The Precautionary Principle (PP) as formulated in the context of climate change requires countries to take measures to anticipate, prevent or minimize the causes of climate change and mitigate its adverse impacts despite a lack of full scientific certainty as to such causes. The Differentiated Responsibility Principle (the DR Principle) recognizes a common responsibility of all countries to prevent climate change and calls on developed states to assume a leadership role in the global effort to prevent climate change. The DR Principle requires some developed countries to place a restriction on their GHG emissions. Unfortunately this means that at least in the short term, developing countries are not subject to greenhouse gas (GHG) emission targets, thereby exacerbating the climate change problem. <p>Implementing the DR Principle in this manner conflicts with the PP. To avoid this conflict, the DR Principle should be formulated in a manner which demands some restriction on GHG emission, by developing countries. Efforts to prevent human induced climate change should be made by all countries regardless of their individual culpability for climate change if the PP is to have effect.

<p>The thesis has as purpose to describe and analyse a decision made be the Swedish tax committee in which it was decided that a cooperative economical associations selling price, which was less than the comparable public bonds market price, would be the focus of a withdrawal tax. There are exceptions from a withdrawal tax, that is if the transaction has a business motivation. However the concept, business motivation, is narrowly interpreted both in the preparatory works and in case law, which makes it irrelevant to the situation at hand. A cooperative economical association is a form of association nearest akin to the limited companies. These types of associations have as purpose to increase their owners wealth with the benefit of freedom from personal responsibility. The work concludes that the purpose and meaning of a withdrawal tax is necessary to secure a consistent legality and neutrality between persons conduction business and persons who do not. However, there is one part of the subject matter that seems to be unreasonable. This thesis will show that the market price taken from the public bond market, is not a legal, neutral or comparable price to estimate the full width of a withdrawal tax.</p>

The thesis has as purpose to describe and analyse a decision made be the Swedish tax committee in which it was decided that a cooperative economical associations selling price, which was less than the comparable public bonds market price, would be the focus of a withdrawal tax. There are exceptions from a withdrawal tax, that is if the transaction has a business motivation. However the concept, business motivation, is narrowly interpreted both in the preparatory works and in case law, which makes it irrelevant to the situation at hand. A cooperative economical association is a form of association nearest akin to the limited companies. These types of associations have as purpose to increase their owners wealth with the benefit of freedom from personal responsibility. The work concludes that the purpose and meaning of a withdrawal tax is necessary to secure a consistent legality and neutrality between persons conduction business and persons who do not. However, there is one part of the subject matter that seems to be unreasonable. This thesis will show that the market price taken from the public bond market, is not a legal, neutral or comparable price to estimate the full width of a withdrawal tax.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2004. / Advisor: Dr. Daniel Maier-Katkin, Florida State University, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Jan. 18, 2005). Includes bibliographical references.

Research in the field of multimedia has yielded principles for the design of effective multimedia instructional messages including Mayer's principles regarding voice. According to the voice principle, students learn more deeply when the narration in a multimedia lesson is spoken by a native voice rather than a non-native voice. The generalizability of the voice principle has been demonstrated when applied to multimedia users who are native speakers of the language used in narration. However, three out of four English users are non-native speakers of English, and the vast majority of verbal exchanges in English do not involve any native speakers of the language at all. By focusing on non-native users, the results of this study should clarify the applicability of the voice principle to a broader target audience. The study investigated whether the accent of the narrator in a multimedia tutorial affected participants' learning and attitudes toward the narrator. The independent variable of the study was narrator's accent with two levels: native accent and non-native shared accent. The dependent variables of the study were participants' learning and their attitudes toward the narrators. Sixty-five Chinese participants at a Midwestern university in the United States were randomly assigned to one of two groups in this experimental design. Data to test the dependent variables were collected through a learning achievement test and an attitude survey. Data analyses revealed that there was no significant difference in overall learning and recall level learning between the two accent groups. However, the group who heard the narration spoken with the native American English accent had significantly more positive attitudes toward their respective narrator than the group who heard the narration spoken with a non-native shared Chinese accent. The study qualifies the voice principle by establishing the limits of its generalizability to non-native English speakers. The study suggests to instructional designers that the use of a non-native shared accent should not affect students' learning negatively although it may affect their attitudes toward the speakers. In addition, the study helps assure non-native instructors that they can record their own voices to use in multimedia instruction as their non-native students will learn as effectively as with a native English accent.

