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Cooperative behaviours among individuals play a crucial role in social interactions. There is a special interest in investigating the occurrence of cooperation among apes, because this knowledge could as well shed light on evolutionary processes and help understand the origin and development of cooperation in humans and primates in general. Gibbons are phylogenetically intermediate between the great apes and monkeys, and therefore represent a unique opportunity for comparisons. The aim of the present study was to discover whether or not gibbons (Hylobates lar) show cooperative behaviours among each other. In order to test for the respective behaviours, the gibbons were presented with a commonly used experimental cooperative problem-solving task. Additionally, social behaviours were recorded during behavioural observations. The gibbons in this study did not exhibit cooperative behaviours during the problemsolving task. Behavioural observations revealed that the gibbons spent significantly more time ‘out of arm’s reach to everyone’, suggesting that they are less involved in social interactions than other, more cooperative apes. Both findings combined support the “social brain hypothesis”, which predicts that cognitive abilities are constrained by the complexity of the animals’ social life. Based on previous findings of occurrences of cooperative behaviours in two other primate lineages (i.e. New World monkeys and Old World monkeys) it was suggested that cooperation in primates was a matter of a convergent evolutionary processes rather than a homologous trait.

Enterococcus são associados à microbiota intestinal de mamíferos e aves. Além dos primatas apresentarem estreita relação evolutiva com seres humanos, é pouco conhecido o impacto da resistência antimicrobiana associada às bactérias comensais, como os enterococos. O trabalho teve como objetivo identificar e caracterizar enterococos isolados de amostras fecais de macacos-prego (Sapajus nigritus) em relação a determinantes de resistência e virulência. As amostras foram coletadas de animais vivendo em cativeiro no Zoológico de Sapucaia do Sul (ZOO) e selvagens, nas cidades de São Sebastião do Caí (SSC) e Santa Cruz do Sul (SCS). As espécies isoladas foram identificadas utilizando a técnica de MALDI-TOF. Estas foram testadas frente a 12 antimicrobianos através do método disco difusão. Genes que conferem resistência à tetraciclina (tetM, tetL e tetS), fluoroquinolonas (gyrA), eritromicina (msrC e ermB) e virulência (agg, esp, cylA, ace e gelE) foram detectados por PCR. Foram identificados 296 isolados de Enterococcus sp. oriundos de 24 amostras fecais de macacos-prego. Destes, 137 eram oriundos de amostras de SSC, 86 de SCS e 73 do ZOO. A espécie mais encontrada foi E. faecalis (42,6 %), seguida de E. hirae (29,4 %) e E. faecium (15,5 %). Cento e noventa e nove amostras (67,2 %) apresentaram suscetibilidade reduzida a antimicrobianos. As amostras apresentaram menos suscetíveis para rifampicina (46,3 %), tetraciclina (26,0 %) e eritromicina (22,3 %). Entre os isolados, E. faecalis (69,0 %) apresentou as maiores frequências de suscetibilidade reduzida. Em relação ao local de coleta, 69,3 % dos isolados das amostras SSC apresentaram suscetibilidade reduzida a antimicrobianos, 69,7 % dos isolados das amostras SCS e 60,2 % dos isolados das amostras do ZOO, sendo atribuído perfil de múltipla resistência a 29 isolados de SSC, 6 isolados SCS e 8 de ZOO. As amostras ZOO apresentaram maiores índices para os genes de resistência msrC (81,8 %), gyrA (60,7 %) e tetL (44,4 %). Para o gene tetM os isolados de SCS apresentaram maior frequência (100 %). As amostras SSC e SCS apresentaram as maiores porcentagens para o gene gelE (100 %). Para esp (3,5 %), ace (93,0 %) e agg (10,5 %), as amostras SCS apresentaram as maiores porcentagens. As presenças de determinantes de resistência e virulência nas amostras foram atribuídas tanto à ação antropogênica encontrada no habitat dos macacos como através do próprio resistoma ambiental. Ainda, a proximidade dos animais com o ser humano demonstrou ser uma das principais fontes de disseminação de resistência bacteriana. / Enterococcus is associated with the intestinal microbiota of mammals and