Within the presented thesis there were collected data of effluents of 14C chemical forms from ventilation stacks of the Unit 1, the Unit 2 and the Auxiliary Building of the Temelin NPP for the period from 2001 to 2006. These data are compared to power of both reactors and concentration of ammonium ions in coolant of the primary circuit of the Unit 1 and Unit 2.

Cette étude concerne la caractérisation des écoulements diphasiques bouillants convectifs à haute pression rencontrés dans les réacteurs à eau sous pression (REP). La simulation de ces écoulements est aujourd'hui identifiée comme une voie possible d'amélioration pouvant conduire à la compréhension des mécanismes physiques menant à la crise d'ébullition en réacteur. La première partie de ce travail présente un modèle bi-dimensionnel quasi-établi capable de prédire de façon indépendante les profils de température et de vitesse dans un écoulement diphasique. Le découplage des équations implique de disposer de paramètres d'entrée (taux de vide, vitesse). Ce modèle est basé sur une approche de type modèle de mélange et sur la fermeture des termes de transport turbulent avec le concept de viscosité turbulente. La seconde partie généralise le modèle au cas bi-dimensionnel non-établi en proposant un outil qui résout de façon couplée toutes les équations de bilan et qui est basé sur l'utilisation d'un modèle original de type modèle homogène local avec relaxation thermodynamique. Une confrontation des résultats du modèle à des résultats expérimentaux fournis par la banque de données DEBORA a révélé que notre approche semblait suffisante pour rendre compte d'une bonne partie des données expérimentales en conditions REP. Mais néanmoins qu'elle présentait quelques limites dans des conditions poches du flux critique. Ce travail a permis de mettre en évidence les paramètres sensibles du modèle qui sont aujourd'hui bien identifiés à savoir les mécanismes de transport turbulent d'énergie et le choix du temps de relaxation. / This study is a contribution to the modelling of multidimentional high pressure boiling flows relative to PWR. Numerical simulation of such two-phase flows is considered to be an interesting way for the DNB understanding. The first part of this study exposes a two-dimentional steady state twophase flows model abble to predict velocity and temperature profiles in tube. The mixture balanced equations are used with the eddy diffusivity concept to close the turbulent transport terms. The second part is devoted to the development of the model in the general two dimentional case. Contrary to the steady state model, this model is indenpendant of experimental data and implies the use of an original local homogeneous relaxation modèle (HRM). The results obtained from the comparison with the data bank DEBORA reveals that in a mixture approch two submodel are sufficients to obtain a physial good description of turbulent boiling flows. Some limitations appear at conditions close to DNB conditions. The turbulent closures and the relaxation time in the HRM model have been clearly identified as the most important and sensitive parameters in the model.

In this work, which deals with problematics of releases from nuclear power plants, I tried to make an overview of various types of nuclear power plants and radioizotopes which are released through liquid and gasseous effluents. As a part of this comparison evaluation of czech and world nuclear power plants gaseous and liquid releases was made. Introductory part of this work contains information about different types of nuclear power plants and radioizotopes, which are produced in their reactors. It continues with today{\crq}s legislative and information about releasing levels and methods and systems used for measurement of radioactive gaseous and liquid effluents from nuclear power plants. Second part of this work describes the aim of this work and hypothesis. Third part explains the methods, which were used for completing of this work. Fourth part contains results in the form of tables and graphs. Fifth part represents discussion of the results. Last part is a summarization of the results.