This master s dissertation comes to meet with our concerns about how is the phenomenon of adherence to brands in behalf of other social valuations traditionally accepted and anchored in the personal skills to interact with their peers than by dictates artificially constructed. We un-derstand that to achieve this goal is to start from a historicity of how a brand is does exist for both chose Network Fast Food McDonald's because of it being positioned as a leading pro-vider of the world's food and have about seventy years of existence. To build our theoretical model we rely primarily on the teachings of psychoanalytic Winnicott and Melanie Klein for the initial training of the human psyche. They argue about the importance of relationships and primal as a sufficiently good environment becomes important to healthy human psychic makeup. We spend the following to influences coming from the food traditions and their complementarity to the structure of the sense of belonging in human identity. Then explore how technological changes in food preservation, resulting in the last century, caused profound changes in human commensal references. Finally we enter the magical world of advertising and how these disciplines, over time, became the major guiding environmental changes more profound and fruitful unprecedented in human civilization. These changes were made primari-ly through the deconstruction of the way of realizing the needs to live well. The dictates is given by the imperative of disposal of products now produced on a large scale. Through this consumerist bias noised, we move from a world guided by the principle of reality where the individual is held to be, to another, now headed by the pleasure principle, where one relativiz-es their existence seem like something that has been mediated by the media, this new modus vivendi everything should be easy and pleasurable to have value. / Esta dissertação de mestrado vem ao encontro de nossas inquietações sobre como se dá o fe-nômeno da adesão às marcas em detrimento de outras valorações sociais tradicionalmente aceitas e fundeadas nas habilidades pessoais de interação com seus iguais do que por ditames artificialmente construídos. Entendemos que para alcançarmos este objetivo há de se partir de uma historicidade de como uma marca ser faz existir, para tanto escolhemos a Rede de Fast Food McDonald s em virtude da mesma estar posicionada como uma das maiores fornecedo-ras de alimentos do mundo e ter aproximadamente setenta anos de existência. Para construir-mos nosso modelo teórico nos apoiamos principalmente nos ensinamentos psicanalíticos de Melanie Klein e Winnicott para a formação inicial da psique humana. Estes argumentam so-bre a importância dos relacionamentos primais e de como um ambiente suficientemente bom se faz importante à saudável composição psíquica humana. Passamos a seguir às influências oriundas da tradição alimentar e da sua complementaridade à estruturação do sentido de per-tencimento na identidade humana. Em seguida exploramos de que forma as mudanças tecno-lógicas na conservação dos alimentos, advindas no século passado, ocasionaram alterações profundas nos referenciais comensais do ser humano. Por último adentramos no mundo mági-co da publicidade e propaganda e de como estas disciplinas, ao longo do tempo, tornaram-se as grandes norteadoras das mudanças ambientais mais profundas e profícuas jamais vistas na civilização humana. Estas transformações se fizeram principalmente através da desconstrução do modo de se aperceber as necessidades ao bem viver. Os ditames se deram pelo imperativo de escoar produtos, agora, produzidos em larga escala. Através deste viés consumista propa-lado, passamos de um mundo norteado pelo princípio de realidade onde o indivíduo se realiza em ser, a um outro, capitaneado agora pelo princípio do prazer, onde a pessoa relativiza sua existência em parecer algo que lhe foi mediado pela mídia, neste novo modus vivendi tudo deve ser fácil e prazeroso para ter valor.

Devido à exploração, sem controle, dos recursos naturais, o mundo está chegando a nível de consumo que beira patamares insustentáveis, motivo pelo qual as soluções alternativas se tornam importantes para evitar impactos que possam transcender o ativismo humano. A partir desta constatação, iniciou-se a preocupação com a escassez dos recursos energéticos não renováveis, bem como com os efeitos ambientais ocasionados com a utilização indiscriminada destes. Diante disso, tendo em vista a previsão de esgotabilidade dos combustíveis fósseis e de problemas ambientais como, por exemplo, o aquecimento global ocasionado pelo excesso de emissão de gases estufa na atmosfera, faz-se necessário buscar novas alternativas energéticas para suprir as demandas futuras e garantir um meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, direito fundamental previsto no art. 225 da Constituição Federal de 1988. Nesse contexto, a Agroenergia, por ser uma fonte de energia renovável, é apontada por muitos como um novo milagre, isto é, como uma solução para a crise energética e para os problemas ambientais. Contudo, como qualquer outra fonte, a Agroenergia também possui pontos positivos e negativos - ambientais, sociais e econômicos - que devem ser sopesados. Por isso, o Direito Ambiental, bem como seus princípios basilares da Precaução e da Prevenção, são imprescindíveis para implementação e utilização dessa importante fonte energética. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-19T13:23:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Andreia Bacarin Vieira.pdf: 1324137 bytes, checksum: adbc3c99fcda51ed303faede10a13ede (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-19T13:23:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Andreia Bacarin Vieira.pdf: 1324137 bytes, checksum: adbc3c99fcda51ed303faede10a13ede (MD5) / Due to the holding, without control, of natural resources, the world is reaching a level of consumption that verge unsustainable height, reason why workarounds become important to avoid impacts that can transcend the human activism. From this observation, began the concern about the scarcity of non-renewable energy resources, as well as the environmental effects caused by the indiscriminate use of these. That said, in view of the forecast of exhaustibility of fossil fuels and environmental issues, for example, global warming caused by excessive greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, it is necessary to find a new energetic alternative to meet the future demands and ensure an ecologically balanced environment, a fundamental right laid down in art. 225 of the Federal Constitution of 1988. In this context, the agroenergy, a renewable energy source is cited by many as a new miracle, i.e., as a solution to the energy crisis and environmental problems. However, like any other source, the agroenergy also has positives and negatives points - environmental, social and economic- which must be weighed. Therefore, the environmental law, as well as its principles of precaution and prevention, is indispensable for supporting implementation and use of this important energy source.

