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The intention of this paper is to argue a position for the use of floodplain linear parks as a means of urban flood mitigation. Current approaches often focus on protecting existing and future structures via the use of costly-engineered solutions such as dams and floodwalls. My argument is that the same money can be used to restore the floodplain by removing such structures and establishing a park system that will serve as a valuable public amenity, while allowing flooding to occur with minimal damage produced. In the long run, such a park will provide a greater return on the investment than other potential solutions. A discussion of the "Proximate Principle" will describe how this works. From an environmental perspective, the importance of such a park will be discussed by placing it in the context of the green infrastructure concept, which is essentially an umbrella term for ongoing efforts to better integrate human and natural systems. Three case studies are presented that demonstrate examples of such park systems and the effects they had on local economies and communities. These studies begin demonstrating the social connotations for such a project as well. Throughout this paper, ties are made to the city of Roanoke, Virginia (where the project portion of this thesis takes place) to demonstrate the relevance of floodplain linear parks to the city. All arguments made are supported by a conceptual floodplain park plan for the city of Roanoke. / Master of Landscape Architecture

No / A mathematical model which describes the functioning of a Goldmann-type applanation tonometer is proposed in order in order to verify the validity of the Imbert-Fick principle. The spherical axi-symmetric elastic equilibrium equation and solved using a Love stress function. Conclusions are drawn regarding the circumstances under which the Imbert-Fick principle may or may not be vaild.

No

Empirical studies have shown that white racial attitudes tend to predict racial policy support. It has also been established that the relationship between whites' espoused racial tolerance and their support for ameliorative racial policies is imperfect, due to the principal-policy gap which characterized misalignment between individuals' espoused values for racial equity and their limited support for policies aimed at achieving those ends. Less consideration however, has been given to how the principal-policy gap changes over time. Using data from over 14,000 respondents who participated in the General Social Survey from 1994 through 2018, I show that the principal-policy gap is persistent, and that distances between principal and policy decline and expand over time. Using OLS regression models to analyze a sample of white adults, I find that the link between individuals' expressed liberal racial attitudes and their support for racial policies changed over the 24-year span. A noticeable narrowing of the principal-policy gap is also evident in the latter years of the sample. The reduction in the gap from 2014 through 2018 suggests that the influence of social movements like BLM may have been driving this trend.

Esta pesquisa aborda algumas contribuições de Paul Otlet para a Ciência da Informação, tais como o desenvolvimento de um sistema de classificação conhecido como Classificação Decimal Universal, a ampla utilização de tecnologias emergentes, a constituição de redes cooperativas e a elaboração do conceito de documento. Estuda mais especificamente o Princípio Monográfico, que pode ser visto como um antecessor do hipertexto. Para tanto, reconstitui o pensamento de Paul Otlet identificando os recursos teóricos e metodológicos que utilizou para a elaboração do Princípio Monográfico. Focaliza também a interlocução mantida por ele com alguns dos representantes do Movimento Bibliográfico, surgido na Europa no final do século XIX e início do século XX, que colaboraram para o desenvolvimento do conceito do Princípio Monográfico. Considera-se que a importância de Paul Otlet esteja fundamentalmente ligada ao seu projeto de modernização dos processos de tratamento da informação. / This essay approaches some of Paul Otlet\'s contributions to the field of Information Science, such as the development of a classification system known as Universal Decimal Classification, wide utilization of emerging technologies, the establishment of cooperative networks and the elaboration on the concept of document. More specifically, it studies the Monographic Principle, which can be seen as the predecessor to hypertext. For such, it tries to recompose Paul Otlet\'s thought, identifying the theoretical and methodological resources used by him in the construction of the Monographic Principle. It also focuses the exchanges he had with some of the Bibliographic Movement\'s (originated in Europe between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th) representatives, which in turn collaborated on the development of the Monographic Principle concept. It is considered that Paul Otlet\'s importance is fundamentally related to his project for the modernization of the processes for the treatment of information.

L’Étude porte sur un principe prétorien érigé par le Conseil d’État au travers de ses décisions et des conclusions rendues sous ses décisions par les Rapporteurs Publics. Depuis 1975 le Conseil d’État exerce le contrôle de la compatibilité d'un acte d'imposition vis-à-vis de conventions fiscales contre la double imposition et l'évasion fiscale qui est fait sous l'égide du principe de subsidiarité. En vertu de ce principe, au préalable du contrôle de «conventionnalité» de l'acte d'imposition, les juridictions doivent impérativement exercer un contrôle de la légalité de l'acte d'imposition, en prenant appui sur les seules dispositions du droit d'origine purement nationale, c'est-à-dire, du droit dit « domestique». Ce principe, tout juste nommé comme tel par le Conseil d’État dans une décision rendue en 2014, a longtemps fait l'unanimité au sein de la doctrine. Le principe de subsidiarité serait un principe conforme au bon sens et à la logique. Nous tentons au cours de ce travail de démontrer que le principe de subsidiarité des conventions fiscales pose problème à la fois d'un point de vue, strictement théorique, et à la fois d'un point de vue pratique. D'un point de vue théorique d'abord, il sera démontré que le principe de subsidiarité des conventions fiscales est particulier, il ne correspond à aucune autre application juridique de la subsidiarité, la similitude n'est que enveloppe terminologique. La version fiscale soulève un véritable problème théorique et pratique que la thèse tente de démontrer. / Our dissertation is about a praetorian principle erected by the French Administrative Supreme Court the Conseil d'Etat since 1975 and that became one of the major case law on international taxation under the French Law. From the given case law, it results that the checking of the conformity of a tax act issued by the French Tax authority with respect to a tax treaty, has to be made at a second stage, after of a domestic law based control by the judge. The principle implies the application of a method when controlling acts issued by the tax authority that tends to link the provisions of the tax treaty to be applied, of the prior qualifications provided by the domestic law. The principle has just been appointed as «the principle of subsidiarity of tax treaties, in a 2014 Decision, and differs from any other application of the subsidiarity theory in law.