birds. In addition to primates having a close evolutionary relationship with humans, the impact of antimicrobial resistance associated with commensal bacteria, such as enterococci, is little known. The objective of this work was to identify and characterize isolates of enterococci from faecal samples of black capuchin monkey (Sapajus nigritus) in relation to determinants of resistance and virulence. The samples were collected from animals living in the Sapucaia do Sul Zoo (ZOO) and wild, in the cities São Sebastião do Caí (SSC) and Santa Cruz do Sul (SCS). The isolated species were identified using the MALDI-TOF technique. These were tested against 12 antimicrobials using the disc diffusion method. Genes that confer resistance to tetracycline (tetM, tetL and tetS), fluoroquinolones (gyrA), erythromycin (mrsC and ermB) and virulence (agg, esp, cylA, ace and gelE) were detected by PCR. It were identified 296 isolates of Enterococcus sp. from 24 faecal samples of S. nigritus. Of these, 137 were from SSC samples, 86 from SCS and 73 from ZOO. The most common species was E. faecalis (42.6 %), followed by E. hirae (29.4 %) and E. faecium (15.5 %). One hundred and ninety-nine samples (67.2%) presented reduced antimicrobial susceptibility. The samples were less susceptible to rifampicin (46.3%), tetracycline (26.0%) and erythromycin (22.0%). Among the isolates, E. faecalis (69.0%) had the highest frequencies of reduced susceptibility. Regarding the collection site, 69.3% of the SSC isolates presented reduced susceptibility to antimicrobials, 69.7% of the isolates from the SCS samples and 60.2% from the isolates from the ZOO samples, with a multiple resistance profile 29 SSC isolates, 6 SCS isolates and 8 ZOO isolates. The ZOO samples presented higher indices for the resistance genes msrC (81.8%), gyrA (60.7%) and tetL (44.4%). For the tetM gene the SCS isolates showed a higher frequency (100%). The SSC and SCS samples showed the highest percentages for the gelE gene (100%). For esp (3.5%), ace (93.0%) and agg (10.5%), the SCS samples presented the highest percentages. The presences of resistance and virulence determinants in the samples were attributed both to the anthropogenic action found in the monkey habitat and through the environmental resistance itself. Furthermore, the proximity of animals to humans has been shown to be one of the main sources of dissemination of bacterial resistance.

abstract: Within the primate lineage, skeletal traits that contribute to inter-specific anatomical variation and enable varied niche occupations and forms of locomotion are often described as the result of environmental adaptations. However, skeletal phenotypes are more accurately defined as complex traits, and environmental, genetic, and epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation which regulates gene expression, all contribute to these phenotypes. Nevertheless, skeletal complexity in relation to epigenetic variation has not been assessed across the primate order. In order to gain a complete understanding of the evolution of skeletal phenotypes across primates, it is necessary to study skeletal epigenetics in primates. This study attempts to fill this gap by identifying intra- and inter-specific variation in primate skeletal tissue methylation in order to test whether specific features of skeletal form are related to specific variations in methylation. Specifically, methylation arrays and gene-specific methylation sequencing are used to identify DNA methylation patterns in femoral trabecular bone and cartilage of several nonhuman primate species. Samples include baboons (Papio spp.), macaques (Macaca mulatta), vervets (Chlorocebus aethiops), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), and the efficiencies of these methods are validated in each taxon. Within one nonhuman primate species (baboons), intra-specific variations in methylation patterns are identified across a range of comparative levels, including skeletal tissue differences (bone vs. cartilage), age cohort differences (adults vs. juveniles), and skeletal disease state differences (osteoarthritic vs. healthy), and some of the identified patterns are evolutionarily conserved with those known in humans. Additionally, in all nonhuman primate species, intra-specific methylation variation in association with nonpathological femur morphologies is assessed. Lastly, inter-specific changes in methylation are evaluated among all nonhuman primate taxa and used to provide a phylogenetic framework for methylation changes previously identified in the hominin lineage. Overall, findings from this work reveal how skeletal DNA methylation patterns vary within and among primate species and relate to skeletal phenotypes, and together they inform our understanding of epigenetic regulation and complex skeletal trait evolution in primates. