Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Melbourne, The National Vision Research Institute of Australia and Dept. of Optometry & Vision Sciences, 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-111).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 80-97).

Thesis (Dr. Sc. Nat.)--Universität Zürich, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 186-209). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (Ph.D. in Human Medical Genetics) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2008. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-112). Free to UCD Anschutz Medical Campus. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;

Thesis (Ph. D. (Dept. of Medical Biosciences)--University of the Western Cape, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 215-239).

Thesis (Dr. Sc. Nat.)--Universität Zürich, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 186-209).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:04:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 andrade_tm_dr_jabo.pdf: 386363 bytes, checksum: dbf87cb7276793300a20851eef33be22 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A leptospirose é uma zoonose de distribuição mundial, assumindo um forte significado social, econômico e cultural. A enfermidade acomete, praticamente, todos os animais domésticos, selvagens e o ser humano, bem como a maioria das espécies silvestres, entre os quais destacam-se os carnívoros, roedores, primatas e marsupiais, que podem tornar-se portadores e contribuírem para a disseminação do microrganismo na natureza. O presente estudo foi realizado na Mata de Santa Teresa, Ribeirão Preto, SP, onde foi realizada a captura de Cebus apella nigritus de vida livre. Foram colhidos amostras de sangue para a realização da soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM), estudo da bioquímica sérica e teste da reação em cadeia da polimerase na urina dos animais. Foram capturados 55 animais e foi observado a soro-reação em 33 animais (60%). Os sorovares encontrados foram Shermani (11/55, 33,33%), Andamana (8/33. 24,24%), Pyrogenes (4/33, 12,12%), Grippotyphosa (2/33; 6,06%), Australis, Canicola, Castelonis, Copenhageni, Hardjo, Hebdomadis, Pomona e Wolffi (1/33, 3,03%), respectivamente. Foi colhido oito amostras de urina dos animais (14,54%) e a análise das amostras de urina pela PCR foi negativa, não demonstrando excreção renal da Leptospira spp. A análise do soro nas provas de bioquímica sérica não foi elucidativa, pois alguns animais apresentaram alto título de anticorpos e níveis normais da bioquímica sérica. / Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis, being social, economic and culture significance. The disease occurs in all domestic animals, wild animals and man, as well as, in majority wildlife species, mainly carnivores, rodents, not human primates and marsupials and they are able to become reservoirs, disseminating the bacteria in the nature. This study were in Mata de Santa Teresa, Ribeirão Preto, SP, where were collected serum of wildlife Cebus paella nigritus and processed by Microscopic Agglutination test (MAT), analysis of serum biochemistry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in urine of these animals. Were captured 55 primates (C. apella) and the results showed 33 animals (60%) reactive serum. The serovars: Shermani (11/55, 33,33%), Andamana (8/33. 24,24%), Pyrogenes (4/33, 12,12%), Grippotyphosa (2/33; 6,06%), Australis, Canicola, Castelonis, Copenhageni, Hardjo, Hebdomadis, Pomona and Wolffi (1/33, 3,03%) respectively. Were collected 8 urine samples from primates (14,54%) and analysis from PCR were negative, not showed kidney excretion of Leptospira spp. The serum analyses were not elucidative, because some animals showed high titres antibody levels and normal levels of serum biochemistry.

