Study objectives included determining whether prescribed burning affected ponderosa pine growth; mathematically modeling the growth response to burning; and determining whether forest management history affected growth response. I sampled 188 trees from two areas near Flagstaff, Arizona; one area (Brannigan Flat) had been logged and thinned, and the other (Chimney Spring) had not; both were burned in 1976. Within each study area, control and burned plots were of similar age, vigor, height, and competition index. Trees at Chimney Spring were older, less vigorous, and taller, and had a higher competition index than at Brannigan. For each tree, periodic basal area increment (PBAI) was calculated for the years 1974-1984. To determine which variable would best model growth, postfire PBAI (individual years, 1977-1984) was correlated with previous growth (average PBAI 1974-1976); crown ratio; competition index; thinning index; and diameter. Two models of growth response were developed; one oriented toward satisfying theoretical and research goals, and the other, toward management applications. Growth was modeled using stepwise multiple linear regression, and the dependent variable was postfire PBAI. Research Model independent variables were previous growth, years (climate), and treatment-year interaction, and 72% of total variance was explained. Fire affected growth significantly and negatively for two years, and then burned trees grew similarly to control trees. Management Model independent variables were crown ratio, competition index, crown ratio, subject tree diameter, year, and treatment, and 52% of total variance was explained. This model, too, indicated a slight negative effect of burning on growth. Management history was not a significant determinant of growth response. Both models validated well; the ratio of observed-to-predicted residual mean square was 1.04 and 0.91 (Research and Management Models, respectively). Thinning index was not significantly related to postfire growth, but a change in carbohydrate allocation from stem wood to crown and root expansion could have resulted in observed burning effects. Management implications include (1) short-term growth decline may result from burning, (2) management history did not affect growth response, and (3) burning impact is greatest in dense stands of small trees.

As a result of decades of fire suppression, oaks (Quercus L.) and other disturbance-dependent tree species are experiencing widespread regeneration failure. Today, fire takes the form of relatively low to moderate intensity prescribed fire, used to restore fire adapted ecosystems, and wildfires which often vary in severity. I investigated long-term changes to forest structure and composition in response to repeated prescribed burning followed by an extended period of no fire. Burning reduced total basal area, midstory stem density and sapling stem density. However, the fire-free interval significantly increased sapling layer stem densities of oaks and competitor species. This research shows that repeated prescribed fire, followed by a fire-free interval, can allow oak seedlings to grow into sapling sized stems, but competitors also increase in density. I also investigated relationships between varying wildfire severity and stand structure, basal area, and tree recruitment. Both stem density and total basal area were significantly and negatively related to fire severity. Oak and pine recruitment was significantly and positively related to fire severity whereas competitors had no relationship. The positive relationships with fire severity and oak or pine sapling recruitment could have important implications for managers using prescribed fire or managing areas after wildfire.

The objective of this study is to determine whether changes in arthropod community structure in restored longleaf pine savannas corresponds to differences in vegetation structure often associated with burn frequency. Longleaf pine savannas are fire-maintained ecosystems characteristic of the southeastern United States and have experienced severe declines (around 97%) since European settlement. Changes in fire regime have been instrumental in the declines. Restoration of these ecosystems has involved reinstitution of periodic burnings to promote and maintain vegetative characteristics of the savannas. This study investigates trends in arthropod communities from areas heavily invaded by hardwood shrubs against those dominated by longleaf pines and associated vegetation. These data suggest that herb-dominated sites have higher overall diversity. While overall abundance differences were not found, significant differences have been detected at the order and family level, indicating that vegetation structure and periodic burning are important factors in maintaining arthropod communities characteristic of these savannas.