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Anthropology 2017

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:56:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 figueiredo_map_me_jabo.pdf: 822824 bytes, checksum: 5e062bcbd66ebcff34c0479b4b807b5d (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Os Estados que compõem a Amazônia Legal respondem por 99% dos casos de malária humana registrados no Brasil. O Estado do Maranhão, atualmente, é responsável por 1% dos casos dessa região. Acredita-se que, na Região Amazônica ocorra a transmissão de malária de primatas para humanos, devido a relatos atuais de resultados soroepidemiológicos de humanos e primatas. O presente estudo objetivou realizar o diagnóstico morfológico, sorológico e molecular de Plasmodium spp. em primatas neotropicais na Ilha de São Luís, Estado do Maranhão, Brasil. Para tal, foram utilizadas como técnicas de diagnóstico: a microscopia de luz, a reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR) e a imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI). No período de junho de 2009 a abril de 2010, foram amostrados 70 primatas, sendo 50 provenientes do Centro de Triagem Animais Silvestres (CETAS), localizado no município de São Luís, e 20 de vida livre, capturados em reserva particular localizada no município de São José de Ribamar, Estado do Maranhão. Foram avaliadas pela microscopia de luz 140 lâminas (duas de cada animal), das quais cinco (7,1%) foram positivas. Pela RIFI não se detectou anticorpos anti-Plasmodium spp. Pela PCR, dos 70 animais amostrados, foi possível observar produtos amplificados para Plasmodium spp. em 13 amostras, das quais oito (61,54%) eram de animais de vida livre e cinco (38,46%) de CETAS. Pelo pequeno tamanho dos fragmentos dos produtos amplificados, foi necessário cloná-los em vetor pGEM-T Easy para sequenciamento, no entanto, não foram obtidos resultados confirmatórios / The states that comprise the Amazon region are incriminated for 99% of registered cases of human malaria in Brazil. Currently, the state of Maranhão is responsible for 1% of cases in Amazonic region. According to recent seroepidemiological studies, the transmission of malaria from primates to humans occurs in Amazon region. Our study aimed to detect Plasmodium spp. in neotropical primate from island of São Luis, Maranhão State, Brazil, using morphological (light microscopy), molecular (Polymerase Chain Reaction [PCR]) and serological (Indirect immunofluorescence Assay [IFA]) techniques. Between June/2009 and April/2010, we sampled 70 primates, 50 from the Wildlife Screening Center (CETA), located in the city of São Luís, and 20 captured in a private reserve located in São José de Ribamar, state of Maranhão. Based on blood smear examinations, five (7.1%) monkeys were positive to Plasmodium spp. All animals showed seronegative to Plasmodium spp. by IFA. Plasmodium spp.-amplicons were detected in 13 animals; eight out of positive monkeys (61.54%) were free-ranging animals and five (38.46%) maintained in capitivity in CETAS. Regarding the small size of amplified fragments, we cloned the amplicons into pGEM-T Easy vector aiming at obtaining a higher sequencing quality; however, we did not reached satisfactory results

