Thesis (M.S.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.

Στην παρούσα Διπλωματική Εργασία μελετάται και αναλύεται η Ηλεκτρομαγνητική συμπεριφορά βασικών κυκλωμάτων και στοιχείων, τα οποία απαντώνται πάνω σε Πλακέτες Τυπωμένων Κυκλωμάτων. Η σχεδίαση και ανάλυση των μοντέλων γίνεται χρησιμοποιώντας τα Ηλεκτρομαγνητικά λογισμικά πακέτα της Agilent, ΕΜPro και ADS, ενώ για τον υπολογισμό χρήσιμων παραμέτρων χρησιμοποιείται η ελεύθερη εφαρμογή της Agilent, Appcad και η εφαρμογή Linecalc, η οποία είναι ενσωματωμένη στο ADS. Αρχικά, γίνεται μια σύντομη αναφορά στις σύγχρονες τάσεις που επικρατούν στην περιοχή των Τυπωμένων Κυκλωμάτων και περιγράφεται η χρησιμότητα των τοπολογιών που αναλύονται. Επιπροσθέτως, αναφέρεται η αναγκαιότητα και οι περιπτώσεις κατά τις οποίες είναι απαραίτητη η διεξαγωγή ηλεκτρομαγνητικής ανάλυσης των κυκλωμάτων, αλλά και τα προτερήματα που αυτή προσφέρει. Παρουσιάζεται η χρησιμότητα και αναλύεται η δομή μιας μαιανδρικής μικροταινιακής γραμμής εισαγωγής καθυστερήσεως και συγκρίνονται οι εκπομπές της ως προς τις εκπομπές μιας ευθείας μικροταινιακής γραμμής. Έπειτα, μελετάται η κατανομή του ρεύματος στο επίπεδο αναφοράς μιας απλούστερης γεωμετρίας μαιανδρικής μικροταινιακής γραμμής και παρουσιάζονται φαινόμενα περισσότερο αισθητά σε υψηλές συχνότητες. Έπειτα, μελετώνται οι εκπομπές από μια γεωμετρία μικροταινιακής γραμμής, η οποία διασχίζει σχισμή στο επίπεδο αναφοράς. Επίσης, μελετάται η συμπεριφορά μικροταινιακής γραμμής ευρισκόμενης στο χείλος μιας πλακέτας. Επιπλέον, μελετάται ένα πρόβλημα σχεδιάσεως αποτελεσματικής ηλεκτρομαγνητικής θωρακίσεως και υπολογίζεται η αποδοτικότης της θωρακίσεως. Σε επόμενο κεφάλαιο, μελετάται η επίδραση ασυνεχειών ευρισκόμενων σε μια δομή μικροταινιακής γραμμής και σχεδιάζεται ένα μεταϋλικό, ενώ παράλληλα προσδιορίζονται χαρακτηριστικές παράμετροι της δομής. Ακολούθως, σχεδιάζονται τρία είδη δομών που περιλαμβάνουν οπές via. Αυτές είναι: μία απλή via , μια δομή διαφορικών via και μια εφαρμογή απομονώσεως δυο συζευγμένων ταινιογραμμών χρήσει ενός φράχτη από οπές via. Τέλος, προσομοιώνεται η λειτουργία μιας πραγματικής πλακέτας και υπολογίζονται οι ηλεκτρομαγνητικές της εκπομπές στο μακρινό πεδίο. Παράλληλα, παρουσιάζονται ορισμένα στατιστικά του χρόνου εκτελέσεως και των απαιτούμενων πόρων για την προσομοίωση, γίνονται σχόλια και επισημάνσεις που αφορούν στα χαρακτηριστικά των χρησιμοποιούμενων αλγορίθμων για τη διεξαγωγή μετεπεξεργασίας των δεδομένων και δίνονται χρήσιμες συμβουλές όσον αφορά σε χαρακτηριστικά του λογισμικού Προσομοιώσεως και σε δυνατότητες επιταχύνσεως της Προσομοιώσεως που προσφέρονται από το ίδιο το λογισμικό. / -