Enquanto as amêndoas de babaçu são conhecidas por fornecer óleo rico em zinco, fósforo e potássio, seu mesocarpo possui propriedades anti-inflamatórias ainda pouco exploradas. Este estudo visou determinar a composição físico-química e o potencial de toxicidade in vivo do óleo de amêndoas de babaçu e da farinha de seu mesocarpo (ambos extraídos com CO2 supercrítico) bem como avaliar a atividade anti-inflamatória do mesocarpo (extraído com etanol pressurizado). Os extratos foram obtidos via técnicas inovadoras de extração que evitam a degradação de compostos termossensíveis e os resultados aqui alcançados apontam para a composição de extratos obtidos via tecnologia verde e sua caracterização. A extração com fluido supercrítico (SFE) é uma tecnologia limpa (pois não emprega solventes orgânicos) e promissora para obter extratos enriquecidos em compostos com atividade biológica como, por exemplo, fitosterois. Por sua vez, a extração com líquido pressurizado (PLE) é considerada rápida, eficiente e seletiva, sendo este trabalho o primeiro a isolar os flavonoides do extrato etanólico do mesocarpo de babaçu extraído via PLE. Os resultados indicaram que os maiores rendimentos de extração do óleo foram de 55,34 g/100g usando álcool isopropílico como solvente pressurizado e de 53,12 g/100g usando etanol. Tais rendimentos representam 92,4 e 88,7% do total de óleo nas sementes, respectivamente. Rico em ácidos láurico, mirístico, oleico e palmítico, o perfil de ácidos graxos foi o mesmo para os dois solventes nas condições operacionais utilizadas. Com uso de álcool isopropílico, o extrato apresentou a maior concentração de β-sitosterol mediante 3 min de contato com o solvente (St) e 66% de volume de solvente (≅ 7,48 mL, SV). Com uso de álcool etílico, a maior concentração de β-sitosterol ocorreu para 3 min de tempo de contato (St) e 94% (≅ 10,25 mL) de volume de solvente (SV). Em função da composição de ácidos graxos, os principais TAGs presentes no óleo foram COL, LOL, LOM, LOP e MOP. Na SFE, os maiores rendimentos do óleo de babaçu variaram de 51,94 a 57,71 g/100g (para 25 MPa) e de 53,65 a 59,93 g/100g (para 35 MPa), para temperaturas de 40, 50, 60, 70 e 80 °C. A maior concentração de β-sitosterol (27,43 mg/100g de óleo) foi obtida na extração a 70 °C e 25 MPa. Os extratos do mesocarpo de babaçu também foram obtidos via PLE com etanol pressurizado. O maior rendimento (2,95%) e a maior concentração de fenólicos totais (1.257,25 mgGAE/100g) de pó dos extratos do mesocarpo de babaçu foram obtidos a 86 °C e 3 min (St). A maior atividade antimicrobiana na inibição de Staphylococcus aureus ocorreu extrações com menores tempos de contato (St) e elevadas temperaturas (na faixa supra), condições que também propiciaram os melhores rendimentos de extração e atividade antioxidante. O estudo de toxicidade foi feito para o óleo de amêndoas de babaçu obtido via SFE. Na dose aguda de 2.000 mg/kg e no estudo subagudo nas doses de 1, 3 e 5 mg/kg de óleo (doses repetidas), os resultados indicaram que este óleo não apresenta letalidade aos animais. Para avaliar a atividade anti-inflamatória foi utilizado o extrato do mesocarpo de babaçu obtido com etanol pressurizado a 86 °C e 3 min (St). Tal atividade foi confirmada para a dose de 30 mg/kg, administrada em ratos com processo inflamatório induzido com carragenina a 3%. Embora tenham sido constatadas a baixa toxicidade do óleo e a atividade anti-inflamatória do extrato do mesocarpo, mais estudos de avaliação toxicológica são necessários para aplicações do óleo de amêndoas e do extrato de mesocarpo de babaçu em produtos farmacêuticos, alimentícios e/ou cosméticos. / While babassu almonds are known for providing oil rich in zinc, phosphorus and potassium, its mesocarp has anti-inflammatory properties yet underexplored. The present study aimed at determining physical-chemical composition and in vivo toxicity potential of babassu almonds oil and its mesocarp flour (both extracted with supercritical CO2) as well as anti-inflammatory activity of babassu mesocarp (extracted with pressurized ethanol). Extracts were obtained using innovative extraction techniques that avoid the degradation of thermosensitive compounds and results here obtained point to the composition of extracts obtained via green technology and their characterization. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a promising clean technology (as organic solvents are not employed) to obtain extracts enriched in compounds with biological activity (e.g. phytosterols). In its turn, pressurized fluid extraction (PFE) is considered fast, efficient and selective, this work being the first to isolate flavonoids from ethanolic extract of babassu mesocarp extracted via PLE. Results indicated that highest extract yields of babassu oil were 55.34 g/100 g with isopropyl alcohol as pressurized solvent and 53.12 g/100 g with ethanol as solvent. Aforesaid extracts respectively represent 92.4% and 88.7% of total oil in seeds. Rich in lauric, myristic, oleic and palmitic acids, the fatty acid profile was the same for the two solvents and applied operating conditions. Using isopropyl alcohol, extract had the highest β-sitosterol concentration for 3 min contact time with solvent (St) and 66% of volume of solvent, ≅ 22.44 mL (SV). Using ethyl alcohol as solvent, highest β-sitosterol concentration occurred for St = 3 min and SV = 94% ≅ 31.96 mL. According fatty acids composition, main TAGs present in oil were COL, LOL, LOM, LOP and MOP. In SFE, highest yields of babassu oil ranged from 51.94 to 57.71 g/100 g (at 25 MPa) and from 53.65 to 59.93 g/100 g (at 35 MPa) at temperatures of 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 °C. The highest concentration of β-sitosterol (namely, 27.43 mg/100g-oil) was obtained for extraction at 70 °C and 25 MPa. Babassu mesocarp extracts were also obtained via PLE with pressurized ethanol. The highest yield (2.95%) and the highest total phenolic concentration (1,257.25 mgGAE/100g) of babassu mesocarp extract were obtained at 86 °C and 3 min (St). The highest antimicrobial activity in Staphylococcus aureus inhibition occurred for lower contact time (St) values and higher temperatures (in aforesaid values), which were conditions also providing the best extraction yields and antioxidant activity. Toxicity study was carried out for babassu almond oil obtained via SFE. At the acute dose of 2,000 mg/kg and in subacute dose study at 1, 3 and 5 mg/kg of oil (repeated doses), results indicated that this oil did not present lethality in animals. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by using babassu mesocarp extracted with pressurized ethanol at 86 °C and 3 min (St). Such activity was confirmed at 30 mg/kg dose administered in rats with induced inflammatory process with carrageenan at 3%. While low toxicity of oil and anti-inflammatory activity of mesocarp extract were both observed, further evaluation studies are required for applications of almond oil and babassu mesocarp extracts in pharmaceutical, food and/or cosmetic products.

Este projeto de pesquisa, com o apoio dos pequenos produtores de café do Estado de São Paulo/Brasil, visou estudar e caracterizar o óleo de grãos de café verde obtido pela extração supercrítica e extração com fluido pressurizado. Foi feita a caracterização deste produto, considerando os componentes minoritários com atividade biológica demonstrada na literatura, como os componentes fenólicos e os diterpenos cafestol e kahweol. Com o objetivo de obter o óleo de café verde enriquecido, principalmente nestes dois principais diterpenos, componentes relevantes para as indústrias cosmética e farmacêutica, aplicaram-se como inovação tecnológica a extração supercrítica (SFE) e extração com fluido pressurizado (PFE). Os ensaios de extração foram realizados no Laboratório a Alta Pressão e Produtos Naturais (FZEA/USP/Brasil) para as SFE e no Laboratoire de Procédés (IUT/Université d\'Orléans/França) para PFE. No desenvolvimento da metodologia de análise dos diterpenos foram realizados estudos do método de saponificação do óleo de café verde Arabica (Coffea arabica) cv. Catuaí amarelo, obtido por prensagem (OP). E, concomitantemente a este estudo analítico, foram feitas as extrações do óleo dos mesmos grãos de café verde via SFE e PFE. Os diferentes óleos de grãos de café verde, obtidos pelos três métodos de extração foram analisados e comparados entre si considerando principalmente a concentração dos diterpenos. A metodologia analítica desenvolvida na primeira fase do trabalho constatou que para uma melhor análise dos diterpenos a reação de saponificação deve ser feita utilizando NaOH e a 70 °C. A fração insaponificável foi analisada para os diferentes extratos. Para os extratos obtidos via SFE, a cafeína teve que ser separada do óleo. A análise de quantificação dos diterpenos via cromatografia gasosa, utilizando o próprio cafestol e kahweol como padrão externo, indicou que o óleo obtido por SFE apresentou 50.180,41 mg cafestol/kg