The purpose of this thesis is to disseminate research work done towards a higher degree and report on the findings of the research that was conducted relative to South African Public Private Partnership (PPP) projects. The research investigated perceptions of PPP actors on the performance of operational PPP projects. The aim of the research was to fulfil the requirements for the award of the degree of philosophiae doctor in construction management; contribute to the PPP body of knowledge; contribute further understanding of the performance of PPP projects in South Africa; and develop a systemic model for a sustainable PPP system within the country and beyond. All the aforementioned have been achieved, despite the research limitations as indicated in Chapter 1. A case study approach was adopted to examine various performance aspects of operational South African PPP projects. The research was a multi-case study design. Each individual case study consisted of a ‘whole’ study, in which facts were gathered from the selected PPP projects and conclusions drawn on those facts. A web-based questionnaire was used to capture the experiences and perceptions of various actors involved directly, or indirectly in selected PPP projects. The sample stratum consisted of all operational PPP projects registered in accordance with Treasury Regulations as of December 2005 and other projects that reached financial closure before the Public Finance Management Act of 1999 became effective. PPPs involve highly complex procurement processes, are relatively new in South Africa and to date have attracted limited investigation to refine our understanding of the operational performance of PPP projects. This is notable, as significant financial and other resources are involved, and the perception exists that service delivery in most parts of the country is poor. Key empirical evidence from the research indicates that South Africa has developed a robust policy and regulatory framework for PPPs; has an inadequate level of PPP awareness and training; and lacks the project management capacity to facilitate deal flow. It is suggested that further research be conducted on a yearly basis, preferably every six months, so that trends can be established concerning various aspects of other operational PPPs. Further, it is recommended that the PPP Unit commission sector-specific studies that will conduct further research, to compare research across PPP and non-PPP contracts. The choice to conduct a multi-case study required extensive resources and time beyond the means available to the researcher. Further, the sensitive nature of PPP projects made it difficult to obtain required data at the first attempt. However, the researcher made several follow up calls and reminders before eventually obtaining the required data from the respondents. A systemic PPP model has been developed for PPP implementation and management. This model was tested for appropriateness by conducting a further survey on PPP participants attending an international conference on 'Financing of Infrastructure Development in Africa through Public Private Partnerships’ staged in August 2007, in the St. George Hotel, Johannesburg, South Africa. The findings from this research make an invaluable and original contribution to the PPP body of knowledge, provide insight for further research in this important field, refine the understanding of operational PPP projects, and provide direction for policy and decision makers in the public and private sectors, within South Africa and beyond.

A dissertation interim report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Building. / Public Private Partnerships (PPP) are a unique model for countries that wish to deliver infrastructure services to the communities they serve. This unique form of procurement combines the efforts of both the public and private sectors. PPP procurement allows governments with resource constraints to access private sector funds to implement their infrastructure and services delivery programmes. South Africa has taken a decision to adopt PPP’s as an alternative to the traditional form of infrastructure delivery. PPP’s are however a fairly new way of procurement for government departments. The delivery of PPP’s has therefore come with its own unique challenges that need to be addressed in order to make this type of procurement effective. South Africa has adopted world-class PPP procurement guidelines which are on par with those of established PPP markets. The PPP procurement process is outlined in the National Treasury’s PPP Manual and Standardised PPP Provisions. The PPP Manual provides guidelines for the implementation of the full project life-cycle of a PPP. PPP procurement forms an important part of the project lifecycle, and ensures that the outcomes of a PPP are met, being affordability, value for money, and equitable risk transfer for the contracting parties. The aim of this research was two-fold. Firstly, this research aims to investigate the time performance of the procurement process for PPP projects in South Africa. Secondly, the research aims to determine the factors that influence the time performance of the procurement process for these projects. The case study research strategy was identified as the most suitable method of addressing the research aims. The justification of the use of the case study strategy was based on the type of research questions posed, the extent of control the researcher had over behavioural events, and the ability of case studies to address the contemporary as opposed to historical events. In addition, the case study strategy was considered advantageous because it follows a rigorous methodical path that protects against threats of construct, internal and external validity. To this end, four cases were selected for the research. The cases selected were as follows:  Maropeng and Sterkfontein PPP Project;  Department of Statistics South Africa (DSSA) New Head Office Accommodation PPP Project;  Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) New Head Office Accommodation PPP Project; and  Department of Rural Development and Land Reform (DRDLR) New Head Office Accommodation PPP Project. The cases were initially analysed individually, and thereafter a cross-case analysis was conducted. The cross-case analysis was used to identify trends and associations across cases, together with any differences worth highlighting. Analytical procedures were used to analyse the time performance of the PPP procurement process from Request for Qualification (RFQ) to Financial Close. Planned and actual procurement timelines were collected from the PPP procurement documentation (i.e. RFQ and RFP documentation) and the interview respondents respectively. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect qualitative information on the factors that the respondents deemed to have influenced the time performance of the procurement process for the selected cases. The interview questions were based on insights gained from the literature review related to the factors that influence the time performance of the PPP procurement process. It is envisaged that the insights gained from the research will go a long way to improving the time performance of the procurement process for PPP projects in South Africa. An improved time performance of the procurement process can lead to quicker delivery of PPP projects to marginalised communities where the need for infrastructure services is the highest. Keywords: Construction, Procurement, Public Private Partnerships, Time Performance, South Africa.