Du fait de nombreuses avancées technologiques et scientifiques, l'ensemble du réseau de télécommunications a évolué vers une complexité croissante intégrant désormais des débits très importants. Grâce aux larges bandes passantes offertes par les bandes de fréquences millimétriques, les prochaines générations visent à permettre l'augmentation du nombre de services multimédias et de partage de contenus en haute définition. Cette évolution pose la problématique de concevoir des systèmes sans-fils capables de fonctionner en haute fréquence avec des rendements et coûts acceptables, ainsi qu'un encombrement minimum. Ce travail se situe dans le cadre du développement de circuits passifs, de types filtres, coupleurs et guides d'ondes qui répondent à ces défis. Nous avons développé une technique de miniaturisation pour des dispositifs en technologie imprimée, dans un premier temps dédiée aux fréquences inférieures à 20 GHz. Celle-ci repose sur la notion d'onde lente, définie comme la capacité d’une structure à ralentir la propagation des ondes la traversant. Une analyse théorique ainsi que des méthodes de conception ont été développées, puis validées par des mesures. Dans un second temps, nous avons proposé deux technologies distinctes permettant l'intégration de guides d'ondes performants en bande millimétrique en collaboration avec deux laboratoires partenaires. Une étude théorique, la conception de motifs de test et les résultats de mesure sont présentés. Ces travaux constituent une base pour la réalisation ultérieure en bande millimétrique de topologies miniaturisées grâce aux ondes lentes. / The last decades have seen the evolution of communication networks towardgreater complexity and efficiency, being now able to carry significant data rates. This evolution is the result of both scientific and technological breakthroughs. Thanks to the wide bandwidths available at millimeter-wave frequencies, the future generations will be able to supply for the the increasing demand in multimedia services, especially high-definition videos. The design of wireless systems which operate at high frequencies with acceptable efficiency, costs, and minimum size thus constitute a decisive challenge. In this context, this work focuses on the development of passive circuits such as filters, couplers and waveguides which address these issues. We developed a miniaturization technique for printed circuits technology, which in a first step is dedicated to frequencies below 20 GHz. This technique is based on a slow-wave concept, defined as the property of any structure which impose lower velocities to the electromagnetic waves. A theoretical analysis, as well as design methods were established and confirmed by measurements. Secondly, we proposed two distinct technological solutions for the integration of efficient waveguides at millimeter-wave frequencies. This work was achieved in collaboration with two other laboratories. A theoretical study, design of test features and measurementswere performed. These results intend to constitute a basis for the future realization of miniaturized slow-wave circuits at millimeter-wave frequency bands.

The aim of this thesis is to determine the investment value of the company PragoBoard s.r.o. as of the 31st December, 2013. The objective of this company's activity is the production of printed circuit boards. This thesis is divided into the following parts: an introduction of the company and its business operations, financial analysis, strategic analysis, generators of value and financial plan, valuation. The final valuation is based on two methods: DCF Equity and a market comparison to other publicly traded companies.

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) emphasizes the importance of identifying secondary sources for energy-relevant critical elements, driven by the escalating demands of the high-tech industry and products. Elements such as Ni, Cu, and REEs, are crucial for the development of clean energy technologies such as solar panels, wind turbines, electric vehicles, and battery storage systems. As the global demands for these technologies grow in response to climate change and the push for sustainable energy solutions, securing a stable supply of critical elements becomes imperative. Secondary sources, including alkaline industrial waste, natural Magnesium-bearing minerals, and e-waste, offer a sustainable path forward. They not only help mitigate supply risks but also offer a potential source of Ca and Mg for carbon mineralization. The DOE's focus on secondary resources highlights the need to ensure the resilience of energy infrastructure and the transition towards a more sustainable and secure energy future. Thus, this study embarks on a critical exploration of sustainable mining practices from secondary resources and investigates the novel method for energy-relevant critical elements recovery, and the application of carbon mineralization techniques for CO₂ sequestration. The research traverses a proposed stepwise coprecipitation process integrated with a carbon mineralization process in alkaline industrial waste (e.g., iron slag) and natural Magnesium-bearing minerals (e.g., Olivine). This research also delves into the use of a mild in-situ mechanical grinding method for Au, Ni, and Cu recovery from printed circuit boards (PCBs). Further expanding on the theme of waste valorization, this study delves into the use of blast furnace slag (BFS) for ex-situ carbon mineralization, showcasing a stepwise pH swing-assisted hydrometallurgy process. This approach not only allows the recovery of REEs but also the storage of CO₂ by carbonation the Ca and Mg reach solution, illustrating the potential for industrial waste to mitigate climate change impacts and metal scarcity. The coprecipitation process for the selective recovery of Ce from Fe solutions is explored. Through detailed characterizations by ICP, XRD, XPS, and SEM, this research reveals the underlying mechanisms of Ce recovery and proposes a weak acid dissolution process for its efficient extraction, emphasizing the role of chemical engineering in enhancing resource recovery. In exploring the sustainable recovery of Ni and Mg from olivine minerals, the research highlights the connection between leaching kinetics, crystal phase and silicate structure by using XPS and XRD. The study showcases the feasibility of pH control and stepwise coprecipitation process techniques in optimizing the purity and crystallinity of magnesium carbonates, contributing to the broader goal of reducing environmental footprints and enhancing techno-economic feasibility. This study also presents a mild mechanical grinding assisted method for the recovery of precious metals from printed circuit boards (PCBs). This investigation analyses the mechanical properties such as Young’s modulus, hardness, and surface roughness by using analytical techniques such as nanoindentation and AFM. This novel approach to precious metal recovery not only demonstrates a significant improvement in the efficiency of metal recovery but also contributes to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable e-waste recycling practices.