óleo e 63.764,32 mg kahweol/kg óleo na condição otimizada. Para a PFE as concentrações máximas obtidas foram de 65.876,29 mg cafestol/kg óleo e 53.328,47 mg kahweol/kg óleo e, no óleo de café verde obtido pelo método convencional a concentração dos diterpenos mostrou-se inferior com 7.508 mg cafestol/kg óleo e 12.822 mg kahweol/kg óleo. As propriedades físicas medidas visando a caracterização do óleo dos grãos de café verde obtido por SFE e prensagem dos grãos indicaram que tanto a densidade quanto a viscosidade diminuem com o aumento da temperatura. Para ambos os óleos, os comportamento da densidade foi semelhante, para aquele obtido pelo método convencional, os valores variaram de 0,94177 g/cm3 (25 °C) a 0,92143 g/cm3 (55 °C) e para o óleo obtido por SFE a variação foi de 0,93645 g/cm3 (25 °C) a 0,9157 g/cm3 (55 °C). A viscosidade dinâmica para o óleo obtido por prensagem variou de 127,8798 mPa×s (25 °C) a 35,0510 mPa×s (55 °C) e, para o óleo obtido por SFE, estes valores foram menores, entre 84,0411 mPa×s (25 °C) e 24,2555 mPa×s (55 °C). O índice de refração para ambos os óleos foi semelhante. Na extração com fluido pressurizado, (PFE), um valor ótimo de rendimento do extrato foi obtido quando se empregou metanol como solvente para uma temperatura de 100 °C e tempo de equilíbrio estático de 20 min. Este valor foi 183% superior a media dos resultados obtidos nos outros ensaios. Na concentração de diterpenos nestes extratos, nota-se também que o etanol foi menos eficiente que o metanol. Na comparação dos dois processos inovadores (SFE e PFE), a concentração de kahweol apresenta-se como o principal componente em quase todos os ensaios, com valores da relação cafestol/kahweol entre 0,73 e 0,96. No entanto, ao ser analisado o processo individualmente, percebe-se que a extração com fluido supercrítico indica que a maioria dos extratos obtidos teve uma concentração de kahweol superior ao cafestol. / This research project, with the support of small coffee producers in the State of São Paulo/Brazil, aimed to study and characterize the green coffee oil obtained by the supercritical fluid extraction and pressurized fluid extraction. Was made to characterize this authentic product, considering the minor components with biological activity demonstrated in the literature, such as phenolic compounds and diterpenes cafestol and kahweol. In order to get the green coffee oil enriched, mainly in these two major diterpenos, components relevant to cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, applied technological innovation as the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and pressurized fluid extraction (PFE). The extraction tests were performed at the High Pressure Laboratory and Natural Products (FZEA/USP/Brazil) for SFE and the Laboratoire de Procédés (IUT/Université d\' Orléans/France) for PFE. In the development of methodology for analyzing diterpenes were conducted studies on the method of saponification of the green oil Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) cv. yellow Catuaí, obtained by pressing (OP). And, concomitantly this analytical study were extracted from the oil of the same green coffee beans by SFE and PFE. Different green coffee beans oils, obtained by the three extraction methods were analyzed and compared with each other considering mainly the concentration of diterpenes. The analytical methodology developed in the first phase of the work found that for a better analysis of the diterpenes saponification reaction must be made using NaOH and 70 °C. The unsaponifiable fraction was analyzed for the different extracts. Specifically for extracts obtained by SFE, caffeine had to be separated from the oil. The analysis and quantification of diterpenes made by gas chromatography, using himself as cafestol and kahweol external standard, indicated that the oil obtained by SFE showed cafestol 50,180.41 mg/kg oil and kahweol 63,764.32 mg/kg oil in optimal condition. For the PFE maximum concentrations were obtained cafestol 65,876.29 mg/kg oil and kahweol 53,328.47 mg/kg oil and the green coffee oil obtained by the conventional method the concentration of diterpenes was lower than with 7,508 mg cafestol/kg oil kahweol and 12,822 mg/kg oil. The physical measures for the characterization of oil from green coffee beans obtained by SFE and pressing the grains indicated that both the density and the viscosity decrease with increasing temperature. For both oils, the density behavior was similar, to that