Devido à exploração, sem controle, dos recursos naturais, o mundo está chegando a nível de consumo que beira patamares insustentáveis, motivo pelo qual as soluções alternativas se tornam importantes para evitar impactos que possam transcender o ativismo humano. A partir desta constatação, iniciou-se a preocupação com a escassez dos recursos energéticos não renováveis, bem como com os efeitos ambientais ocasionados com a utilização indiscriminada destes. Diante disso, tendo em vista a previsão de esgotabilidade dos combustíveis fósseis e de problemas ambientais como, por exemplo, o aquecimento global ocasionado pelo excesso de emissão de gases estufa na atmosfera, faz-se necessário buscar novas alternativas energéticas para suprir as demandas futuras e garantir um meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, direito fundamental previsto no art. 225 da Constituição Federal de 1988. Nesse contexto, a Agroenergia, por ser uma fonte de energia renovável, é apontada por muitos como um novo milagre, isto é, como uma solução para a crise energética e para os problemas ambientais. Contudo, como qualquer outra fonte, a Agroenergia também possui pontos positivos e negativos - ambientais, sociais e econômicos - que devem ser sopesados. Por isso, o Direito Ambiental, bem como seus princípios basilares da Precaução e da Prevenção, são imprescindíveis para implementação e utilização dessa importante fonte energética. / Due to the holding, without control, of natural resources, the world is reaching a level of consumption that verge unsustainable height, reason why workarounds become important to avoid impacts that can transcend the human activism. From this observation, began the concern about the scarcity of non-renewable energy resources, as well as the environmental effects caused by the indiscriminate use of these. That said, in view of the forecast of exhaustibility of fossil fuels and environmental issues, for example, global warming caused by excessive greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, it is necessary to find a new energetic alternative to meet the future demands and ensure an ecologically balanced environment, a fundamental right laid down in art. 225 of the Federal Constitution of 1988. In this context, the agroenergy, a renewable energy source is cited by many as a new miracle, i.e., as a solution to the energy crisis and environmental problems. However, like any other source, the agroenergy also has positives and negatives points - environmental, social and economic- which must be weighed. Therefore, the environmental law, as well as its principles of precaution and prevention, is indispensable for supporting implementation and use of this important energy source.

För att elever ska utveckla kunskap om matematiska principer behöver de ha kunskap om tals additiva del-helhetsrelationer och relationen mellan addition och subtraktion. Addition och subtraktion är varandras invers och det är viktigt att eleverna lär sig att addition och subtraktion inte är åtskilda räknesätt. En välstuderad matematisk princip som beskriver den här relationen är inverse principle, vilket skrivs som 𝑎+ 𝑏− 𝑏= 𝑎 eller 𝑎− 𝑏+ 𝑏= 𝑎. Däremot har få studier riktat in sig på den matematiska principen complement principle, vilket innebär sambandet mellan 𝑎+ 𝑏= 𝑐 och 𝑐− 𝑏= 𝑎. Därför är syftet med litteraturstudien att utifrån matematikdidaktisk forskning belysa elevers förståelse för matematiska principer genom addition och subtraktion. Syftet besvaras genom frågorna: Hur kan förståelse för addition och subtraktion underlätta för elever när de utvecklar kunskap om inverse principle och complement principle samt vilken betydelse har konkret material för elevers förståelse för inverse principle och complement principle.  Genom en systematisk informationssökning som utgår från tidigare forskning har internationellt vetenskapligt material samlats in. Litteraturstudien har inriktats mot elever i skolans lägre årskurser. Resultatet visar att förståelse för de matematiska principerna grundas i elevers förståelse för del-helhetsrelationer och hur de förstår relationen mellan addition och subtraktion. Resultatet visar även att begreppet complement principle är komplext men med hjälp av konkret material kan elever lättare att ta till sig och använda principen. Elever verkar förstå de matematiska principerna lättare när de får det beskrivet med konkret material. Det finns en möjlighet att elever utvecklar förståelse för complement principle genom sin förståelse för inverse principle.

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá problematikou spojitého optimálního řízení, což je jedna z nejvýznamnějších aplikací teorie diferenciálních rovnic. Cílem této práce bylo jak nastudování matematické teorie optimálního řízení, tak především ukázat užití Pontrjaginova principu maxima a Bellmanova principu optimality při řešení vybraných úloh optimálního řízení. Důraz byl kladen především na problematiku časově a energeticky optimálního řízení elektrického vlaku, při zahrnutí kvadratické odporové funkce.