This study aimed to evaluate the effect of vegetable by-products, including fruit by-products (passion fruit, orange, acerola, and mango) and soy by-product (okara), on the folate production by starter and probiotic strains for the bio-enrichment of fermented soy products. In the first part of this study, the impact of amaranth flour on folate production by these microorganisms was also evaluated. The effect of vegetable by-products and amaranth flour on the ability of three starters - Streptococcus thermophilus (ST-M6, TH-4, and TA-40) and ten probiotic strains (Lactobacillus (Lb.) acidophilus LA-5, Lb. fermentum PCC, Lb. reuteri RC-14, Lb. paracasei subsp. paracasei Lb. casei 431, Lb. paracasei subsp. paracasei F19, Lb. rhamnosus GR-1, and Lb. rhamnosus LGG, Bifidobacterium (B.) animalis subsp. lactis BB-12, B. longum subsp. longum BB-46, and B. longum subsp. infantis BB-02) to produce folate was evaluated, using a modified MRS broth. Most of the microorganisms were able to produce folate. However, folate production was strain-dependent and also dependent on the environmental conditions and on the vegetable substrate used. Passion fruit by-product presented the lowest folate concentration and was selected for the following experiments. Thus, the impact of the supplementation of soymilk with passion fruit by-product and/or commercial prebiotic fructooligosaccharides FOS P95 on the folate production by three St. thermophilus strains, as well as four probiotic Lactobacillus strains (LA-5, LGG, PCC, and RC-14) were evaluated. St. thermophilus ST-M6 and TH-4 produced the highest amounts of folate in all fermented soymilks. The concentration of the vitamin was also high when these strains grew in co-culture with LA-5 and LGG. Soymilk supplemented with both passion fruit by-product and FOS together presented the highest concentration of folate when fermented by the co-culture TH-4+LGG. This co-culture was selected to produce four fermented soy products (FSP). All FSP were bio-enriched with folate produced by the co-culture and the probiotic strain LGG remained always above 8 log CFU/mL until the end of the storage period (28 days at 4ºC). In contrast, the concentration of the vitamin was stable until day 14 then a slight decrease was observed at the end of the storage period. The FSP supplemented with both passion fruit by-product and FOS together may contribute with around 14% of the recommended daily intake for folate if consumed until day 14 of storage. During the in vitro simulated gastrointestinal conditions, the folate content of the digested FSP increased from 1.3 to 3.6-fold, especially at the small and large intestinal in vitro phases and the strain LGG was recovered. In contrast, St. thermophilus TH-4 was not recovered during the assay. Finally, the prebiotic potential of the bioactive compounds present in the fruit by-products was characterized. Fruit by-product water extracts (FWE) containing soluble fibres from fruit by-products were obtained through a hot-water extraction and were associated to phenolic compounds and showed antioxidant activity. The FWE (especially, orange and mango water extracts) presented an anti-inflammatory potential by decreasing the nitric oxide concentration produced in vitro by macrophages stimulated with lipopolisaccharides (LPS) from Salmonella Thyphymurium. The FWE (especially from mango) were able to stimulate the growth of the strains TH-4 and LGG, as well the folate production by these microorganisms when tested individually and in co-culture. The FWE also increased the adhesion of TH-4 and LGG to Caco-2 cells in an in vitro model. These results suggest a prebiotic potential of the fruit by-products evaluated and their potential towards increased folate production by the selected microorganisms. Therefore, the bio-enrichment of fermented soy products with folate produced by beneficial microorganisms is an alternative for the development of functional foods with high folate content. Additionally, fermentable bioactive compounds with functional and/or biological activity, such as soluble fibres associated to phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity, present in the fruit by-products, may act as potential prebiotic ingredients. These bioactive molecules may represent a potential natural alternative to synthetic drugs for the treatment of inflammatory processes. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de subprodutos vegetais, incluindo subprodutos do processamento de fruta (maracujá, laranja, acerola e manga) e de soja (okara) na produção de folatos de novo por microrganismos strater e probióticos para bioenriquecer um produto de soja fermentado. Na primeira etapa deste trabalho, o impacto da farinha de amaranto na produção de folatos pelos microrganismos também foi avaliado. Neste sentido, primeiramente, verificou-se o efeito desses subprodutos vegetais e da farinha de amaranto na capacidade de três cepas starter - Streptococcus thermophilus (ST-M6, TH-4 e TA-40) e 10 cepas probióticas (Lactobacillus (Lb.) acidophilus LA-5, Lb. fermentum PCC, Lb. reuteri RC-14, Lb. paracasei subsp. paracasei Lb. casei 431, Lb. paracasei subsp. paracasei F19, Lb. rhamnosus GR-1, and Lb. rhamnosus LGG, Bifidobacterium (B.) animalis subsp. lactis BB-12, B. longum subsp. longum BB-46, e B. longum subsp. infantis BB-02) em produzir folato utilizando um caldo MRS modificado. A maior parte dos microrganismos testados foi capaz de produzir folato. Entretanto, a produção foi considerada cepa-dependente e, também, dependente das condições ambientais e do tipo de subproduto vegetal empregado. O subproduto de maracujá apresentou a menor concentração de folato e, por isso, foi selecionado para os testes seguintes. Neste sentido, o impacto da suplementação do leite de soja com subproduto de maracujá e/ou com o prebiótico comercial fruto-oligosacarídeo FOS P95 na produção de folato pelas três cepas de St. thermophilus, bem como quarto cepas probióticas do gênero Lactobacillus (LA-5, LGG, PCC e RC-14), também foi avaliado. Em cultura pura, as cepas de St. thermophilus ST-M6 e TH-4 produziram grande quantidade de folato nas formulações de extrato de soja fermentados. A concentração da vitamina foi maior quando tais cepas se desenvolveram em co-cultura com LA-5 e LGG. Observou-se que o extrato de soja suplementado concomitantemente com subproduto de maracujá e FOS apresentou a maior quantidade de folato quando fermentado pela co-cultura TH-4+LGG. Esta co-cultura, portanto, foi selecionada para desenvolver os produtos fermentados de soja (PFS). Todas as formulações foram bioenriquecidas e a cepa LGG manteve-se viável por todo o período de armazenamento (28 dias a 4ºC). Entretanto, a concentração da vitamina manteve-se estável apenas até o dia 14, observando-se uma diminuição da quantidade de folato ao final do período de armazenamento. Constatou-se que o produto fermentado de soja suplementado concomitantemente com subproduto de maracujá e FOS pode contribuir com cerca de 14% da ingestão diária recomendada para folato se consumido até o dia 14 do armazenamento. Além disso, durante a simulação gastrointestinal in vitro, observou-se que a digestão aumentou de 1,3 a 3,6 vezes a concentração da vitamina incrementando, consideravelmente, a bioacessibilidade do folato, principalmente nas porções simuladas do intestino delgado e grosso do intestino e a cepa LGG foi recuperada. Entretanto, a cepa St. thermophilus TH-4 não foi recuperada durante o ensaio. Por fim, o potencial prebiótico de componentes bioativos presentes nos subprodutos de fruta foi caracterizado. Uma extração Hot Water foi conduzida, a fim de obter extratos aquosos de subprodutos de fruta ricos em fibras solúveis associadas a compostos fenólicos com atividade antioxidante. Observou-se, ainda, que tais extratos aquosos de subprodutos de fruta (laranja e manga) apresentaram potencial anti-inflamatório constatado pela diminuição da concentração de óxido nítrico produzido por macrófagos estimulados com lipopolissacarideo (LPS) de Salmonella Typhymurium in vitro. Além disso, os extratos aquosos de subprodutos de fruta (principalmente o extrato aquoso de subproduto de manga) foram capazes de estimular a multiplicação das cepas TH-4 e LGG, bem como a produção de folatos por estes microrganismos quando avaliados individualmente e em co-cultura. Adicionalmente, esses extratos aquosos de subprodutos de fruta aumentaram a adesao do TH-4 e do LGG a células Caco-2 em modelo in vitro. Neste sentido, os resultados sugerem um potencial prebiótico dos subprodutos de fruta testados, de modo a estimular, não somente o desenvolvimento dos microrganismos avaliados mas, principalmente, o potencial destes em produzir folatos na presença dos substratos vegetais testados. O bioenriquecimento dos produtos fermentados de soja com folatos produzidos por microrganismos benéficos emerge como alternativa de alimento potencialmente funcional com alto teor de folato. Adicionalmente, compostos bioativos fermentescíveis e com atividade biológica como, por exemplo, as fibras solúveis associadas a compostos fenólicos com atividade antioxidante, presentes nos subprodutos de fruta testados podem constituir potenciais ingredientes prebióticos, além de representarem uma possível alternativa natural para o tratamento de processos inflamatórios.