Nesta tese de doutorado, situada na área Trabalho e Educação e suas relações com a Saúde, concentrei as minhas reflexões na problemática da atividade docente, mais especificamente na atividade de trabalho da enfermeira que atua como professora supervisora do estágio curricular supervisionado na Educação Profissional. É atribuição dessa docente planejar, acompanhar e avaliar o desempenho do discente de acordo com o plano de ensino da disciplina, bem como se responsabilizar tecnicamente pela atuação deste no estágio. A investigação se deu no curso Técnico em Enfermagem, sendo que analisei como as renormalizações produzidas pelos técnicos em enfermagem, que se manifestam durante os momentos de prática de estágio, são tratadas pelas enfermeiras docentes. Para isso, me apoiei na abordagem ergológica do trabalho e nas contribuições sobre norma de Canguilhem, que muito influenciou a ergologia. O percurso metodológico foi dividido em quatro etapas, que foram: 1º) análise documental das bases para a Educação Profissional técnica de nível médio no Brasil, documentos que constituíram a escola e relatos de gestoras que participaram da criação e da implantação do curso na escola pesquisada; 2º) realização de entrevistas com nove enfermeiras docentes que atuam ou já atuaram como supervisoras de estágio; 3º) observação da atividade de trabalho de enfermeiras supervisoras no campo de estágio com o grupo de estudantes sob sua responsabilidade e 4º) participação e observação das reuniões docentes, encontros mensais que já fazem parte do trabaho dessas profissionais Os dados das etapas de observação foram registrados em diário de campo e juntamente com documentos e narrativas das entrevistas foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo (BARDIN, 2010) em diálogo permentente com a abordagem ergológica do trabalho, sendo que para proceder a análise global do material empírico foi preciso utilizar a técnica da triangulação. Para isso, foram agrupados em categorias construídas a partir - em diálogo - com os conceitos centrais da pesquisa e do arcabouço teórico em que se apoia a pesquisa: atividade de trabalho docente, educação profissional, trabalho e educação na educação profissional, práticas profissionais, estágios curriculares supervisionados de enfermagem, experiência e atividade de trabalho da enfermeira docente. Após a análise foi possível identificar que as supervisoras ao se aproximarem do trabalho da enfermagem, se deparam com um fazer que, mesmo tendo por base um conhecimento científico, acaba não sendo reconhecido por elas por ser diferente do que está posto nos manuais e do que foi apresentado previamente aos discentes. No entanto, o fazer dessas docentes durante o estágio também se mostra renormalizado em algumas situações, mas elas não reconhecem a “renormalização” do outro. E como não o reconhecem, não permitem que os discentes o utilizem e nem o incluem no debate – elas excluem esse modo de fazer da formação Essa negação do trabalho renormalizado apresentado pelos técnicos em enfermagem no campo de práticas acontece de várias formas na formação profissional. Observei que muitas docentes se utilizam de estratégias para garantir a realização do trabalho prescrito no campo de práticas colocando-o como única possibilidade. Uma dessas estratégias é excluir os trabalhadores técnicos em enfermagem do processo de ensino aprendizagem. As docentes, dessa forma, ao ignorarem o saber legítimo do técnico em enfermagem sobre o seu fazer e o seu potencial em implicar-se com o processo educativo do estudante, negam o potencial criador desses profissionais e refutam o trabalho real como parte essencial dessa etapa da formação. / In this doctoral thesis, located in the area of Work and Education and its relations with Health, I concentrated my reflections on the problematic of teaching activity, more specifically on the work activity of the nurse who acts as supervising teacher of supervised curricular internship in Vocational Education. It is the assignment of this teacher to plan, monitor and evaluate the performance of the student according to the teaching plan of the discipline, as well as being technically responsible for the performance of this in the stage. The research was conducted in the Technical Nursing course, and I analyzed how the renormalizations produced by nursing technicians, which are manifested during the internship practice, are handled by the teaching nurses. For this, I supported the ergological approach of the work and the contributions on standard of Canguilhem, that very influenced the ergology. The methodological course was divided into four stages, which were: 1) documental analysis of the bases for Professional Technical Education at the secondary level in Brazil, documents that constituted the school and reports of managers who participated in the creation and implementation of the course in the researched school ; 2) conducting interviews with nine teaching nurses who work or have already acted as supervisors of internships; 3) observation of the work activity of supervising nurses in the field of internship with the group of students under their responsibility and 4) participation and observation of the teaching meetings, monthly meetings that are already part of the work of these professionals The data of the observation stages were recorded in field diary and, together with documents and narratives of the interviews, were submitted to content analysis (BARDIN, 2010) in a permanent dialogue with the ergological