付記する学位プログラム名: 霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院 / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第21616号 / 理博第4523号 / 新制||理||1649(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 岡本 宗裕, 准教授 Andrew MacIntosh, 教授 髙井 正成 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第22297号 / 理博第4611号 / 新制||理||1661(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 高田 昌彦, 教授 中村 克樹, 教授 濱田 穣 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Personality refers to multiple traits that are thought to be stable over time and across situations. It is recognized that personality has a neural basis and is associated with health outcomes. Whether personality is also associated with cognitive ability, however, is still a matter of intense debate. One way to examine these potential relationships is to use a nonhuman primate model for which complexities present in humans can be minimized. Recent research into the varying personality types of marmoset monkeys suggests that there are predominantly three to five core primary domains that most marmosets and other primates can be categorized into, such as dominance, sociability, and neuroticism. The aim of the proposed study was to categorize a small colony of marmosets into respective personality domains, and to examine correlations between the monkeys’ personalities and their cognitive ability. This study was be conducted on 27 marmoset monkeys (14 male, 13 female) housed in the Lacreuse lab at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. A personality survey based on Koski (2015) containing 55 personality traits was utilized by 8 human judges, all of whom have been working with these monkeys daily for at least one year. Each judge rated each individual monkey on each individual trait on a 1 to 7-point scale; 1 indicating total absence of a trait and 7 indicating extreme presence of a trait. Once the survey data was compiled, a principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to condense the myriad of ratings into smaller distinguishable personality domains. Three personality types were identified in this population, consistent with other non-human primate species. An ICC(2) was performed to ensure the interrater reliabilities of the 8 judges were consistent enough to be considered. Lastly, a linear regression was conducted to reveal possible correlations between the observed personality domains and cognitive performance achieved in a reversal learning task. The results of this experiment showed no statistically significant relationships between any of the three personality domains: Assertiveness, Neuroticism, and Inquisitiveness with the reversal learning cognitive scores. Although these findings suggest that personality and cognitive flexibility are independent in marmosets, we cannot rule out that personality may influence other cognitive domains. Additional studies are needed to examine this possibility.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23461号 / 理博第4755号 / 新制||理||1682(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 高田 昌彦, 准教授 宮地 重弘, 教授 古市 剛史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Objective: To determine the association of features occlusal with age and gender in children with deciduous dentition of a public educational institution in the district of Ate Vitarte in 2013. Methods: The sample was conformed by 108 children with complete deciduous dentition between 3 and 5 years of the IE Amauta No. 1285-216 located in Ate Vitarte in 2013. All variables were recorded on the data collection form, these were, type of arch, primate spaces, palatine hall relation of molars, bilateral terminal molar relation, bilateral canine relationship, curve of Spee, midline, overjet and overbite. In addition to the age and gender of the scholar. Frequencies were obtained and the chi square test were conducted to determine associations between variables. Results:. Only found statistically significant association between superior primates spaces (p=0.041) and inferior (0.002), bilateral terminal molar relation (p=0.040), lower midline (p=0.032) and age. Conclusions: In this study, was found that most of the children presented normal occlusal characteristics. No association of most occlusal characteristics were found with age and gender. / Objetivo: Determinar la asociación de las características oclusales con la edad y género en niños con dentición decidua de una Institución Educativa Pública del distrito de Ate Vitarte en el año 2013. Métodos: La muestra estuvo conformada por 108 niños con dentición decidua completa entre 3 y 5 años de la IE Amauta Nº 1285-216 ubicado en Ate Vitarte en el 2013. Todas las variables fueron registradas en la ficha de recolección de datos, estas fueron el tipo de arco, los espacios primates, relación vestíbulo palatina de molares, plano terminal bilateral, relación canina bilateral, curva de Spee, línea media, overjet y overbite. Además de la edad y género del escolar. Se obtuvo las frecuencias y se realizó la prueba de chi cuadrado para determinar asociaciones entre las variables. Resultados: Se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre los espacios primates superior (p=0.041) e inferior (p=0.002), plano terminal bilateral (p=0.040) y la línea media inferior con la edad (p=0.032). Conclusiones: Se encontró asociación de los espacios primates superior e inferior, plano terminal bilateral y la línea media inferior con la edad. Palabras Claves: Dentición decidua, relación oclusal, plano terminal, espacios primates / Tesis

No description available.

This work is focused on numerical competence in primates specifically focusing on relative numerosity, one of the many aspects of these cognitive abilities. Relative numerosity is an ability to discriminate a larger quantity from a smaller amount or smaller quantity from a larger amount and could be classified as one of the easiest numerical competence. In this work I have summarized the present knowledge of numerical competences in primates, which have been so far studied only in a few species of primates, most of them was rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). In the experimental part I focused on the research of relative numerosity in rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). The goal of my work was to find out whether macaques are able to solve the problem of relative abundance with different types of stimuli. Another goal was to find out whether they are able to generalize information about relative abundance and whether they can apply it for new design of the task. The results confirm that macaques possess the ability of relative numerosity and are able to abstract stimuli that are differing in their character. This proves that they are not learning to recognize a particular stimul, but are able to use this numerical skill on any type of stimul. I also found out that...