This research report investigated public-private partnerships in the development of affordable housing in Johannesburg. The study evaluated the success of affordable housing projects developed through the joint efforts of the public and the private sector. It explored how the private and the public sector help each other in development projects to ensure successful projects which benefit low to middle (gap market) income households. To do this, the study utilised two affordable/integrated housing development projects in the Johannesburg area. These were the Fleurhof project on Main Reef road and the Pennyville development on New Canada road. Interviews were also conducted to get information from the different stakeholders involved in affordable housing project developments with regards to their experiences, lessons learnt and propositions for better and more efficient running of future such projects. Studies and information received from interviews were evaluated using theoretical frameworks around affordable housing and public private partnerships as to determine if these projects and activity happening in the Johannesburg area is in line with theories and policies developed to guide public-private activity and affordable housing development. The findings from the field study analysis (case studies and interviews) were used to provide recommendations as to what can be done for better outcomes in public-private partnership projects in affordable housing delivery. From the field work it was found that contrary to the study claims and propositions, publicprivate partnership housing developments are benefiting the intended income group and that the private sector has gained confidence and is becoming more and more interested and involved in such projects. This is not to say that no issues were discovered or raised during the study. This is why recommendations were brought forward and these are mainly directed to the public sector. Recommendations include that public sector needs to increase its capacity when it comes to the area of developing affordable housing projects as lack of capacity results in unnecessarily lengthy application approval periods which become very costly when it comes to development. Other recommendations are for better planning and review of procedures for the public sector to be more efficient as the private sector works on time and need payments and other procedures to occur on time to avoid setbacks and strains on public private relationships.

Beekeeping and Public Private Partnerships (PPP) are the key words in this study. The study investigates the effectiveness of the use of PPP for the development of commercial beekeeping for the small-scale beekeepers in selected rural areas of the Amathole District Municipality. The small-scale beekeepers do not seem to be achieving the required results of meeting market demands for honey and other bee by-products, due to challenges associated with production and marketing of these products. Significant investment (physical, human and financial) is required to develop the capacity of the small scale beekeepers in order to generate honey for the market and associated revenue in any significant quantity. While job creation and poverty alleviation are key issues on the government’s service delivery agenda, specifically through entrepreneurial development, government alone does not have the capacity to provide all the necessary resources for the establishment of commercial beekeeping to the resource-poor small-scale beekeepers. Based on the results of this study, all respondents (beekeepers and officials) in the study had a general understanding of “Public Private Partnerships”. However, the general interpretation of PPP was where government, business and civil society are working together in areas of mutual interest to achieve common or complementary goals than the regulated PPP arrangements guided by the specialized Treasury PPP Unit, whereby contractual obligation between different role players is paramount. In the context of small-scale beekeeping, all respondents were in support of type of PPP, whereby the association or partnership would involve the transfer of substantial financial, technical and operational risks. Besides the numerous limitations faced by the small-scale beekeepers in the running of their beekeeping operations, the study identified the following as the major factors believed to be compromising and limiting the proper functioning of PPP.