CNPq; CAPES / A termografia permite a visualização de valores de temperatura de um corpo por meio de imagens. Na área médica, encontra aplicações em oncologia, análise de queimaduras, doenças vasculares, doenças respiratórias, doenças de pele e como forma geral de verificação da vitalidade dos tecidos. A termografia 3D consiste de uma malha 3D com uma textura térmica projetada em sua superfície, oferecendo uma visualização mais precisa dos padrões de temperatura das estruturas anatômicas. Propõe-se, por meio do presente trabalho, um sistema capaz de combinar imagens termográficas 2D com sua malha 3D correspondente e, como resultado, entregar uma imagem termográfica 3D para aplicações médicas. Para isso foram utilizadas as técnicas de Otimização por Enxame de Partículas (PSO) e de reconstrução 3D Structure from Motion (SfM). Diferentemente de outros trabalhos na literatura, a malha 3D e as imagens térmicas não precisam ser adquiridas simultaneamente, não sendo necessário um arranjo mecânico dedicado. A malha 3D pode ter origem em um scanner 3D ou em uma imagem de ressonância magnética, por exemplo. Para avaliar os resultados, um phantom, isto é, um objeto estático de avaliação, com propriedades conhecidas, foi construído. Para tal, uma técnica inédita, utilizando placas de circuito impresso foi desenvolvida. Como resultado, comparações entre a saída do método proposto e o phantom, apresentaram um erro máximo de 3,73 mm e médio de 1,41 mm, com desvio padrão de 0,74 mm, em um phantom de 100 x 150 x 103,2 mm. / Thermography is an imaging method that allows temperature visualization of various regions of an object. In medicine, it finds applications related to oncology, burn trauma, vascular, respiratory and skin diseases, and as a general tissue vitality checking tool. 3D thermography adds tridimensional information to the conventional 2D thermography. It is made from a 3D mesh wrapped by thermal texture, enabling a more precise visualization of thermal patterns of anatomical structures. We propose a system capable of combining 2D thermal images with their corresponding 3D mesh, delivering a 3D thermogram for medical applications as a result. We used Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for mesh alignment and Structure from Motion (SfM) for 3D reconstruction in the present method. In contrast to most research found in the literature, the 3D mesh and the thermal images do not need to be acquired simultaneously, and a mechanical support for the thermal camera and the 3D scanner is not required. The 3D mesh may be acquired, for instance, from a 3D scanner or a magnetic resonance imaging machine. In order to evaluate the results, a phantom, that is, a static assessment object of known properties has been built. For this purpose, a novel technique using printed circuit boards has been developed. As a result, comparison between the output of the method and the phantom shows a maximum error of 3.73 mm and a mean error of 1.41 mm with 0.74 mm of standard deviation in phantom of 100 x 150 x 103.2 mm. / 5000

CNPq; Capes / Neste trabalho é utilizado a tecnologia convencional de fabricação de circuitos impressos, que possuem vantagens de ser de baixo custo, facilidade de produção, tecnologia conhecida e divulgada, para se desenvolver dois tipos básicos de sensores planares. O primeiro um capacitivo que opera pela detecção da variação da permissividade do meio e um segundo do tipo passivo, wireless e ressonante (PWR) que varia a frequência ressonante em função da permissividade ou permeabilidade do meio. Além disso, são apresentadas análises matemáticas, simulações e medições. Com os sensores foram realizados testes para a detecção da presença de água em dutos hidráulicos e umidade em amostras de madeiras, cujos resultados indicam que os sensores atendem ao propósito de medição e podem ser utilizados para os seus fins específicos. / In this work it was used the conventional manufacturing technology for printed circuits, which presents advantages of being low cost, known technology, for developing two basic types of planar sensors. The first one operates by capacitive measurements of variation of permittivity of medium and a second type of passive, wireless, resonant (PWR) which changes the resonant frequency as a function of permittivity or permeability. Furthermore, two types of sensors are described from the point of view of mathematical analysis, simulations, and measurements. Tests were performed to detect the presence of water in hydraulic ducts and moisture of wood samples. The results indicate that evaluated sensors serve the purpose and can be used for their specific applications.

