The doctoral thesis tries to reflect the collaboration of Catholic priest with the State Security Service (ŠtB). This is done in two steps. The first part illustrates the historical background based on research of archive materials and testimony of living priests - agents. Results of historical research tell us that it is not possible to assess the collaboration across the board just on the registration of agents in secret police register. Core of historical part is a typology of collaboration. It serves as a base for input to the second ethical part of doctoral thesis. The main goal of ethical part is to find objective criterions for answerable and ethical way out from moral dilemmas. Core of this part is theory about ethical compromise with two normative principles - principle of small evil and principle of double effect. The analysis of small evil didn't get a satisfy way out from the situation of blackmail: in the concrete situation it didn't tell us, which evil is smaller and which is bigger. The principle of double effect showed us, that the collaboration in blackmail situation is without proportionate cause, in other words, is counterproductive to their value in universal perspective. The priests hadn't any guaranty, that after consent with collaboration in blackmail, the damage on their side but...

The aim of this paper is to report on students´ attitudes and their awareness towards different English accents. With changes in the latest Swedish syllabus for English (Lgr11), the aim is no longer to sound in a specific way by speaking with a certain accent. This has been the case since 2000, but the Nativeness principle is still powerful. However, we discuss that a clear pronunciation is important for students and teachers a requisite for being understood and avoiding confusion. Students in four different schools, secondary and upper secondary schools, took part in our research by answering a questionnaire. We found that many students were aware of different accents, but also that students preferred the Inner Circle accents with AmE and BrE being the most popular ones. Also, we found a difference between secondary and upper secondary students where teacher influence was more important to the former and personal preferences to the latter.Keywords: Accent, pronunciation, comprehension, intelligibility, ESL, EIL, EFL, ELF, English as a Global Language

O presente estudo tem como foco a análise do planejamento tributário à luz do princípio da segurança jurídica. Nesse contexto, busca-se definir o conceito de planejamento tributário, abordando os institutos da elisão tributária e da evasão fiscal, bem como os critérios usualmente elencados pela doutrina tributária brasileira para distinguir as condutas eficazes e ineficazes perante o Fisco. Visando à melhor compreensão dos limites normativos à elisão tributária, examinam-se os parâmetros para a interpretação da lei tributária e para a qualificação da materialidade tributável, estudadas sob o viés da relação entre o Direito Tributário e o Direito Privado. Assim, são estudadas as figuras do Direito Privado normalmente associadas à elisão fiscal: simulação, negócio jurídico indireto, fraude à lei, abuso do direito, abuso das formas e propósito negocial. Após distinguir tais figuras e identificar os verdadeiros limites positivados ao planejamento tributário, realiza-se incursão profunda nos princípios constitucionais tributários concernentes à qualificação da materialidade tributável, sustentando que, no Estado Democrático de Direito, os princípios da legalidade tributária e da livre iniciativa convivem, pacificamente, com os princípios da capacidade contributiva e da igualdade. Analisa-se, então, a significação, os fundamentos, o conteúdo e a eficácia do princípio da segurança jurídica no planejamento tributário. Por fim, identificam-se, à luz da segurança jurídica, os limites para a requalificação dos atos e negócios jurídicos pelas autoridades fiscais, bem como para a aplicação de multas qualificadas nessas situações. / This study is focused on the analysis of tax planning in the light of the principle of legal certainty. In this context, it seeks to define the concept of tax planning, covering the different notions of tax avoidance and tax evasion, besides the criteria usually outlined to distinguish between conducts that may be or may be not enforceable against the Brazilian tax authorities. Aiming at a better understanding of the legal limits of a tax avoidance conduct, this study examines the guidelines to the interpretation of Tax Law and to the identification of taxable material facts, in view of the relationship between Tax Law and Private Law. Thereby, the institutes of Private Law normally related to tax avoidance conducts are examined: simulation, indirect juristic acts, fraud, abuse of law, abuse of forms and business purpose theory. After distinguishing these institutes and identifying the legal limits to tax planning, this study deeply examines the constitutional principles that are relevant to the identification of taxable material facts, arguing that, in a Legal Democratic State, the principles of lawfulness and freedom of enterprise cohabit pacifically both with the principles of ability to pay and equality. Then, it analyzes the meanings, the essential grounds, the content and the effectiveness of the principle of legal certainty on tax planning. Finally, this research examines the limits to the reclassification of juristic acts by the Brazilian tax authorities and to the application of qualified tax fines in such situations in the light of the principle of legal certainty.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tatiana Tiberio Luz.pdf: 1304735 bytes, checksum: 512b51eba5ffd1dabfd577f1db2338dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-25 / The purpose of this study is to analyze the elements of action, i.e. the elements that characterize an action compared to another, as well as to examine the limits of action which are precisely those same elements of action. Each element (and limit) of action will be discussed. First, the concept of party will be verified, as well as who is a party of the process. As the matter is closely related to third-parties intervention, all of its modalities will be investigated, as well as under which quality the third-party interferes with the process. Then, the concept of cause of action and the action will be studied; the classifications and possible cases where the author may change them or the judge can become officially familiar with them in the course of the lawsuit. And as it is bonded with the limits of the action, finally, the congruence principle, as well as whether such principle is absolute or not, if it can be harmonized with other principles as important as it or even of higher importance to the current system of laws, and under what circumstances / O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os elementos da ação, ou seja, os elementos que caracterizariam uma ação em relação a outra, assim como examinar os limites da ação, que consistem justamente nestes mesmos elementos da ação. Discorrer-se-á sobre cada elemento (e limite) da ação. Inicialmente será verificado em que consiste o conceito de parte, assim como quem é parte no processo. Por essa matéria estar intimamente ligada à intervenção de terceiros, todas as suas modalidades serão investigadas, bem como em que qualidade o terceiro intervém no processo. Em seguida, será estudado o conceito de causa de pedir e de pedido, sua classificação e possíveis casos em que o autor pode alterá-los ou o juiz pode conhecê-los de ofício no decorrer do processo. Por estar atrelado aos limites da ação, por fim, será examinado o princípio da congruência, assim como se tal princípio é absoluto, ou não, se se harmoniza com outros princípios tão importantes ou até maiores ao ordenamento jurídico vigente, e em quais situações