obtained by the conventional method, the values ranged from 0.94177 g/cm3 (25 °C) to 0.92143 g/cm3 (55 °C) and the oil obtained by the SFE variation was 0.93645 g/cm3 (25 °C) to 0.9157 g/cm3 (55 °C). The dynamic viscosity for the oil obtained by pressing ranged from 127.8798 mPa×s (25 °C) to 35.0510 mPa×s (55 °C) and the oil obtained by SFE, these values were lower, between 84.0411 mPa×s (25 °C) and 24.2555 mPa×s (55 °C). The index of refraction for both oils was similar. In the extraction pressure, (PFE), an optimal value of the extract yield was obtained when methanol was used as solvent at a temperature of 100 °C and static equilibrium time of 20 min. This value was 183% above the average of the results obtained in other tests. At the concentration of these diterpenes extracts, note also that the ethanol was less effective than methanol. In comparing the two innovative processes (SFE and PFE), the concentration of kahweol presents itself as the main component in almost all tests, compared with values of cafestol/kahweol between 0.73 and 0.96. However, the process to be analyzed individually, it is clear that the supercritical fluid extraction indicates that most of the extracts had a concentration higher of kahweol than cafestol.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Rice husk is a subproduct of the food industry, rich in carbohydrates, which can be partially fractionated and converted into fermentable sugars. In this work, it was investigated the best conditions for the conversion of the residual biomass, rice husks, into succinic acid, an important start molecule for the synthesis of the chemo-pharmaceutical industry. With the goal of the separation of lignin and transformation of cellulose and hemicellulose into sugars, the rice husks were submitted, initially, to acid hydrolysis, in autoclave and in pressurized polytetrafluoroethylene reactor. The hydrolysis conditions were optimized by factorial design for the pressurized acid hydrolysis; temperature, time and acid catalyst concentration (HCl or H2SO4) were evaluated. For the acid hydrolysis in autoclave, it was optimized the ratio rice husks mass: acid volume, time and concentration of HCl or H2SO4. It was observed that the sugar production by using autoclave was lower than by the pressurized hydrolysis system, needing further concentration of the hydrolysate for the subsequent fermentation step. The best results were obtained with the polytetrafluoroethylene reactor, by 59 bar, with HCl 0,26 mol L-1, at 175°C and reaction time of 46 min, yielding 19.0 g L- 1 of glucose and 3.01 g L- 1 of xylose. The efficiency of different detoxification methods of the hydrolyzed rice husk were evaluated; the combined method of pH adjustment plus adsorption on active carbon was the most effective by eliminating inhibitors, without appreciable reduction of the sugar concentration. The detoxified hydrolysate was sterilized and adjusted at pH 7 and fermented with A. succinogenes at 37 ° C, in anaerobic medium, occurring the conversion of the two main monosaccharides, glucose and xylose, into succinic acid. The nutrient concentration and the agitation rate of the medium were also optimized by factorial design. As a result, after 54 h of static fermentation, the hydrolysate was supplemented with 8.40 g L-1 yeast extract and 1.40 g L -1 of NaHCO3, to yield 59.9% succinic acid. Almost all of the sugar at this time was consumed and converted to succinic acid; at the same time, acetic and formic acid are formed, but, in low concentrations related to the production of succinic acid, not compromising the yield of the process. For the succinic acid extraction and purification, the fermentate was submitted to the solid phase extraction procedure; cartridges with different extraction phases were tested, and among them, the ion exchange one was the only effective, with recoveries up to 96%. After solid phase extraction, the eluted solution, containing 12.05 g L- 1 succcinic acid, was lyophilized, and crystals of succinic acid with 80.7% (m m- 1) were obtained. The raw material used in the bioprocess has no commercial value, representing a zero cost carbon source, which reveals itself adequate to the succinic acid production by fermentation with A. succinogenes, after hydrolysis. The use of the residual rice husk can contribute to the mitigation of the environmental impact resulting from the illegal discharge in the environment. / A casca de arroz é um subproduto da indústria de alimentos, rico