<p>There is no stronger or more enduring prohibition in medicine than the rule against the killing of patients by doctors. This prohibition is rooted in some medical codes and principles. Out standing among the principles surrounding these prohibitions are the principles of beneficence and non-maleficience. The contents of these principles in a way mark the professional integrity of the physician. But the modern approach to health care services pulls a demand for the respect of the individual right of self-determination. This demand is now glaring in almost all the practices pertaining to health care services. In end of life decisions, this modern demand is found much in practices like physician- assisted suicide and euthanasia. It demands that the physician ought to respect the wish and choice of the patient, and so, must assist the patient in bringing about his or her death when requested. In such manner, this views the principle of autonomy as absolute and should not be overridden in any circumstance.</p><p>However, the physician on his part is part of the medical profession that has integrity to protect. This integrity in medical profession which demands that the physician works only towards the health care of the patient and to what reduces diseases and deaths often go contrary to this respect for individual autonomy. Thus faced with such requests by patients, the physician always sees his integrity in conflict with his demand to respect the autonomous choice of the patient and so has a dilemma in responding to such requests. This is the focus of this work,"Professional Integrity and the Dilemma in Physician- Assisted Suicide"</p><p>However, the centre of my argument in this work is not merely though necessary to develop general arguments for or against the general justification of PAS, but to critically view the role played by the physicians in assisting the death of their patients as it comes in conflict with the medical obligation and integrity. Is it morally right, out rightly wrong or in certain situation permissible that physicians respond positively to the request of the patients for PAS? This is the overarching moral problem in the morality of physician- assisted suicide, and this work will consider this in line with the main problem in the work “the dilemma of professional physicians in the assistance of suicide.</p>

There is no stronger or more enduring prohibition in medicine than the rule against the killing of patients by doctors. This prohibition is rooted in some medical codes and principles. Out standing among the principles surrounding these prohibitions are the principles of beneficence and non-maleficience. The contents of these principles in a way mark the professional integrity of the physician. But the modern approach to health care services pulls a demand for the respect of the individual right of self-determination. This demand is now glaring in almost all the practices pertaining to health care services. In end of life decisions, this modern demand is found much in practices like physician- assisted suicide and euthanasia. It demands that the physician ought to respect the wish and choice of the patient, and so, must assist the patient in bringing about his or her death when requested. In such manner, this views the principle of autonomy as absolute and should not be overridden in any circumstance. However, the physician on his part is part of the medical profession that has integrity to protect. This integrity in medical profession which demands that the physician works only towards the health care of the patient and to what reduces diseases and deaths often go contrary to this respect for individual autonomy. Thus faced with such requests by patients, the physician always sees his integrity in conflict with his demand to respect the autonomous choice of the patient and so has a dilemma in responding to such requests. This is the focus of this work,"Professional Integrity and the Dilemma in Physician- Assisted Suicide" However, the centre of my argument in this work is not merely though necessary to develop general arguments for or against the general justification of PAS, but to critically view the role played by the physicians in assisting the death of their patients as it comes in conflict with the medical obligation and integrity. Is it morally right, out rightly wrong or in certain situation permissible that physicians respond positively to the request of the patients for PAS? This is the overarching moral problem in the morality of physician- assisted suicide, and this work will consider this in line with the main problem in the work “the dilemma of professional physicians in the assistance of suicide.

The Precautionary Principle (PP) as formulated in the context of climate change requires countries to take measures to anticipate, prevent or minimize the causes of climate change and mitigate its adverse impacts despite a lack of full scientific certainty as to such causes. The Differentiated Responsibility Principle (the DR Principle) recognizes a common responsibility of all countries to prevent climate change and calls on developed states to assume a leadership role in the global effort to prevent climate change. The DR Principle requires some developed countries to place a restriction on their GHG emissions. Unfortunately this means that at least in the short term, developing countries are not subject to greenhouse gas (GHG) emission targets, thereby exacerbating the climate change problem. <p>Implementing the DR Principle in this manner conflicts with the PP. To avoid this conflict, the DR Principle should be formulated in a manner which demands some restriction on GHG emission, by developing countries. Efforts to prevent human induced climate change should be made by all countries regardless of their individual culpability for climate change if the PP is to have effect.