In etlichen Studien konnte die gesundheitsfördernde Wirkung von probiotischen Bakterien nachgewiesen werden. Heutzutage werden diese zahlreich in der Nahrungsmittel- und Kosmetikindustrie verwendet, um das Immunsystem des Menschen positiv zu beeinflussen. Probiotische Bakterien oder deren Extrakte können zum Beispiel die Produktion von Zytokinen anregen oder herabsetzen und dadurch Entzündungsreaktionen verhindern oder die körpereigene Abwehr steigern. Auch die Produktion des humanen Beta-Defensins-2 (hBD-2) kann durch probiotische Bakterien verändert werden. Dieses wirkt im menschlichen Körper wie ein körpereigenes Antibiotikum und wird von verschiedenen Zellen kontinuierlich gebildet. Gerade in entzündetem Gewebe unterliegt es einer gesteigerten Produktion. Inwieweit sich die hBD-2-Produktion in oralen Keratinozyten der Zelllinie OKF6/hTERT-2 verändert, während diese mit den Extrakten der probiotischen Bakterien Lactobacillus salivarius (L.s.) und Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (L.GG.) inkubiert wurden, war das Ziel dieser Arbeit. Die Ergebnisse zeigen deutlich eine verringerte hBD-2-Produktion der oralen Keratinozyten nach der Stimulation mit den Bakterienextrakten zu verschiedenen Konzentrationen und Zeiten. Ein günstiger Therapieansatz durch die Gabe von probiotischen Bakterienextrakten bei entzündlichen Erkrankungen der Mundschleimhaut, wäre durch eine gesteigerte hBD-2-Produktion denkbar. Dieses bekämpft nämlich pathogene Erreger und unterstützt somit die Immunabwehr. Mit den Bakterienextrakten von L.s. und L.GG. ließ sich die Produktion von hBD-2 in den oralen Keratinozyten nicht steigern. Einen anti-inflammatorischen Effekt der Extrakte auf die Zellen ist dennoch nicht auszuschließen, da die hBD-2-Konzentration auch indirekt als Indikator einer Entzündung angesehen werden kann und hier mit zunehmender Bakterienextraktkonzentration sinkt. Jedoch sind andere Ursachen für den Konzentrationsabfall ebenso denkbar.