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) occur in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest from the states of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul, and in a small area in northestern Argentina. They are classified as Vulnerable in the state of Rio Grande do Sul due especially to the loss and fragmentation of their natural habitats, and also due to the deaths caused by the recent outbreak of sylvatic yellow fever (2008/2009). The intense human activities on natural habitats, besides the habitat loss, can favor the spread of pathogenic agents such as bacteria and other parasites which affect men and domestic animals, and which can also occur in wildlife animals. This study aimed at verifying the occurrence of Enterobacteriaceae and Cryptosporidium sp. in feces of free-ranging brown howler monkeys in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and understanding the influence of ecological and environmental factors (group size, howler population density, fragment size, distance to the nearest human settlement, distance to the nearest river and seasonality) on the richness of such organisms. The samples were analyzed at the Center for Studies and Research on Wild Animals (NEPAS / LCDPA) of the Federal University of Santa Maria. Twenty Enterobacteriaceae species were detected, and with the techniques employed, the samples were negative for Salmonella spp. and Cryptosporidium sp. None of the environmental variables had significant influence on the wealth of Enterobacteriaceae. Considering that howler populations at CISM (Campo de Instrução de Santa Maria) fell dramatically due to yellow fever, and that some organisms found in this study may interact with other factors and affect the population dynamics of the howler. We believe that it is fundamental to continue monitoring the health of these populations in order to better understand disease mechanisms, as well as conserve this species. / O bugio-ruivo (Alouatta guariba clamitans) ocorre na Mata Atlântica dos estados de Minas Gerais e Rio de Janeiro ao Rio Grande do Sul e em pequena porção do nordeste da Argentina. É classificado como vulnerável no Rio Grande do Sul devido principalmente à perda e fragmentação de habitat e ao recente surto de febre amarela silvestre (2008/2009). As intensas atividades antrópicas no meio selvagem, além da perda de habitat, podem favorecer a disseminação de agentes patogênicos como bactérias e parasitos, que ocorrem em animais domésticos e em humanos e que podem acometer também os animais selvagens. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a ocorrência de bactérias da família Enterobacteriaceae e do protista Cryptosporidium sp. em fezes de bugios-ruivos de vida livre no município de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, bem como relacionar a riqueza de enterobactérias nas amostras com fatores ecológicos e ambientais como tamanho do grupo, tamanho do fragmento florestal, densidade de populações de bugios, distância com núcleos humanos mais próximos, distância para cursos d água e sazonalidade. As amostras foram analisadas no Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas em Animais Silvestres (NEPAS/LCDPA) da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Foram detectadas vinte espécies de enterobactérias, e com as técnicas empregadas, as amostras foram negativas para Salmonella spp. e Cryptosporidium sp.. Nenhuma das variáveis ambientais analisadas teve influência sobre a riqueza das enterobactérias. Considerando que as populações de bugios do Campo de Instrução de Santa Maria (CISM) sofreram uma drástica redução devida à febre amarela, e que alguns organismos encontrados nesse estudo podem estar interagindo com outros fatores e assim afetar a dinâmica populacional dos bugios. Acredita-se que a continuidade do monitoramento da saúde destas populações seja fundamental para melhorar a compreensão dos mecanismos das doenças, assim como para a conservação dessa espécie.

Submitted by Wesley José dos Santos null (thedeiwz@hotmail.com) on 2016-07-20T20:08:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SANTOS WJ - dissertacao 2016.pdf: 3762980 bytes, checksum: 70891a0132a17b5b79842e9ec8acd7bb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-22T19:05:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_wj_me_bot.pdf: 3762980 bytes, checksum: 70891a0132a17b5b79842e9ec8acd7bb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-22T19:05:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_wj_me_bot.pdf: 3762980 bytes, checksum: 70891a0132a17b5b79842e9ec8acd7bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-15 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Os animais