CNPq; CAPES / A termografia permite a visualização de valores de temperatura de um corpo por meio de imagens. Na área médica, encontra aplicações em oncologia, análise de queimaduras, doenças vasculares, doenças respiratórias, doenças de pele e como forma geral de verificação da vitalidade dos tecidos. A termografia 3D consiste de uma malha 3D com uma textura térmica projetada em sua superfície, oferecendo uma visualização mais precisa dos padrões de temperatura das estruturas anatômicas. Propõe-se, por meio do presente trabalho, um sistema capaz de combinar imagens termográficas 2D com sua malha 3D correspondente e, como resultado, entregar uma imagem termográfica 3D para aplicações médicas. Para isso foram utilizadas as técnicas de Otimização por Enxame de Partículas (PSO) e de reconstrução 3D Structure from Motion (SfM). Diferentemente de outros trabalhos na literatura, a malha 3D e as imagens térmicas não precisam ser adquiridas simultaneamente, não sendo necessário um arranjo mecânico dedicado. A malha 3D pode ter origem em um scanner 3D ou em uma imagem de ressonância magnética, por exemplo. Para avaliar os resultados, um phantom, isto é, um objeto estático de avaliação, com propriedades conhecidas, foi construído. Para tal, uma técnica inédita, utilizando placas de circuito impresso foi desenvolvida. Como resultado, comparações entre a saída do método proposto e o phantom, apresentaram um erro máximo de 3,73 mm e médio de 1,41 mm, com desvio padrão de 0,74 mm, em um phantom de 100 x 150 x 103,2 mm. / Thermography is an imaging method that allows temperature visualization of various regions of an object. In medicine, it finds applications related to oncology, burn trauma, vascular, respiratory and skin diseases, and as a general tissue vitality checking tool. 3D thermography adds tridimensional information to the conventional 2D thermography. It is made from a 3D mesh wrapped by thermal texture, enabling a more precise visualization of thermal patterns of anatomical structures. We propose a system capable of combining 2D thermal images with their corresponding 3D mesh, delivering a 3D thermogram for medical applications as a result. We used Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for mesh alignment and Structure from Motion (SfM) for 3D reconstruction in the present method. In contrast to most research found in the literature, the 3D mesh and the thermal images do not need to be acquired simultaneously, and a mechanical support for the thermal camera and the 3D scanner is not required. The 3D mesh may be acquired, for instance, from a 3D scanner or a magnetic resonance imaging machine. In order to evaluate the results, a phantom, that is, a static assessment object of known properties has been built. For this purpose, a novel technique using printed circuit boards has been developed. As a result, comparison between the output of the method and the phantom shows a maximum error of 3.73 mm and a mean error of 1.41 mm with 0.74 mm of standard deviation in phantom of 100 x 150 x 103.2 mm. / 5000

CNPq; Capes / Neste trabalho é utilizado a tecnologia convencional de fabricação de circuitos impressos, que possuem vantagens de ser de baixo custo, facilidade de produção, tecnologia conhecida e divulgada, para se desenvolver dois tipos básicos de sensores planares. O primeiro um capacitivo que opera pela detecção da variação da permissividade do meio e um segundo do tipo passivo, wireless e ressonante (PWR) que varia a frequência ressonante em função da permissividade ou permeabilidade do meio. Além disso, são apresentadas análises matemáticas, simulações e medições. Com os sensores foram realizados testes para a detecção da presença de água em dutos hidráulicos e umidade em amostras de madeiras, cujos resultados indicam que os sensores atendem ao propósito de medição e podem ser utilizados para os seus fins específicos. / In this work it was used the conventional manufacturing technology for printed circuits, which presents advantages of being low cost, known technology, for developing two basic types of planar sensors. The first one operates by capacitive measurements of variation of permittivity of medium and a second type of passive, wireless, resonant (PWR) which changes the resonant frequency as a function of permittivity or permeability. Furthermore, two types of sensors are described from the point of view of mathematical analysis, simulations, and measurements. Tests were performed to detect the presence of water in hydraulic ducts and moisture of wood samples. The results indicate that evaluated sensors serve the purpose and can be used for their specific applications.