approach of the work, and to carry out a global analysis of the material the triangulation technique. For this, they were grouped into categories constructed from - in dialogue - with the central concepts of the research and the theoretical framework on which the research is supported: teaching work activity, professional education, work and education in professional education, professional practices, internships supervised nursing curricula, experience and work activity of the teaching nurse. After the analysis, it was possible to identify that the supervisors, when approaching the nursing work, are faced with a task that, although based on a scientific knowledge, is not recognized by them because it is different from what is put in the manuals and what was presented previously to the students. However, the making of these teachers during the internship is also renormalized in some situations, but they do not recognize the "renormalization" of the other. And because they do not recognize it, they do not allow the students to use it and do not include it in the debate - they exclude this way of doing it from training This denial of renormalized work presented by nursing technicians in the field of practice happens in various forms in professional training. I have observed that many teachers use strategies to ensure the achievement of the prescribed work in the field of practice by placing it as the only possibility. One of these strategies is to exclude technical workers in nursing from the process of teaching learning. In this way, teachers, ignoring the legitimate knowledge of the nursing technician about their work and their potential to be involved in the student's educational process, deny the creative potential of these professionals and refute real work as an essential part of this stage training.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-08-24T12:10:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Aparecida de Oliveira Leme.pdf: 1496015 bytes, checksum: c90a91bb6ae30c6cdf2073ceec385965 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-24T12:10:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Aparecida de Oliveira Leme.pdf: 1496015 bytes, checksum: c90a91bb6ae30c6cdf2073ceec385965 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-30 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / This paper aims to investigate whether the work which is being done by supervisors of São Paulo’s State local District as regards the service of their assignments prescribed for their functions. It also wants to analyze the supervisor´s daily actions that match with the ones prescribed in legal documents, in order to point put the main obstacles encountered by supervisors of this education board in relation to the prescribed tasks for his performance. The methodology is argued in a qualitative approach and developed by bibliographical research, document analysis and field research. The context of the research was in an educational district located in the metropolitan area of São Paulo and with five educational supervisors who find themselves in different phases of their careers in the mastership and different phases of performance in educational supervision. The results showed that the prescribed work which guides the functions of the educational supervision has been suffering changes, mostly after the decade of 2000, period which the education board of São Paulo’s State Network proposed a new profile of the educational supervisor to work on this network. The study revealed that the new profile proposed by the documents it´s not consolidated at this specific district yet, due to the administrative tasks that are still blending in with their actions; it was possible to see a struggle of the supervision to understand what would be the possibilities to establish a balance between the pedagogical and administrative actions. As a proposal to transform this scenario we indicate the continuing education in the work context anchored in the methodology of action-reflection-action substantiated in the formation of study groups / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo investigar o trabalho realizado hoje pelos Supervisores de Ensino de uma Diretoria de Ensino da Rede Estadual Paulista no que se refere ao atendimento das atribuições prescritas para o desempenho de suas funções. Pretende ainda analisar quais ações desenvolvidas por esses supervisores no seu cotidiano se coadunam com o trabalho prescrito nos documentos legais que orientam a sua função e investigar quais são os principais entraves encontrados pelos supervisores dessa Diretoria de Ensino em relação ao atendimento às atribuições prescritas para sua atuação. A metodologia sustentou-se em uma abordagem qualitativa e desenvolveu-se por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, análise documental e pesquisa de campo. O contexto da pesquisa foi uma Diretoria de Ensino situada na Grande São Paulo, e os sujeitos, cinco supervisores de ensino que se encontram em diferentes fases de sua carreira no magistério e em diferentes fases de atuação na supervisão de ensino. Dos resultados obtidos verificou-se que o trabalho prescrito que orienta as funções da supervisão de ensino na Rede Estadual Paulista vem sofrendo mudanças, principalmente a partir da década de 2000, período em que a Secretaria de Educação de São Paulo propôs um novo perfil de Supervisor de Ensino para atuar nessa rede. Em relação ao trabalho realizado, o estudo revelou que na Diretoria pesquisada o novo perfil de supervisor ainda não se encontra consolidado, visto que, os participantes demonstraram não perceber mudanças significativas nesse sentido, revelando que as demandas que lhes são afetas continuam permeadas, em sua maioria, por tarefas de cunho administrativo. Embora a pesquisa de campo tenha demonstrado que o caráter administrativo da ação supervisora é o que se sobrepõe neste cenário, foi possível perceber um esforço da supervisão na busca por compreender quais seriam as possibilidades de se estabelecer um equilíbrio entre o caráter pedagógico e o administrativo da função. Como proposta para transformação do cenário apresentado indica-se a formação continuada no contexto de trabalho ancorada na metodologia da ação-reflexão-ação consubstanciada na formação de grupos de estudo