This thesis explores how indigenous communities in the neotropics affect the biodiversity of the forests in which they live; and assesses how the culture, preferences and perceptions of communities can influence the outcome of this relationship. This is first investigated via a case study that compares primate populations between a protected area in the Ecuadorian Amazon and a territory in its adjacent buffer zone that is owned by an indigenous Kichwa community. I then use an ethnoprimatological approach to investigate the attitudes of this community to primates, namely looking at (a) whether primates are seen as a distinct group, (b) the relative importance of primates as sources of bushmeat and pets and (c) the perceived value of primates in terms of their value as a resource or their ecological role. I show that diurnal primates are seen as a cohesive group, but that tree-dwelling non-primates including sloths, kinkajous and tamanduas are also frequently classified as 'monkeys'. The community's perceptions of the value of primates are more closely associated with their potential as bushmeat and pets, whereas few respondents view their importance in terms of their role in the forest ecosystem. I compare our findings to those in studies of other indigenous groups and discuss how they could contribute to more effective conservation planning. Next, I assess how hunting preferences for mammals and birds vary across communities over the whole of central America, Amazonia and the Guianan shield. I show that primates, cetartiodactyls and rodents are the mammalian cornerstones of prey provision for hunters in neotropical communities, whereas Galliformes, Tinamiformes, Psittaciformes, Gruiformes, Piciformes are the most commonly hunted bird orders. The location of a community alone is a significant but weak predictor of the structure of its hunting profile in terms of order preferences. In addition, I found no relationship between a community's age and size and the average biomass of birds or mammals hunted, or the number of mammal species that are targeted. I discuss whether the age and size of communities are robust indicators of past and current hunting pressure, as well as the suitability of cross-sectional data for monitoring large-scale hunting patterns.

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor / Detecta la presencia de tripanosomátidos y Trypanosoma cruzi en sangre de primates no humanos mantenidos en cautiverio, mediante PCR anidada. Para realizar la identificación por PCR de T. cruzi en primates no humanos, se optimiza un protocolo anidado usando dos pares de cebadores dirigidos al gen 24S alfa de la subunidad mayor de ribosoma. Se analizan muestras de sangre de mono colectadas en tubos con EDTA y tarjetas FTA provenientes de siete ciudades peruanas: Yurimaguas (n=69), Pucallpa (n=29), Puerto Maldonado (n=26), Iquitos (n=1), Moyobamba (n=17), Lima (n=34), y Cuzco (n=18). Las muestras son colectadas entre noviembre 2011 y mayo 2012 por la ONG Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) mediante un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. De cada muestra también se realizan frotis y gota gruesas para detección de hemoparásitos por microscopía. Los productos de amplificación de la primera reacción son de aproximadamente 240-280 pb y amplificaron secuencias conservadas en todos los tripanosomátidos, mientras que los de la segunda PCR son de 110-130 pb y amplifican una secuencia interna, exclusiva de T. cruzi. No se observa una reacción cruzada con ADN de mamífero (Aotus, humanos) ni con otros parásitos como Plasmodium spp. El límite de detección del protocolo es de 1,5 pg de ADN para tripanosomátidos y de 15 fg para T. cruzi; lo que equivale aproximadamente a 4,5 y 0,045 parásitos, respectivamente. Sin embargo, como la cantidad de ADN de T. cruzi varía entre cepas y clones, este rango podría ser más amplio y detectar solo 12,5 parásitos en la primera reacción y 0,12 en la segunda. Al comparar la PCR con el diagnóstico por microscopía, se determina que esta última es menos específica (97,96%) y sensible (82,86%). Finalmente, al emplear el protocolo de PCR en las muestras de primates no humanos, se encuentra que la prevalencia de tripanosomátidos es de 26,49% y la de T. cruzi 3,24%. / Tesis