The post-apartheid developmental state of South Africa had a challenge of turning around an economy that was on deficit which it inherited in 1994, to a positive growth that will be sustainable and shared. The process followed in creating a sustainable economic development was first establishing a constitutional democratic government which was constituted in terms of the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, as three equal spheres of government, viz: the national, provincial and local spheres of government. Initiatives on innovative economic development become a reconstruction programme not only of the national and provincial spheres of government, but also of the local sphere of government which is closest to the people it governs and deliver municipal goods and services to. For an example, section 152 (1) (c) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, provides that the local sphere of government which is constituted by 283 wall-to-wall municipalities must “improve social and economic development” of the people. Out of the 283 municipalities, 6 are metropolitan municipalities, and are the: City of Cape Town, City of Johannesburg, City of Tshwane, Ekurhuleni, Ethekwini, and Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality. This research project is limited to the City of Cape Town (CCT) and the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipalities (NMBM). In the second process, a number of legislations and policies providing for external mechanisms to be used to improve local economic development (LED) in an inclusive, shared and equitable manner were introduced. Policies that were introduced by the democratic government and serve as policy directive for economic development are: the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) of 1994; the Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) of 1996; and the Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative of South Africa (ASGISA) of 2006. The relevant legislations to the local sphere of government which were introduced and provided for the appropriate mechanism for enabling sustainable growth of local economies by developmental local government in partnerships with other stakeholders such as private sector and civil society movements are: the Local Government: Municipal Systems Act, 2000 (Act 32 of 2000); Municipal Service Policy of 2000; Guidelines on Municipal Service Partnerships of 2006-2010; and the National Framework for Local Economic Development in South Africa (NFLED) of 2006-2010. The above xviii legislations provide the following external mechanisms to improve local economic development in municipal areas, viz: public-private partnerships; public-public partnerships, and public-community partnerships. This research project is about the first external mechanism which is the public-private partnerships (PPPs) to enable municipalities to improve local economies that provide for job creations and employment for the local inhabitants. According to the National Treasury Regulation 16 (2004:1), PPP means a “commercial transaction between an institution, for example a metropolitan government, and a private party in terms of which: 1. The private party either performs an institutional function on behalf of the institution [in this regard a metropolitan government] for a specified or indefinite period or acquires the use of a state property for its own commercial purposes for a specified or indefinite period. 2. The private party receives a benefit for performing the function or by utilising state property, either by way of compensation from a revenue fund, or by charges or fees collected by the private party from users or customers of a service provided for them; or a combination of such compensation and such fees”. The first goal of this research project is to develop the most appropriate public-private partnership model for South African metropolitan government with special reference to the City of Cape Town (CCT) and the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality (NMBM) in enabling and guiding them to improve and sustain local economic development (LED) in their respective areas of jurisdiction. The application of public-private partnerships (PPPs) as a policy strategy to achieve local economic development (LED) in CCT and NMBM was investigated, in order to determine whether these activities can be improved. Followed is the development of a conceptual framework for optimal PPP implementation in order to improve local economic development in the CCT and NMBM and other metropolitan and municipal areas in South Africa. A more appropriate PPP model called the Participatory Development Systems Model (PDSM) has been constructed for this purpose from a number of sources and proven good practices both locally in South Africa and internationally. The PDSM model uses the strategic prioritisation and management by a municipality of the integrated development of physical, economic, human and social capital in its region in a more participatory way, as a point of departure for PPPs. The PDSM model for PPPs also emphasises consistent systematic assessment of these strategies against the strategic LED goals of the municipality concerned in order to ensure that lessons are learnt from these experiences and used to refine or revise future LED and PPP strategies accordingly. This thesis makes an original contribution to the existing body of knowledge about the promotion of LED through PPPs in metropolitan municipalities in South Africa and elsewhere, by conceptualising PPPs in a clear and coherent way as an integrated dimension of strategic management processes in municipalities that need to be implemented in a more participatory way in order to achieve the overall strategic goal of sustainable LED.

