Research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, towards a 33% fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management (in the field of Security). 11 November 2016. / South Africa, like other liberal democracies worldwide, is characterised by constant tension between government and the media, particularly the press. At the centre of the tension is the need by government to maintain a certain level of state secrecy on the grounds of national security on the one hand, and the need for transparency and the right of access to information on the other. Both these rights are provided for in international and local statutory instruments. Press reports about an alleged secret procurement by South Africa’s Department of Defence of a spy satellite have also heightened the tension. The purpose of the research is to explore the nature of the tension through a case study focusing on some national newspapers. The study examines if the South African press, which, when it dispensed information to the public, published sensitive state information that detrimentally impacted national security. This research shows that in some instances local newspapers published classified and sensitive information relating to national security. Although a court of law is the proper organ to determine whether the press contravened the law by publishing sensitive security information, the disclosure arguably prejudiced the national security interests of South Africa. / MT2018

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, March, 2017. / This thesis examines how African journalists negotiate the tension between their understanding of journalism and the actual practice of journalism within the context of Chinese media organisations based in Africa. Adopting the Shoemaker and Reese (1996) hierarchy of influences model and using interviews with African journalists in Kenya and content analysis, I examine this tension within the framework of the relationship between role conception and role performance. China has framed its media expansion into Africa on the premise that it aims to tell the ‘true African story’ to global audiences. This is consistent with China’s Africa policy promising mutuality and equality between China and Africa. However, the findings indicate an African and a Chinese level of gatekeeping and journalistic agency exist within Chinese media organisations based in Africa. These levels often coexist, but they also collide, resulting in Chinese interests and ideas prevailing over those of African journalists, and often in a type of journalism that de-emphasises African belonging and identity. This study represents an original contribution to the debate on the relationship between role conception and role performance, from a non-western perspective. It demonstrates the ways in which the relationship between role conception and role performance within Chinese media organisations in Africa is hinged upon conditional autonomy in relation to the typology of stories. The elements of the hierarchy of influences model are more active when Chinese interests are present in a story than when they are absent. Consequently, the editorial policy of ‘positive reporting’ promoted by Chinese media organisations is more active in the coverage of activities related to China than non-China content. This thesis enriches the five levels of analysis in Shoemaker and Reese’s hierarchy of influences model. This study proposes language as a level of influence straddling media routines and organisation influences, when applied to Chinese media organisations in Africa. This thesis also contributes to the ideologisation debate on Chinese media expansion into Africa. While the debate has been dominantly framed through the Manichean prism of positive or negative, this thesis proposes Chinese media expansion into Africa will result in a hybrid form of journalism professionalisation in which Western and Chinese journalistic traditions co-exist on the continent. / XL2018

Este trabalho analisa mudanças na cobertura jornalística de temas ambientais no período de dez anos decorrido entre a Rio-92 e a Rio+10, as duas Conferências das Nações Unidas para o meio ambiente, a partir da produção do jornal Gazeta Mercantil. O instrumento metodológico utilizado foi a Análise de Conteúdo. O presente estudo também trata da relação entre imprensa e suas fontes, meio ambiente e economia, tendo como foco a contribuição da atividade das empresas no processo de degradação do planeta. Traça, ainda, um pequeno histórico do movimento ambientalista no Brasil e no mundo, bem como faz uma análise da cobertura de temas ambientais pela imprensa brasileira. / This study analysis changes in press coverage of environmental issues from Rio-02 to Rio+10 United Nations environmental conferences from Gazeta Mercantil´s point of view. It is done by Content Analysis methodology. Press and it´s source relationships, environmental and economics are also approached, focused on firm´s activities to planet degradation process. It also brings a short history of environmental activity in Brazil and in the world and analyses press coverage of environmental subject by Brazilian press.