Enterococcus são associados à microbiota intestinal de mamíferos e aves. Além dos primatas apresentarem estreita relação evolutiva com seres humanos, é pouco conhecido o impacto da resistência antimicrobiana associada às bactérias comensais, como os enterococos. O trabalho teve como objetivo identificar e caracterizar enterococos isolados de amostras fecais de macacos-prego (Sapajus nigritus) em relação a determinantes de resistência e virulência. As amostras foram coletadas de animais vivendo em cativeiro no Zoológico de Sapucaia do Sul (ZOO) e selvagens, nas cidades de São Sebastião do Caí (SSC) e Santa Cruz do Sul (SCS). As espécies isoladas foram identificadas utilizando a técnica de MALDI-TOF. Estas foram testadas frente a 12 antimicrobianos através do método disco difusão. Genes que conferem resistência à tetraciclina (tetM, tetL e tetS), fluoroquinolonas (gyrA), eritromicina (msrC e ermB) e virulência (agg, esp, cylA, ace e gelE) foram detectados por PCR. Foram identificados 296 isolados de Enterococcus sp. oriundos de 24 amostras fecais de macacos-prego. Destes, 137 eram oriundos de amostras de SSC, 86 de SCS e 73 do ZOO. A espécie mais encontrada foi E. faecalis (42,6 %), seguida de E. hirae (29,4 %) e E. faecium (15,5 %). Cento e noventa e nove amostras (67,2 %) apresentaram suscetibilidade reduzida a antimicrobianos. As amostras apresentaram menos suscetíveis para rifampicina (46,3 %), tetraciclina (26,0 %) e eritromicina (22,3 %). Entre os isolados, E. faecalis (69,0 %) apresentou as maiores frequências de suscetibilidade reduzida. Em relação ao local de coleta, 69,3 % dos isolados das amostras SSC apresentaram suscetibilidade reduzida a antimicrobianos, 69,7 % dos isolados das amostras SCS e 60,2 % dos isolados das amostras do ZOO, sendo atribuído perfil de múltipla resistência a 29 isolados de SSC, 6 isolados SCS e 8 de ZOO. As amostras ZOO apresentaram maiores índices para os genes de resistência msrC (81,8 %), gyrA (60,7 %) e tetL (44,4 %). Para o gene tetM os isolados de SCS apresentaram maior frequência (100 %). As amostras SSC e SCS apresentaram as maiores porcentagens para o gene gelE (100 %). Para esp (3,5 %), ace (93,0 %) e agg (10,5 %), as amostras SCS apresentaram as maiores porcentagens. As presenças de determinantes de resistência e virulência nas amostras foram atribuídas tanto à ação antropogênica encontrada no habitat dos macacos como através do próprio resistoma ambiental. Ainda, a proximidade dos animais com o ser humano demonstrou ser uma das principais fontes de disseminação de resistência bacteriana. / Enterococcus is associated with the intestinal microbiota of mammals and birds. In addition to primates having a close evolutionary relationship with humans, the impact of antimicrobial resistance associated with commensal bacteria, such as enterococci, is little known. The objective of this work was to identify and characterize isolates of enterococci from faecal samples of black capuchin monkey (Sapajus nigritus) in relation to determinants of resistance and virulence. The samples were collected from animals living in the Sapucaia do Sul Zoo (ZOO) and wild, in the cities São Sebastião do Caí (SSC) and Santa Cruz do Sul (SCS). The isolated species were identified using the MALDI-TOF technique. These were tested against 12 antimicrobials using the disc diffusion method. Genes that confer resistance to tetracycline (tetM, tetL and tetS), fluoroquinolones (gyrA), erythromycin (mrsC and ermB) and virulence (agg, esp, cylA, ace and gelE) were detected by PCR. It were identified 296 isolates of Enterococcus sp. from 24 faecal samples of S. nigritus. Of these, 137 were from SSC samples, 86 from SCS and 73 from ZOO. The most common species was E. faecalis (42.6 %), followed by E. hirae (29.4 %) and E. faecium (15.5 %). One hundred and ninety-nine samples (67.2%) presented reduced antimicrobial susceptibility. The samples were less susceptible to rifampicin (46.3%), tetracycline (26.0%) and erythromycin (22.0%). Among the isolates, E. faecalis (69.0%) had the highest frequencies of reduced susceptibility. Regarding the collection site, 69.3% of the SSC isolates presented reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials, 69.7% of the isolates from the SCS samples and 60.2% from the isolates from the ZOO samples, with a multiple resistance profile 29 SSC isolates, 6 SCS isolates and 8 ZOO isolates. The ZOO samples presented higher indices for the resistance genes msrC (81.8%), gyrA (60.7%) and tetL (44.4%). For the tetM gene the SCS isolates showed a higher frequency (100%). The SSC and SCS samples showed the highest percentages for the gelE gene (100%). For esp (3.5%), ace (93.0%) and agg (10.5%), the SCS samples presented the highest percentages. The presences of resistance and virulence determinants in the samples were attributed both to the anthropogenic action found in the monkey habitat and through the environmental resistance itself. Furthermore, the proximity of animals to humans has been shown to be one of the main sources of dissemination of bacterial resistance.