em carboidratos, que pode ser fracionada e, parcialmente, convertida em açúcares fermentescíveis. Neste trabalho, investigou-se as melhores condições para a conversão da biomassa residual, casca de arroz, em ácido succínico, importante insumo para a síntese industrial farmoquímica. Com o objetivo de separação da lignina e transformação da celulose e da hemicelulose em açúcares, a casca de arroz foi submetida, inicialmente, à hidrólise ácida em autoclave e em reator de politetrafluoretileno, à pressão. As condições de hidrólise foram otimizadas através de planejamento fatorial, sendo avaliado na hidrólise ácida pressurizada, a influência da temperatura, do tempo e da concentração do catalisador ácido (HCl ou H2SO4); já, na hidrólise em autoclave, otimizou-se a relação massa de casca de arroz : volume de solução ácida, tempo e concentração de HCl ou H2SO4. Observou-se que a produção de açúcares em autoclave é inferior à do sistema de hidrólise à pressão, necessitando, inclusive, concentração do hidrolisado para utilização na etapa fermentativa. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com o reator de politetrafluoretileno, à pressão de 59 bar, com 0,26 mol L-1 de HCl, temperatura de 175 °C e tempo de reação de 46 min, produzindo-se 19 g L-1 de glicose e 3,01 g L-1 de xilose. Avaliou-se a eficiência de diferentes métodos de destoxificação do hidrolisado de casca de arroz, sendo o método combinado, de ajuste de pH seguido de adsorção em carvão ativado, o mais eficaz na eliminação de inibidores, sem redução apreciável da concentração de açúcares. O hidrolisado destoxificado foi esterilizado, ajustado a pH 7 e fermentado com A. succinogenes, à 37 ºC, em meio anaeróbio, ocorrendo a conversão dos monossacarídeos predominantes, glicose e xilose, em ácido succínico. A concentração dos nutrientes e a velocidade de agitação do meio também foram otimizadas por meio de planejamento fatorial. Após 54 h de fermentação estática do hidrolisado, suplementado com 8,40 g L-1 de extrato de levedura e 1,40 g L-1 de NaHCO3, o rendimento em ácido succínico foi de 59,9%. Praticamente, toda a concentração de açúcar é consumida neste tempo e convertida em ácido succínico; simultaneamente, formam-se ácido acético e fórmico, porém, em baixas concentrações em relação à produção de ácido succínico, não comprometendo o rendimento do processo. Para a extração e purificação do ácido succínico, o fermentado foi submetido ao procedimento de extração em fase sólida; cartuchos com diferentes fases extratoras foram testados, e, dentre eles, somente o de troca iônica se mostrou efetivo, com recuperação de até 96,0%. Após a extração, o eluido da extração em fase sólida, contendo 12,0 g L-1 de ácido succínico foi liofilizado, obtendo-se cristais com pureza de 80,7% (m m-1). A matéria-prima utilizada no bioprocesso, casca de arroz, não tem valor comercial, representando fonte de carbono de custo zero, que se revelou adequada à produção de ácido succínico por meio de fermentação com A. succinogenes, após hidrólise. O aproveitamento da casca de arroz residual pode contribuir para a mitigação do impacto ambiental resultante da disposição ilegal no ambiente.

Les composants du circuit primaire des réacteurs nucléaires à eau sous pression (REP) subissent une corrosion généralisée entraînant le relâchement d'espèces solubles dans le fluide primaire (principalement Fe, Ni, Cr, Mn, Co). Sous l'effet de la convection du fluide, ces espèces sont entraînées dans le circuit primaire. Une partie de ces espèces peut précipiter sur les surfaces du combustible et être activée sous l'effet du flux neutronique régnant dans cette région. Ce dépôt de produits de corrosion peut, sous l'effet des forces hydrodynamiques du fluide primaire, être érodé (ou bien dissous si les conditions thermo-chimiques le permettent). Ces espèces activées (principalement du 58Co, 60Co, 51Cr et 54Mn), sous l'effet de la convection vont se retrouver disséminées dans l'ensemble du circuit primaire où elles pourront se redéposer (ou bien précipiter) sur les différents composants et ainsi contaminer l'ensemble du circuit primaire. Au cours d'un cycle de fonctionnement normal dans un REP EDF, l'activité du fluide dans le circuit primaire est relativement constante (généralement de l'ordre de 10-20 MBq.m-3 en 58Co). Cependant, lors de certains cycles de fonctionnement (en fonction de la gestion de combustible), notamment on observe des montées d'activités volumiques importantes en 58Co et en 51Cr pouvant