The evolutionary origins of human handedness are not yet fully understood as evidence of lateralized behavior in nonhuman primates is inconclusive. In the present study, lateralized behavior in both spontaneously occurring motor patterns and a tube task was examined in 15 white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar). Significant side preferences at the individual level were found within all 15 studied motor patterns. However, no population-level side bias was found for any of the spontaneously occurring or task-related motor patterns and none of the gibbons were consistent in their hand preference across all motor patterns. When only considering the individuals with a significant preference, a significant majority was left-preferent for resting foot. Strength of side preference was significantly higher for the tube task than for all spontaneously occurring motor patterns. Side preferences for manipulation and resting position were significantly stronger than those for supporting hand. Additionally, the preferences for manipulation were significantly stronger than those for leading limb. In the bimanual tube task, females displayed a tendency towards a left-side bias, while males tended to display a bias to the right. Furthermore, females had a significantly stronger hand preference for supporting hand than males. No other sex differences were found. Age, posture, and kinship had no significant effect on lateralized behavior for any of the motor patterns. As in other nonhuman primates, the white-handed gibbons were only consistent in their hand preference across tasks that required similar movements. Altogether, these findings support the notion that population-level handedness may be restricted to human subjects.

Describe las características de los casos clínicos de los primates atendidos en el Consultorio de Animales Silvestres y Exóticos (CASE) de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos durante el período 2005 al 2014. Se analizaron 276 historias clínicas y se colectaron diversos datos, familia, género, especie, edad, dieta, forma de adquisición, lugar de adquisición, distrito de residencia, tipo de alojamiento, tipo de enfermedad, sistemas afectados y diagnósticos clínicos. Los datos fueron analizados mediante estadística descriptiva empleando los programas Microsoft Excel y SPSS 19.0, además se estimaron intervalos de confianza al 95%. Se encontró que la Familia Cebidae, (37.3%), el género Saimiri (29.3%) y la especie Lagothrix lagothricha (22.8%) fueron los más frecuentes dentro de su respectiva categoría. En la mayoría de casos, la forma de adquisición de primates fue la compra (50.7%); siendo Pucallpa y El Mercado Central de Lima los puntos de adquisición más frecuentes con 15.6% y 12% respectivamente. Dichos primates residían en 32 distritos de la provincia de Lima, siendo La Victoria y La Molina los distritos más frecuentes con 10.1% y 8% respectivamente. De las enfermedades diagnosticadas se encontró que el 50.4%; eran infecciosas. Además se encontraron enfermedades zoonóticas con diagnóstico clínico compatible con Rabia (1%), Herpesvirus (0.5%) y una infección por Klebsiella pneumoniae. El sistema digestivo fue el sistema más afectado (26.5%); siendo gastroenteritis el diagnóstico clínico más frecuente con 15.3%. Los resultados sugieren que la tenencia de primates como mascotas es una actividad distribuida ampliamente en Lima Metropolitana, siendo la compra la forma como mayormente se adquieren, incentivando de esta forma el tráfico ilegal. Además esta actividad implicaría un riesgo para la salud pública pudiendo exponer a las personas a agentes zoonóticos. / Tesis

The purpose of these studies was to investigate the impact of high-fat diet (HFD) exposure during pregnancy and the early post-natal period on fetal and post-natal development of the endocrine pancreas of the Japanese macaque. Specifically I hypothesized that the HFD would alter islet morphology and lead to disturbances in glucose homeostasis in these animals. Adult female Japanese macaques were placed on either a control (CTR) or HFD diet for 4 years. Fetuses were collected at gestational day 130 (G130), while other offspring from the CTR and HFD mothers were carried to term. After birth, infant animals were maintained with their mothers on the same diet then weaned onto either the CTR or HFD diet for five months. Animals were studied up to 13 months of age, yielding 4 postnatal groups: CTR/CTR, CTR/HFD, HFD/CTR and HFD/HFD. Pancreata were collected from these offspring for gene expression and immunohistochemical analysis. Physiological measurements, including body weight, body fat percentage, fasting glucose, insulin, glucagon and response to intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTTs) and an intravenous insulin tolerance test (IVITT) were collected from the post-natal offspring. Total fetal islet mass and β cell mass were not changed, but α cell mass was significantly decreased in HFD fetuses, leading to a significant increase in the β cell to α cell ratio in HFD fetal offspring. The HFD offspring displayed a significant change from CTR offspring in expression of genes involved in glucose homeostasis and islet neogenesis, including PDX1, NeuroD, Glucokinase and Glut2. Postnatal HFD animals were significantly heavier than CTR offspring and had increased adiposity by 6-7 months of age. There was no significant effect on fasting or stimulated insulin secretion at this time point, but HFD offspring were significantly insulin resistant just prior to weaning. At 13 months of age, basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion were elevated in HFD/HFD animals and the CTR/HFD group displayed moderate insulin resistance. There was also a significant sex effect, with males from the HFD/CTR and HFD/HFD group having increased body weight and elevated fasting glucose. Although pancreata from both the HFD/HFD and CTR/HFD animals displayed significant changes in expression of genes involved in glucose homeostasis, the pattern was distinct for the two groups. Islet mass was also elevated in both of these groups; yet, HFD/HFD only displayed an increase in β cell area, while CTR/HFD had a concomitant increase in α cell area, which served to normalize the β cell to α cell ratio to control levels. In contrast, the HFD/HFD group exhibited a 40% increase in the β cell to α cell ratio. These studies demonstrate that in-utero exposure to a HFD leads to decreased α cell plasticity in response to chronic post-natal HFD consumption. Animals exposed to the HFD during pregnancy and the early post-natal period become insulin resistant, but remain normoglycemic. HFD consumption during the post-weaning period causes similar complications in glucose homeostasis and islet mass in both the CTR/HFD and HFD/HFD animals. However, there are distinct differences in the molecular and cellular adaptive response between these two groups.