<div>Prescribed fire is one of the most useful tools available to forest managers attempting to maintain oak-hickory forests in the Central Hardwood Region. Prescribed fire can be useful in promoting regeneration of desirable species groups like oak (Quercus spp.) and hickory (Carya spp.) by preparing the seedbed, managing competition, and creating canopy gaps. The use of prescribed fire has been limited by concerns regarding the effect of the practice on standing timber. A perception of strong negative effects to tree-quality and tree-value from fire originated largely from sometimes deleterious effects of wildfire on timber. Less research exists demonstrating the potential effects of controlled, prescribed burning on timber quality and value. Furthermore, most research that exists focuses on individual tree characteristics, and is often focused on a relatively small geographic areas.</div><div><br></div><div>I conducted a regional study on the effects of prescribed fire on timber quality across a gradient of the Central Hardwood Region, ranging from the Missouri Ozarks to the Appalachian foothills. I studied 139 stands in selected prescribed fire units and control sites in Mark Twain National Forest (MO), Hoosier National Forest (IN), Wayne National Forest (OH) and Daniel Boone National Forest (KY). Selected stands were dominated by hardwoods species and had variable prescribed fire histories, ranging from 0 to 6 prescribed fires. </div><div><br></div><div>Measurements were taken concurrently across this plot network for two studies. First, we assessed the estimated effect of prescribed fire on stumpage value, and secondly, we assessed wounding patterns and effects of prescribed fire on tree-quality. Loss in estimated stumpage value from prescribed fire averaged approximately 4.2% across all measured stands. Estimated loss in stumpage value varied significantly by the number of prescribed fires in the last 30 years, with increasing numbers of prescribed fires leading to higher estimated losses in stumpage value. Further, stands in Mark Twain National Forest exhibited higher estimated loss in stumpage value, exceeding 10% on average. Stands in Hoosier, Wayne, and Daniel Boone National Forest only rarely exceed 5% losses in estimated stumpage value, and averaged less than 3%. </div><div><br></div><div>Approximately 25% of trees had at least one wound associated with prescribed fire across all study sites, while approximately 5% of trees experienced a reduction in tree quality (as measured by United States Forest Service tree grade) from prescribed fire. Both the rate of wounding and rate of tree grade reduction increased with increasing numbers of prescribed fires. Stands in the western portion of the Central Hardwood Region (Hoosier and Mark Twain National Forest) exhibiting higher rates of wounding from fire compared to eastern sites (Wayne and Daniel Boone National Forest.)</div><div><br></div><div>Effects of wounding varied significantly by type of wound. Catfaces accounted for far more volume loss and reduction in tree grade than any other wound type. Alternatively, some wound types, like seams and bark slough, caused minimal tree-quality and tree-volume effects. Effects also varied by species, with higher wounding effects on sugar maple and red oak, and relatively low effects on white oak and yellow-poplar. </div><div><br></div>

of the thesis Heathlands are an unique semi-natural element of European landscape, which historically evolved under continuous man land-use pressure. In conditions of our country, this biotope is relatively rare in occurrence and small in area. In the former military training zone Brdy, Protected landscape area nowadays, there are heathlands of great extent developed due to deforestration and history of fires and mechanical disturbances of the soil surface and vegetation, which used to accompany military trainings. After the termination of military use of the locality, there is a risk of gradual degradation of the biotope caused by tree encroachment, litter accumulation which inhibits generative regeneration of the heath, and degeneration of the heath itself. This thesis aism to entangle influence of the fire on the heathland vegetation in the area with special attention given to vitality and structure of heath stands. The fieldwork was focused on the dynamics and species composition of the vegetation, including bryophytes and lichens, separately on the long-term scale (up to 80 years) and the short-term scale (permanent plots in the recently burnt vegetation). Experimental part of the thesis tested germination of the seeds from Brdy area under the conditions of fire and with presence of different...

