliminary metallurgical bonds were formed at the interface surfaces without disturbance by the surrounding atmosphere. To make the experimental components and to develop the metallurgical bonds, the aluminized inserts were then quickly placed inside the sand molds, and the cast alloy was poured inside the molds and around the inserts immediately after placement. In this way, although the formation of the aluminum oxide layer was unavoidable on the surfaces of the aluminized inserts, there was still liquid aluminum alloy melt underneath, which could be easily washed away during the pouring of the cast alloy.Nevertheless, the metallurgical bonds in the compound casting products having a lower melt-to-solid volume ratio didn’t withstand the shear loads and only the product having a higher melt-to-solid volume ratio with the aluminized insert dipped for a longer time could resist against the loads. In addition to the mechanical strength of the experimental products, their metallurgical bonds were specified and characterized using microscopic examination and EDS analysis. The successful results of the experimental product were then proposed to modify the design of a model from the automobile industry, called the truck wheel hub. / Dagens transport beror starkt på kolvätebränslen, och att minska vikten kan hjälpa mycket att minska luftföroreningar och kolavtryck i miljön för att följa de strikta regler som ställts av ansedda standardorganisationer i världen. Att använda lätta material i bildelar är en av de viktigaste faktorerna för att lyckas uppfylla de mål som fastställs i standarderna. Att ersätta den konventionella komponenten med enstaka material med en komponent med flera material som har samma geometri men lättare vikt kan hjälpa biltillverkarna att uppnå dessa mål. Gjutning av föreningar är en av metoderna för att producera sådana komponenter. Aluminiumlegeringen / segjärn-bimetalkomponenten framställd genom sammansatt gjutning undersöktes. Under framställningen av det experimentella provet av gjutning av föreningen beaktades komponent två parametrar, volymförhållandet smält till fast material och förvärmningstemperaturen för det fasta insatsen. Resultaten visade att det ökande smält-till-fasta volymförhållandet orsakade bildandet av en starkare metallurgisk bindning mellan de två materialen jämfört med det lägre förhållandet mellan smält och fast volym. Förvärmning av den fasta insatsen under atmosfäriskt tillstånd orsakade emellertid bildningen av järnoxidskikt på ytan, och som ett resultat bildades ingen metallurgisk bindning, oavsett vilket smält-till-fast volymförhållande användes under produktionsprocessen . Så, inspirerad av AlFin-processen, doppades de fasta insatserna först in i aluminiumlegeringsbadet med måttemperaturen 750 ° C under två långa perioder, 15 minuter och 30 minuter, för att säkerställa att de preliminära metallurgiska bindningarna bildades vid gränsytans ytor utan störningar av den omgivande atmosfären. För att tillverka de experimentella komponenterna och för att utveckla de metallurgiska bindningarna placerades sedan de aluminiumiserade skärmen snabbt inuti sandformarna, och den gjutna legeringen hälldes in i formarna och runt insatserna omedelbart efter placering. På detta sätt, även om bildningen av aluminiumoxidskiktet var oundvikligt på ytorna på de aluminiumförsedda insatserna, fanns det fortfarande flytande aluminiumlegeringssmälta under, vilket lätt kunde tvättas bort under hällningen av den gjutna legeringen.Icke desto mindre tål de metallurgiska bindningarna i de sammansatta gjutprodukterna med ett lägre volym-till-fast volymförhållande inte skjuvbelastningarna och endast produkten med ett högre smält-till-fast volymförhållande med den aluminiumiserade insatsen doppades under en längre tid kunde motstå mot lasterna. Förutom de experimentella produkternas mekaniska styrka specificerades och karakteriserades deras metallurgiska bindningar med mikroskopisk undersökning och EDS-analys. De framgångsrika resultaten av den experimentella produkten föreslogs sedan att modifiera utformningen av en modell från bilindustrin, kallad truckhjulnavet.
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Feasibility of Attaining Fully Equiaxed Microstructure through Process Variable Control for Additive Manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4VKuntz, Sarah Louise 01 June 2016 (has links)
No description available.
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Vliv opravného zavařování za tepla na změnu struktury a tvrdost odlitků z litiny s lupínkovým grafitem / Influence of repair welding by elevated temperatures on structure and hardeness of lamelar grafite iron castingsProcházka, Jan January 2019 (has links)
The master‘s thesis deals with the influence of the thermal cycle of welding with preheat on castings made of grey cast iron to change the hardness. The thesis deals with the classification of graphitic cast irons, their structure, properties and influences they have on the formation and transformation of the structure. Emphasis is placed on chemical composition and structure stability at elevated temperatures. The practical part deals with the investigation of the effects of casting repair on the decrease of hardness measured in the foundry Heunisch Brno.
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