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rogerio Nemeti.pdf: 494008 bytes, checksum: eb782c209f6f04fcb91e27178d785039 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-20 / The aim with this study is to analyze the validity and legitimacy of the abstract danger s crimes to the principle of offensiveness or harmfulness. The problem that arises is the increasing adoption of this type of offense, with foundation in the principle of precaution, in order to control the call of Risk Society. Because, as know, in the abstract danger s crimes, it is not required the legal asset is exposed to risk, given that in such cases there is only a probability of placing the legal asset at risk. So, what we intend to discuss in this paper, it is whether this type of crimes offends the structure of the felony and the basic tenets of criminal law classic / O que se pretende com o presente estudo é analisar a validade e a legitimidade dos crimes de perigo abstrato à luz do princípio da ofensividade ou da lesividade. O problema que surge é o da crescente adoção desse tipo de delito, com alicerce no principio da precaução, como forma de controle da chamada Sociedade do Risco. É que, como se sabe, nos crimes de perigo abstrato, não se exige sequer que o bem jurídico seja exposto ao risco, sendo certo que, nesses casos, há apenas uma probabilidade da colocação do bem jurídico em risco. Assim, o que se pretende discutir no presente trabalho, é se esse tipo de incriminação ofende a estrutura do delito e os postulados básicos do Direito Penal Clássico

Although conversations in television shows are supposed to mimic and represent everyday natural speech, they are written for a specific purpose. The aim of this paper is to find out what maxims are flouted the most in the television series Firefly and analyse what the effects of these flouts are. Presented here is an analysis of how scripted conversation in the aforementioned television show is constructed. By applying Grice's cooperative principle and his theories on flouting and implicatures, certain patterns emerge that show recurring uses of flouts for specific effects. The results are based on a study of three episodes of the television series Firefly. The results show that the maxim of quality is flouted the most and that the distribution of flouts between characters is somewhat uneven. This suggests that the use of flouts has to do with the personalities of the different characters.

Thesis (PhD (Mathematical Sciences))--Stellenbosch University, 2008 / Please refer to full text for abstract.

In this work, two approaches for computing the near-field distribution around wind turbines are proposed, including: (1) Huygens Principle and (2) the parabolic equation technique. In order to simplify the problem, the cylinder model is utilized to represent the wind turbines and transform the problem into a two-dimensional case. To make Huygens Principle computationally tractable, several approximations are made based on the problem geometry especially modelling the cylinder as a plate. The expression of the electromagnetic field radiated by the equivalent magnetic current can be analytically solved by the error function. To verify the results, FEKO is utilized to simulate the scattering of infinitely long cylinders using periodic boundary condition (PBC). In order to solve the problem of multiple cylinders, a modified method is derived. For more accurate results, the parabolic equation (PE) technique is utilized to solve this problem, which is usually utilized to solve wave propagation problems. In this case, wide-angle approximation is used to solve the parabolic equation, which can obtain accurate results in a region of up to 45 degrees. Although these two approaches are not full-wave simulation, the calculation time is significantly reduced and the error is acceptable. To further verify the computed results by the parabolic equation technique, two commercial transceivers from Time Domain Corporation are used to measure the field distribution behind a finite-length metal pole. The frequency-domain results are obtained from the measured time-domain results using the fast Fourier transform. It is shown that the computed results by the parabolic equation technique agree well with the measurement results. / text

This thesis is an investigation of some of the properties of polynomial rings, unique factorization domains, Euclidean domains, and principal ideal domains. The nature of some of the relationships between each of the above systems is also developed in this paper.

Title: Search problems and search for collisions in hash functions Author: Samuel Čarnoký Department: The Department of Algebra Supervisor: prof. RNDr. Jan Krajíček, DrSc. Supervisor's e-mail address: krajicek@karlin.mff.cuni.cz Abstract: Central points of this work are NP search problems and the existence of reductions amog them in the relativised world. Absolute separation would separate N from NP. In particular, we talk about the problem of finding collisions in hash functions that must exist due to the famous pigeonhole principle. We present a brief introduction into the topic, we define various NP search problems and recall reductions and separations. Reduction of weak version of PHP to a problem of finding a homogeneous subgraph is described and our own results are presented in the form of reduction of another variant of PHP to a problem related to finding paths in a graph. We talk about reducing the task of finding collisions in multiple functions into finding a collision in one function. Keywords: NP search, reductions, pigeonhole principle, oracles