silvestres, tanto os de vida livre como os de cativeiro, podem ser reservatórios e portadores de diversos protozoários, como os integrantes do gênero Trypanosoma. Trypanosoma cruzi é um dos mais conhecidos tripanosomas, agente etiológico da doença de Chagas. Manifesta-se clinicamente com um caráter multifacetado, afetando humanos e várias espécies de animais domésticos e silvestres, como os primatas não humanos, que podem constituir-se em reservatórios do parasito. Em relação aos primatas neotropicais, ocorrem diferentes infecções por tripanosomas que também acometem humanos. No presente estudo, foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 39 primatas não humanos procedentes do Parque Zoológico Municipal de Bauru para pesquisa sorológica anti-T. cruzi e molecular de T. cruzi utilizando-se primers da região de kDNA de T. cruzi (TCZ1 e TCZ2) e da região codificadora da proteína de choque térmico (hsp70). Todos os animais foram negativos ao teste sorológico anti-T. cruzi e molecular para T. cruzi com os primers da região de kDNA. Porém, com a utilização de primers para hsp70, 11 dos 39 (28,2%) animais foram positivos. Os resultados do sequenciamento apresentaram similaridade para protozoários do gênero Trypanosoma. Apesar das dificuldades em se chegar à espécie circulante de tripanosoma entre os primatas, conclui-se que vetores triatomíneos e/ou moscas hematófagas podem estar circulando no ambiente dos animais e que ações de vigilância e busca dos mesmos são altamente recomendadas. / Wild animals, both free-living and the captive ones, can be reservoirs and carriers of various protozoa, such as members of the genus Trypanosoma. Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, is one of the most known trypanosomes. Chagas disease is manifested clinically with a multifaceted character, affecting humans and several species of wild and domestic animals, such as non-human primates, which can be reservoirs of this parasite. Regarding the Neo-tropical primates, different infections occur by trypanosomes that also can affect humans. In this study, 39 blood samples were collected from nonhuman primates from Zoo Park Municipal of Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil, by serological and molecular analysis for T. cruzi infection using specific primers for kDNA region (TCZ1 and TCZ2) and the region encoding the heat shock protein (hsp70). All animals were negative to the serological test for anti-T. cruzi and molecular for T. cruzi with primers for kDNA region. However, with the use of primers for hsp70, 11 of 39 (28.2%) animals were positive. The sequencing results showed similarity to the genus Trypanosoma. Despite the difficulties in stablish the species of trypanosome among these primates, it is concluded that triatomine vectors and/or bloodsucking flies may be present in the animal environment; so, the entomologic vigilance for these insects are highly recommended. / FAPESP: 2014/12186-4

Submitted by CRISTIANE MARIA FERNANDES DE MELO (crisalicemelo@gmail.com) on 2018-04-23T12:15:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MELO, C.M.F_TESE.pdf: 4639815 bytes, checksum: 188d6576ee59b2ae0d697aa8640ecc4c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-04-25T12:32:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 melo_cmf_dr_jabo.pdf: 4639815 bytes, checksum: 188d6576ee59b2ae0d697aa8640ecc4c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-25T12:32:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 melo_cmf_dr_jabo.pdf: 4639815 bytes, checksum: 188d6576ee59b2ae0d697aa8640ecc4c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os parâmetros sanguíneos de animais domésticos e selvagens diferem em relação às localidades no mundo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo pesquisar a presença de hematozoários e determinar os parâmetros hemostáticos, hematológicos e bioquímicos sanguíneos de macacos bugios de cativeiro no Estado de São Paulo, sudeste do Brasil. Para realização do hemograma e das análises moleculares dos macacos bugios foi colhido sangue em tubos contendo K2EDTA de 68 primatas Alouatta, sendo (Alouatta guariba clamitans, Alouattta caraya e Alouatta spp. de cativeiro). Para as análises bioquímicas e eletroforese de proteínas, foi colhido sangue em tubos contendo