Although renewable energy technology has received much attention over recent years the depletion of known fossil fuel reserves and the volatility of international fuel prices require that society looks beyond the current coal-dominated electricity generation methods. Investment in renewable energy and energy efficiency is important to reduce the negative economic, social and environmental impacts of energy production and consumption in South Africa. Currently, renewable energy contributes relatively little to primary energy and even less to the consumption of commercial energy. The challenge of transforming entire economies is enormous, especially if a country is as fossil-fuel-based and emission-intensive as South Africa. However, as it is already facing climate change impacts in an increasingly carbon constrained world; South Africa must drastically reduce its greenhouse gas emission intensity soon. The South African electricity sector is a vital part of the economy and at the same time contributes most to the emission problem. Transforming this sector is therefore urgently needed. First steps have been taken to enhance energy efficiency and promote renewable energy, but they have failed to have any large-scale effects. The two major barriers to investments in renewable energy technologies are based in the South African energy innovation system and its inherent power structures and in the economics of renewable energy technologies. Subsequently the private sector will have to play a significant role in closing the human resources gap by providing funds and expertise. Furthermore, the creation of employment opportunities and actively promoting structural change in the economy are seen, especially in industrialized countries, as goals that support the promotion of renewable energy. Moreover, with more support and assistance from the government and partnership with the private sector will be of immense help to achieve renewable energy goals.

M.Ing. (Engineering Management) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

The concept of organisational governance has been researched and debated by many. However, the concept of organisational governance maturity and what exactly this entails has received significantly less attention. It is beneficial for an organisation to understand how far they have progressed with implementing the various governance elements, as this will enable them to implement the most appropriate and necessary next steps, while taking corrective actions in becoming more mature in respect of organisational governance. This will furthermore aid the internal audit activity to provide more effective internal audit services, as knowledge of the level of organisational governance maturity enables them to more accurately determine which service they should deliver – either an assurance (organisation is mature) service or a consulting (organisation is not mature) service. The question now arises: how does an organisation, and the internal audit activity in particular, determine the level of organisational governance maturity without a benchmark of some sort that details the structures, systems and processes required to support governance at various levels of maturity? Published maturity frameworks/models can be used for this, however, there is very little that pertains specifically, comprehensively and holistically to organisational governance. This created the opportunity for the development of an organisational governance maturity framework. The main objective of this study is to develop a framework that can be used for assessing the level of organisational governance maturity within South African private sector organisations. Firstly, a comprehensive literature review was conducted where eight governance-related maturity models were used to produce a preliminary organisational governance maturity framework for the private sector in South Africa. Secondly, interviews were conducted with key governance stakeholders at the selected organisation to obtain input in the preliminary framework. The research findings, which resulted from the data analysed, were used as a means to refine the preliminary framework developed from the literature. No significant amendments were made to the preliminary framework and input obtained during the interviews supported the relevance and contribution of the framework developed from the literature. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2014 / gm2015 / Auditing / MCom / Unrestricted