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This dissertation examines the cultural constructions of information and communication media by Indigenous peoples in Chile. It includes a critical investigation into the emergence, current practices and future prospects of Mapuche media within situated and culturally mediated social space. The research is informed by current anthropological interests in indigenous media and locates indigenous media theory and practice within three different, though overlapping fields of cultural production: applied visual anthropology, alternative media activism and new media theory. The theoretical, historical and pragmatic concerns of the thesis lie primarily in the media processes that are contextualized by several instances of ethnic resurgence. Indigenous narratives are located at the centre of various forms of cultural activism and are being conceived as tactics in the construction of divergent imaginaries and oppositional public spheres. By concentrating the study on the Mapuche context, the author clarifies the process by which these practices transform social structures in the struggle for political self-determination, cultural autonomy and social recognition. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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This thesis explores the intersection of framing, crisis communication, marketing, and reputation 2004-2012 at Southern Illinois University-Carbondale. In measuring reputation as a function of key performance indicators, this case study showed crisis framing didn't affect key performance indicators as predicted by Situational Crisis Communication Theory. Thus, research shows crisis nature is a better indicator of proper response than the SCCT response grid. Further research is needed to explore the multifaceted nature of university reputation, with a focus on enrollment's importance and the factors that impact reputation in a university's secondary markets / Department of Journalism

This study tried to find support for the hypothesis that newspaper labor coverage has declined since the early 1980s. It used a content analysis of 240 issues of the Muncie (Ind.) Star and the Muncie Evening Press, a morning and an afternoon newspaper, measuring labor stories in terms of frequency and square column-inches. Labor stories were defined as news items that concerned wage earners or unionized personnel, including salaried union members. The period studied was from 1979 to 1994. Composite months were created for each newspaper representing the years 1979, 1984, 1989, and 1994, yielding eight bodies of data. Newshole from a representative sample of 40 issues, drawn from the larger sample of 240, was also analyzed to obtain daily newshole means in square column-inches for each of the eight bodies of data.To determine significance, data were compared using chi-square analysis. Newshole content did not significantly change for the Evening Press, but it did significantly increase for the Star from '79 to '94. No support was found for the hypothesis that the Evening Press's labor coverage would significantly decrease from '79 to '94. Also, no support was found for the hypothesis that the Evening Press's cumulative labor coverage over the years studied would be significantly greater than the Star's. However, the Star was found to have significantly decreased labor coverage in '94 when compared to '79, supporting the second hypothesis. When the increase in daily newshole mean was considered, this significant discrepancy was even more striking.The Star was found to have carried slightly more labor stories than the Evening Press over the period analyzed. This difference was not significant. Each newspaper experienced a decline in number of labor stories when comparing 1979 to 1994. The Star's decrease was found to be significant, but the Evening Press's decrease was not.The strongest support for the overall premise of declining newspaper coverage was that the Star's number of labor stories per year and the space devoted to those stories decreased significantly over the 15-year period while its newshole means increased.Also, while the Evening Press's labor coverage in square column-inches did not decrease, its number of labor stories per year did decrease uniformly over the four years analyzed.The Evening Press unexpectedly showed less labor coverage than the Star, in number of stories and in total space of coverage. However, its square column-inches per story mean was slightly higher than the Star's, suggesting that the Star carried more labor briefs than the other newspaper. This result can be explained by the Star's greater newshole means allowing it more space for briefs. / Department of Journalism

This study, which may be considered the first of its kind to be conducted on Bahraini newspapers, attempted to provide an insight on the inner workings of these newspapers. The knowledge from this study provides a spring board for other studies to follow and venture into ethnic backgrounds and its affect on media coverage.The main focus was on the coverage of the war in Iraq by two Bahraini newspapers (Al Ayam and Al Wasat) and the gatekeeping process. Both newspapers exhibited a gatekeeping process which was influenced by their ethnic background. Editors of both Al Ayam and Al Wasat exercised gatekeeping on the stories that they published about the war in Iraq promoting their own ethnic group (Sunni or Shiite).The findings in this study presented a new characteristic that seemed to have a direct influence on the gatekeeping process. Ethnic background has never been associated with the gatekeeping process in news coverage. Results of the content analysis undertaken in this study reflected how the ethnic backgrounds of the editors in both newspapers did influence news selection and newspreference. / Department of Journalism

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