ativador de coágulo de 40 macacos bugios para o proteinograma e 29 para as demais análises bioquímicas. Por fim, para avaliação dos parâmetros hemostáticos foi colhido sangue de 30 macacos Alouatta em tubos contendo citrato de sódio a 3,2%. Os resultados obtidos no hemograma de 27 Alouatta caraya e 15 Aloautta guariba clamitans saudáveis foram estatisticamente diferentes na contagem global de hemácias. Nas análises bioquímico-séricas dos bugios hígidos das espécies estudadas, os resultados referentes às dosagens de creatinina, ureia e fosfatase alcalina não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas, porém em relação às dosagens de ALT, os valores foram significativamente diferentes. Quanto ao eletroforetograma das espécies de bugios hígidos, ocorreram diferenças estatísticas apenas na dosagem de proteína total. Nos parâmetros hemostáticos entre espécies de bugios saudáveis, os resultados referentes a contagem de plaquetas, concentração de fibrinogênio plasmático, tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada e tempo de protrombina não foram significativamente diferentes. Nesta pesquisa, dos 68 macacos bugios avaliados através da PCR convencional, 18 (26,47%) foram positivos para Mycoplasma spp. para o gene 16S rRNA e 1 (5,55%) para o gene RNAse P. Mas, na cPCR para Bartonella spp. para o gene glta a população amostrada de bugios foi negativa. O estudo mostrou que a infecção dos macacos bugios aproximou-se de um genótipo filogeneticamente associado a “Candidatus Mycoplasma kahanei”. Nas condições do presente estudo, os resultados obtidos dos primatas Alouatta caraya e Alouatta guariba clamitans hígidos podem ser úteis como fonte de consulta para outros pesquisadores, quanto aos parâmetros hematológicos, bioquímicos sanguíneos e hemostáticos. Os resultados obtidos pela PCR convencional mostraram que espécies de hemoplasmas circulam entre primatas Alouatta de cativeiro no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. / The blood parameters of domestic and wild animals differ in relation to the localities of the world. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of hematozoars and to determine the hemostatic parameters, hematological parameters and blood biochemical of howler monkeys of captive in the State of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil. For realization hematological and molecular analyzis of howler monkeys, blood was collected in K2EDTA from 68 captive primates Alouatta (Alouatta guariba clamitans, Alouattta caraya and Alouatta spp.). Blood was collected in tubes containing clot activator, of 40 healthy howler monkeys for the proteinogram and 29 for the blood biochemical analyzis. Finally, to evaluate the hemostatic parameters, blood was collected from 30 healthy howler monkeys in tubes containing 3.2% sodium citrate. In the biochemical-serum analyzes of the healthy howler monkeys of the species studied, the results regarding the creatinine, urea and alkaline phosphatase dosages showed no differences statistics, but in relation to the dosages of ALT the values were significantly different. As for the electrophoretogram of the healthy monkeys, the results were statistical differences only in the total protein. In the hemostatic parameters between species of healthy howler monkeys, the results about platelet count, plasma fibrinogen concentration, activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time were not significantly different. In this study, of the 68 howler monkeys evaluated through conventional PCR, 18 (26.47%) were positive for Mycoplasma spp. for the 16S rRNA gene and 1 (5.55%) for the RNAse P gene. But in cPCR for Bartonella spp. for the glta gene the sampled population of howler monkeys was negative. The study showed that the howler monkeys infection approached a genotype phylogenetically associated with "Candidatus Mycoplasma kahanei". Under the conditions of the present study, the results obtained from the Alouatta caraya and Alouatta guariba clamitans healthy can be useful as a source of consultation for other researchers about parameters hematological, blood biochemical and haemostatic. The results obtained by conventional PCR showed that hemoplasm species circulate among Alouatta captive in the State of São Paulo, Brazil.