atteindre une centaine de fois celles observées habituellement. Ces montées d'activités volumiques sont dues à l'établissement dans les régions les plus "chaudes" des assemblages de combustible d'un régime d'ébullition nucléée. L'ébullition peut dans certains cas multiplier par un facteur 10 à 100 l'épaisseur de dépôt formé sur le combustible conduisant ainsi à un transfert de masse plus important sous forme particulaire entre le dépôt et le fluide primaire du fait de l'érosion. Une modélisation des mécanismes de transfert de masse entre le fluide primaire et le dépôt sur ces régions "chaudes" du combustible en régime d'ébullition nucléée et les impacts sur la contamination du circuit primaire sont décrits dans ce mémoire. L'ébullition à la surface du dépôt ou bien dans le dépôt lui-même provoque un enrichissement à la paroi en espèces ioniques pouvant entraîner une précipitation plus importante ou bien modifier le comportement d'une espèce d'un régime de dissolution à un régime de précipitation ; le dépôt de particules turbulent et inertiel est lui aussi favorisé. La vaporisation du fluide à la paroi ainsi que la formation des bulles elles-mêmes entraînent aussi un dépôt et une précipitation plus importants. La prise en compte de ces mécanismes de transfert de masse dans le code OSCAR (Outil de Simulation de la ContAmination en Réacteur), développé au sein du Laboratoire de Modélisation des interactions et Transferts en Réacteur au CEA, conduit à une bonne reproduction des résultats expérimentaux issus du retour d'expérience des centrales françaises tant au niveau des dépôts formés dans les régions avec ébullition que des activités volumiques. / The Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) primary circuit materials are subject to general corrosion leading to soluble metallic element (mainly Fe, Ni, Cr, Mn, Co) transfer and subsequent ion precipitation processes on the primary circuit surfaces. When deposited on fuel rods, these species are activated by neutron flux. Thus, crud erosion and dissolution processes induce to primary coolant activity. During a normal operating cycle in a EDF PWR, the volume activity in the coolant is relativly stable (usually about 10-20 MBq.m−3 in 58Co). In some cycles (depending on fuel management), significant increases in 58Co and 51Cr volume activities are observed (10 to 100 times the ordinary volume activities). These increases of volume activities are due to local sub-cooled nucleate boiling on the "hot" parts of fuel assemblies. As presented in this thesis, boiling at the top of some fuel assemblies may lead to much higher amount of metallic elements than usual (some micrometers). Indeed, boiling that can locally occurs under PWR conditions concentrates species and to increase significantly the quantity of deposited and precipitated material. Erosion flux is higher in these regions due to thicker crud thickness, involving a greater mass transfer of activated isotopes to the primary coolant. The OSCAR calculation code, developed by the "Laboratoire de Modélisation des interactions et Transferts en Réacteur" in CEA, with these new mass transfer models can now well estimate the amount of deposit and the volume activities in the primary coolant in case of boiling in accordance with french PWR measurements.

Mass spectrometry was used to study two disparate transformations: in an applied project, the supposed degradation of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS); and in a fundamental study, the Suzuki-Miyaura (SM) reaction was investigated in detail. The first investigation revealed that published methods to degrade PFOS were ineffectual, with apparent decreases being associated with adsorption onto available surfaces. In the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction, a dynamic series of equilibria were observed, and there is no direct evidence of a single pathway. Instead, there appear to be two mechanisms which are active in different conditions (one fluoride, one aqueous). Studies were initiated into the related SM polycondensation reaction and the hydrolysis of aryltrifluoroborates, the former indicating a step-growth mechanism, and the latter indicating a dynamic series of equilibria which are very sensitive to experimental conditions. Processing and interpretation of mass spectrometric data was a significant part of all of these projects, so a python framework was developed to assist in these tasks and its features are also documented herein. / Graduate / 0488 / 0486 / larsy@uvic.ca