Thesis (MPA (School of Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / This study examines the key success factors in the Public Private Partnerships (PPP) field in the Healthcare Sector in South Africa. It gives health departments insight into the factors which should be considered when using PPP procurement and when looking at possible PPP opportunities. The development of PPP’s around the world has urged governments to look at alternative service delivery methods because of increased pressures on government budgets. Public Private Partnerships presents governments with a means of generating private funds for health service delivery whilst government manages the relationship via a negotiated PPP agreement to monitor the quality of services rendered. Different PPP models are applied all over the world depending on the specific needs of countries. Different factors impact on the success of these partnerships and it is essential that government share knowledge and best practices. The study showed that in order for PPP’s to be successful the public institution must do its homework thoroughly and that the legal framework should be conducive for private sector involvement in service delivery. The study showed that the government of a country plays a pivotal role in the PPP process by giving the necessary political support to ensure the trust of foreign investors. The legislative framework is a critical factor in the advancement of PPP procurement and the allocation of risk as an important consideration when pursuing this type of procurement. The study examined three concluded PPP Health Sector agreements in South Africa and looked at lessons learnt, mistakes which were made and what should be avoided in the future. The three PPP’s in South Africa in this study were the first though there are other health sector PPP agreements concluded. The other PPP’s are still in the commencement stage and it is too early to make an assessment at this stage. However, the three case studies conducted give departments a clear picture of the process, the lessons learnt and the impediments in the PPP process. The uniqueness of the South African Health sector also prompted the Government to look at a model which will be best suited to the local market. Best practices from other countries provide useful information and lessons learnt from other countries are also important in a developing PPP environment.

Thesis (MPA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis analyse the new trend of governance and management, introduced in the public sector abroad and now for the past couple of years in South Africa. The research further explores issues affecting public service delivery in general and then concludes by exploring local government in the Boland area in the Western Cape. The development role of government, and especially local government in South Africa necessitates alternative methods of service delivery, funding and skills transfer. The performance in developing countries as far as service delivery is concerned is hampered due to many constraints, of which unemployment and poverty are two most important ones. The literature review has explored the role New Public Management can play in achieving sustainable local government and further reviews developmental local government in South Africa. Public-private partnerships as a means of service delivery have also been dealt with in the literature review. The case study focuses on a municipality in the Western Cape, Boland region, the Breede River/Winelands Municipality and its demographic, employment and affordability status. It further highlights the investigations done to determine using alternative measures to render services and for partnerships. The current public-private partnership that is in place is also evaluated and elaborated on. If the municipality do not use alternative sources to generate income, create jobs and render services, be it due to outsourcing or partnerships, the municipality will not be able to deliver affordable services and meet its obligation to render sustainable services in the area. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsing dienslewering in ondersoek verder aspekte wat openbare en sluitdan af deur n Opsomming Die tesis analiseer die nuwe tendense van regeer en bestuur, wat in die publieke sektor internasionaal, en nou ook vir die afgelope aantal jare in Suid-Afrika toegepas word. die geheel raak, ondersoek na plaaslike regering binne die Boland area, in die Wes-Kaap. Die ontwikkelings rol van regering, en in besonder plaaslike regering in Suid-Afrika noodsaak alternatiewe metodes van dienslewering, befondsing en die oordra van vaardighede. Die prestasie binne ontwikkelende lande sover dit dienslewering betref, word belemmer deur te veel struikelblokke, waarvan werkloosheid en armoede twee van die belangrikste is. Die li teratuur studie ondersoek die rol wat nuwe publieke bestuur (New Public Management) kan vervul om volhoubare plaaslike regering te verseker. Verder ondersoek ditook ontwikkelende plaaslike regering in Suid-Afrika. Publieke privaat vennootskappe (public-private partnerships as n middelom munisipale dienste te lewer was ook ondersoek. Die gevalle Munisipaliteit. area in die studie fokus op die Breërivier/Wynland Die munisipali tei t is geleë in die Boland Wes-Kaap. Sy ligging, werkgeleenthede en bekostigbaarheids aspekte word ook ontleed. Die ondersoeke wat gedoen is om alternatiewe metodes en bronne vir dienslewering te bepaal, wat vennootskappe ins lui t, is ook hierin vervat. Die publieke privaat vennootskap wat tans bestaan binne die munisipaliteit, word ook op uitgewei. Indien die munisipaliteit nie alternatiewe bronne vind om inkomste te genereer, werkgeleenthede te skep en diens te lewer nie, hetsy deur privatisering of vennootskappe, sal die munisipaliteit nie daarin slaag om bekostigbare diens te lewer en dienste te verskaf nie. Die munisipaliteit sal dan ook nie sy verpligting om volhoubare dienslewering binne sy regsgebied te verseker en ook nie sy verpligting om volhoubare plaaslike regering daar te stel, kan nakom nie.