Orientador: Raul José da Silva Girio / Banca: Maria da Glória Buzzinaro / Banca: Luiz Francisco Zafalon / Banca: Samir Issa Samara / Banca: João Barbudo Filho / Resumo: A leptospirose é uma zoonose de distribuição mundial, assumindo um forte significado social, econômico e cultural. A enfermidade acomete, praticamente, todos os animais domésticos, selvagens e o ser humano, bem como a maioria das espécies silvestres, entre os quais destacam-se os carnívoros, roedores, primatas e marsupiais, que podem tornar-se portadores e contribuírem para a disseminação do microrganismo na natureza. O presente estudo foi realizado na Mata de Santa Teresa, Ribeirão Preto, SP, onde foi realizada a captura de Cebus apella nigritus de vida livre. Foram colhidos amostras de sangue para a realização da soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM), estudo da bioquímica sérica e teste da reação em cadeia da polimerase na urina dos animais. Foram capturados 55 animais e foi observado a soro-reação em 33 animais (60%). Os sorovares encontrados foram Shermani (11/55, 33,33%), Andamana (8/33. 24,24%), Pyrogenes (4/33, 12,12%), Grippotyphosa (2/33; 6,06%), Australis, Canicola, Castelonis, Copenhageni, Hardjo, Hebdomadis, Pomona e Wolffi (1/33, 3,03%), respectivamente. Foi colhido oito amostras de urina dos animais (14,54%) e a análise das amostras de urina pela PCR foi negativa, não demonstrando excreção renal da Leptospira spp. A análise do soro nas provas de bioquímica sérica não foi elucidativa, pois alguns animais apresentaram alto título de anticorpos e níveis normais da bioquímica sérica. / Abstract: Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis, being social, economic and culture significance. The disease occurs in all domestic animals, wild animals and man, as well as, in majority wildlife species, mainly carnivores, rodents, not human primates and marsupials and they are able to become reservoirs, disseminating the bacteria in the nature. This study were in Mata de Santa Teresa, Ribeirão Preto, SP, where were collected serum of wildlife Cebus paella nigritus and processed by Microscopic Agglutination test (MAT), analysis of serum biochemistry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in urine of these animals. Were captured 55 primates (C. apella) and the results showed 33 animals (60%) reactive serum. The serovars: Shermani (11/55, 33,33%), Andamana (8/33. 24,24%), Pyrogenes (4/33, 12,12%), Grippotyphosa (2/33; 6,06%), Australis, Canicola, Castelonis, Copenhageni, Hardjo, Hebdomadis, Pomona and Wolffi (1/33, 3,03%) respectively. Were collected 8 urine samples from primates (14,54%) and analysis from PCR were negative, not showed kidney excretion of Leptospira spp. The serum analyses were not elucidative, because some animals showed high titres antibody levels and normal levels of serum biochemistry. / Doutor

abstract: Despite the critical role that the vertebral column plays in postural and locomotor behaviors, the functional morphology of the cervical region (i.e., the bony neck) remains poorly understood, particularly in comparison to that of the thoracic and lumbar sections. This dissertation tests the hypothesis that morphological variation in cervical vertebrae reflects differences in positional behavior (i.e., suspensory vs. nonsuspensory and orthograde vs. pronograde locomotion and postures). Specifically, this project addresses two broad research questions: (1) how does the morphology of cervical vertebrae vary with positional behavior and cranial morphology among primates and (2) where does fossil hominoid morphology fall within the context of the extant primates. Three biomechanical models were developed for the primate cervical spine and their predictions were tested by conducting a comparative analysis using a taxonomically and behaviorally diverse sample of primates. The results of these analyses were used to evaluate fossil hominoid morphology. The two biomechanical models relating vertebral shape to positional behaviors are not supported. However, a number of features distinguish behavioral groups. For example, the angle of the transverse process in relation to the cranial surface of the vertebral body--a trait hypothesized to reflect the deep spinal muscles' ability to extend and stabilize the neck--tends to be greater in pronograde species; this difference is in the opposite of the direction predicted by the biomechanical models. Other traits distinguish behavioral groups (e.g., spinous process length and cross-sectional area), but only in certain parts of the cervical column. The correlation of several vertebral features, especially transverse process length and pedicle cross-sectional area, with anterior cranial length supports the predictions made by the third model that links cervical morphology with head stabilization (i.e., head balancing). Fossil hominoid cervical remains indicate that the morphological pattern that characterizes modern humans was not present in Homo erectus or earlier hominins. These hominins are generally similar to apes in having larger neural arch cross-sectional areas and longer spinous processes than modern humans, likely indicating the presence of comparatively large nuchal muscles. The functional significance of this morphology remains unclear. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Anthropology 2013