Die vorliegende Dissertationsschrift beinhaltet die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung von loka-len und globalen Prozessen der Wärmeübertragung beim unterkühlten Strömungssieden. Sie ist an der Schnittstelle zwischen Reaktorsicherheitsforschung und der experimentellen Thermofluiddynamik für Phasenübergänge einzuordnen. In technischen Anwendungen zur effizienten Übertragung großer Wärmemengen spielt der Prozess des Siedens eine wichtige Rolle. Dieser Vorgang bewirkt einen starken Anstieg des Wärmetransportes von der beizten Wand an das Fluid bei vergleichsweise geringem Anstieg der Wandtemperatur. Der maximal übertragbare Wärmestrom beim Sieden wird begrenzt durch die sogenannte kritische Wärmestromdichte, deren Überschreitung zum thermomechanischen Versagen der beheizten Komponente führen kann. Aufgrund der Komplexität dieser Prozesse ist es trotz intensiver Arbeiten in den letzten Jahrzehnten noch nicht gelungen, diese Vorgänge detailliert zu modellieren. Eine Weiter-entwicklung der Modelle zur realistischen Beschreibung des unterkühlten Strömungssie-dens erfordert neuartige Untersuchungen, welche eine genaue Klassifizierung der partiellen Wärmeübergänge des Blasensiedens ermöglichen. Die Analyse partieller Wärmetransportgrößen beim unterkühlten Strömungssieden sowie der Einfluss variierender thermohydraulischer Randbedingungen ist Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit. In der entwickelten Versuchsanlage erfolgt die Erfassung der Siedevorgänge bei Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten von 0,1 – 2 m/s und Eintrittstemperaturen von 60 - 98 °C. Mit Hilfe empfindlicher Temperaturmessungen in einem elektrisch beheizten Kapillarrohr innerhalb des Strömungskanals werden die globalen Vorgänge beim Übergang von Kon-vektion zum Sieden erfasst. Durch eine modellbasierte Bestimmung der Oberflächentem-peratur lassen sich Phänomene nachweisen, welche bisher weitestgehend unbeachtet ge-blieben sind. Die transparente Versuchsstrecke ermöglicht eine Erfassung der lokalen Sie-devorgänge mit optisch und zeitlich hochauflösenden Messverfahren. Durch die Entwick-lung neuer Algorithmen der digitalen Bildverarbeitung wurde eine umfangreiche, kenngrö-ßenorientierte Auswertung der in großem Umfang entstandenen Datenmengen realisiert. Der Einsatz transparenter und elektrisch leitfähiger Beschichtungen ermöglicht die mikro-skopische Erfassung des Blasenwachstums in weiten thermohydraulischen Parameterberei-chen. Mit erweiterten Bildverarbeitungsalgorithmen erfolgt die detaillierte und dynamische Bewertung des Blasenwachstumsverhaltens. Die statistische Auswertung der Verläufe er-möglicht die Ableitung eines Blasenwachstumsmodells für unterkühltes Strömungssieden. In einer weiteren Versuchsanordnung werden die lokalen Wärmetransportvorgänge bei der Ablösung quasistatisch gewachsener Blasen mit Hilfe der Infrarot-Thermographie be-stimmt. Dadurch können erstmalig die aus der lokalen Abkühlung der beheizten Oberfläche durch Blasenablösung resultierenden Wärmeströme unter Vernachlässigung der Bla-senbildung experimentell quantifiziert werden. Weiterhin können die bisher theoretisch beschriebenen Driftströmungen beim Aufstieg der Blase experimentell nachgewiesen wer-den. Die ermittelten Größen und Zusammenhänge tragen zur Weiterentwicklung und zum Abbau von Unsicherheiten bei der Modellierung von Wärmetransportvorgängen beim unterkühlten Strömungssieden bei.

The presence of deposits leading to corrosion of the steam generator (SG) systems is a major contributor to operation and maintenance cost of pressurized water reactor (PWR) plants. Formation and transport of corrosion products formed due to the presence of impurities, metallic oxides and cations in the secondary side of the SG units result in formation of deposits. This research deals with the characterization of deposit samples collected from the two SG units (unit 1 and unit 2) at Comanche Peak Steam Electric Station (CPSES). X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) techniques have been used for studying the compositional and structural properties of iron oxides formed in the secondary side of unit 1 and unit 2. Magnetite (Fe3O4) was found to be predominant in samples from unit 1 and maghemite (g-Fe2O3) was found to be the dominant phase in case of unit 2. An attempt has been made to customize FTIR technique for analyzing different iron oxide phases present in the deposits of PWR-SG systems.