Fungi are key components in forest ecosystems, being involved in decomposition of plant biomass and the cycling of nutrients in forest soils. Despite their importance little is understood about the influence forest management practices, such as long-term prescribed burning and forest conversion are having on soil fungal communities. Part of the work described in this thesis investigated the effects of long-term repeated prescribed burning on the total soil fungal community, the diversity of mycelial communities of ectomycorrhizal fungi and the influence of biennial prescribed burning on the cellulolytic soil fungal community using stable isotope probing techniques. The influence of long-term repeated prescribed burning on soil fungal communities was investigated through a series of studies conducted at Peachester State Forest, Queensland, Australia. This site has been the centre of a long-term repeated prescribed burning experiment, established since 1972, consisting of plots subjected to biennial, quadrennial or no burning. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to show that long-term prescribed burning significantly altered the total fungal community structure in the top 10 cm of soil, when compared with unburned plots. Hyphal ingrowth bags, used to target ectomycorrhizal (ECM) mycelia in soil, along with DGGE analysis, indicated that profiles of the soil fungal community from 2 yr burn plots significantly differed from those of the 4 yr burn and unburned plots. Following analysis of clone assemblages from the different burn regimes, results indicated that this difference reflected an altered ECM fungal community composition. 13C stable isotope probing (SIP), following the incubation of soil with 13C labelled cellulose, and DGGE analysis was found to significantly alter the active fungal community in the upper 10cm of soil at Peachester State Forest. Fewer active fungi in the 2 yr burn plots were found to have incorporated 13C compared to the unburned plots, strongly suggesting that the activities of cellulolytic fungi were negatively affected by the 2 yr burning treatment. The thesis also incorporated work that assessed the effect of forest conversion from native eucalypt to Pinus elliottii plantation on the soil fungal community at Beerburrum State Forest, Queensland, Australia. ITS and 18S RNA and DNA were used, along with terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and DGGE analysis, indicating that total and active fungal communities differed significantly between the native eucalypt forest and first rotation P. elliottii plantation. This suggested that the conversion from native eucalypt forest to P. elliotti plantation significantly altered the soil fungal community at the Beerburrum site. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p>In this thesis we study multipole moments of axisymmetric spacetimes. Using the recursive definition of the multipole moments of Geroch and Hansen we develop a method for computing all multipole moments of a stationary axisymmetric spacetime without the use of a recursion. This is a generalisation of a method developed by Herberthson for the static case.</p><p>Using Herberthson’s method we also develop a method for finding a static axisymmetric spacetime with arbitrary prescribed multipole moments, subject to a specified convergence criteria. This method has, in general, a step where one has to find an explicit expression for an implicitly defined function. However, if the number of multipole moments are finite we give an explicit expression in terms of power series.</p> / Note: The two articles are also available in the pdf-file. Report code: LiU-TEK-LIC-2006:4.

Regenerating oak (Quercus spp.) is a problem on most intermediate to high-quality sites throughout the eastern US. Oak is often present in the overstory and abundant in the understory, but is absent from the midstory due to increased competition from less-valuable mesic species such as Liriodendron tulipifera and Acer rubrum. Red maple has expanded its range dramatically since fire suppression began in the 1930s, and is an important competitor of oak. To study relationships between oak and silvicultural treatments, an experiment was initiated in 1990 that included three northern red oak (Quercus rubra)-dominated stands and three red pine (Pinus resinosa) plantations in northern Lower Michigan. Areas of each stand were thinned to four levels of canopy cover in 1991: clearcut, 25% residual canopy, 75% residual canopy, and uncut control, with caged and uncaged northern red oak seedlings planted within each treatment. A thick midstory of red maple developed over the subsequent ten years, hindering development of advance oak regeneration. Low-intensity, early-spring prescribed fires were conducted on all stands in 2002 and 2008 in an effort to control red maple. Heights of planted red oak and naturally occurring red maple and oak regeneration in three size classes were measured before and after each fire with the objectives to: 1) Test the hypothesis that oak sprouts would have greater height growth after the 2008 prescribed burn than after the 2002 prescribed burn; 2) Test the hypotheses that (a) red maple stems would be reduced to a greater degree following the 2008 burn than following the 2002 burn, and that (b) the number of natural oak stems would be increased to a greater degree following the 2008 burn than following the 2002 burn; and 3) Evaluate the relationships between post-burn planted oak sprout height and pre-burn planted oak sprout height, fire temperature, and canopy cover. Following the second fire, planted oak sprouts increased in height rapidly in pine stands, where there was little red maple competition, but grew less rapidly in oak stands. Red maple densities decreased more following the first fire than the second fire. The hypothesis that natural oak regeneration stem densities would increase to a greater degree following the 2008 burn than following the 2007 burn was not supported. Pre-burn planted oak height was the best predictor of post-burn planted oak height.