Les diarrhées post-sevrages causées par des infections à Escherichia coli entérotoxinogène positif pour le fimbriae F4 (ETEC F4), entraînent des pertes économiques importantes chez les producteurs de porc. Depuis quelques années, l’utilisation de probiotiques, comme additif alimentaire pour prévenir ce type d’infection entérique et réduire les traitements aux antimicrobiens, suscite un intérêt grandissant en production porcine. Le but du présent travail est de déterminer l’influence de l’administration des probiotiques Pediococcus acidilactici (PA) et Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii (SCB) sur la colonisation et l’attachement des ETEC F4, l’accumulation de fluide intestinal et l’expression de cytokines dans l’iléon de porcelets sevrés. Dès la naissance, différentes portées de porcelets ont été affectées aux traitements suivants : PA, SCB, PA + SCB, témoin et témoin avec antibiotiques (ATB). Une dose quotidienne de probiotiques (1 × 109 UFC) a été administrée aux porcelets des groupes probiotiques durant la lactation et après le sevrage. Sept jours après le sevrage, à 28 jours d’âge, des porcelets positifs pour le récepteur intestinal spécifique pour F4 ont été infectés oralement avec une souche ETEC F4. Les porcelets ont été euthanasiés 24 heures après l’infection (jour 29) et différents échantillons intestinaux ont été prélevés. Chez les porcelets recevant des probiotiques, l’attachement des ETEC F4 à la muqueuse iléale était significativement diminué chez les groupes PA ou SCB en comparaison avec le groupe ATB. Finalement, l’expression de cytokines intestinales était plus élevée chez les porcs du groupe PA + SCB en comparaison avec les porcelets témoins. En conclusion, les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que l’administration de probiotiques pourrait être une alternative pour limiter les infections à ETEC F4 chez le porc. / Postweaning diarrhea (PWD) associated with F4-positive enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC F4) causes important economic losses in swine production. Since a couple of years, the use of probiotics as feed additives to prevent such enteric infections and reduce the use of antimicrobial treatments, has gained in interest. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of Pediococcus acidilactici (PA) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii (SCB), on ETEC F4 colonization and attachment, accumulation of intestinal fluid and cytokines expression in weaned pig’s ileum. At birth, different litters of pigs were allocated to the following treatments: PA, SCB, PA + SCB, control (CTRL) and control with antibiotics (ATB). Probiotics (1 × 109 CFU) were administered daily to probiotics group during the lactation period and after weaning. One week after weaning, at 28 days of age, all F4-receptor-positive pigs were orally challenged with an ETEC F4 strain. Pigs were slaughter 24 hours later (day 29) and different intestinal samples were collected. In pigs treated with PA or SCB, the attachment of ETEC F4 to the ileal mucosa was significantly reduced in comparison with the ATB group. Finally, intestinal cytokines were upregulated in PA + SCB group in comparison with the CTRL group. In conclusion, these results suggest that administration of probiotics could be an alternative to attenuate ETEC F4 infection in pigs.

PEREIRA, Ana Lucia Fernandes. Elaboração e secagem em spray dryer de bebida probiótica formulada a partir da fermentação do suco de caju. 2013. 114 f. : Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Fortaleza-CE, 2013 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-07T15:22:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_alfpereira.pdf: 23321259 bytes, checksum: 8664c9c00f28dc1b79e6eb068f4d265d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-07T15:22:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_alfpereira.pdf: 23321259 bytes, checksum: 8664c9c00f28dc1b79e6eb068f4d265d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-07T15:22:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_alfpereira.pdf: 23321259 bytes, checksum: 8664c9c00f28dc1b79e6eb068f4d265d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / The objective of this study was to develop a probiotic cashew apple juice ready to drink and in the dehydrated form through spray drying. The first stage of the study was the optimization of Lactobacillus casei NRRL B-442 cultivation in cashew apple juice, to optimize the proper inoculum amount and the fermentation time. The optimum conditions for probiotic cashew apple juice production were: initial pH 6.4, fermentation temperature of 30°C, inoculation level of 7.48 log CFU/mL (L. casei) and 16 h of fermentation process. Cashew apple juice showed to be as efficient as dairy products for L. casei growth. In a second stage, the stability of probiotic cashew apple juice stored for 42 days at 4°C was evaluated. Analyses were conducted in the non fermented cashew apple juice (control), and in the fermented juices with L. casei NRRL B-442, with 8% (w/v) of sucrose (sugar table), after fermentation, and without the addition of sugar. The viability of the probiotic bacteria, sugars and organic acids content, color, antioxidant and enzymatic activity, and sensory characteristics were evaluated during the storage. Viable cell counts increased in the probiotic cashew apple containing sucrose along the storage period. Moreover, the fermentation lead to the preservation of the ascorbic acid content, which had a less intense reduction in the fermented cashew apple juices compared to the non fermented sample. The antioxidant activity and total polyphenolic compounds of cashew apple juice had a similar trend. Browning reactions and nutritional breakdown caused by enzymes were minimized in the fermented samples during storage. In these samples, a higher reduction of the enzymatic activity of polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase activity was observed. During the storage, the increase in the chroma values indicated that yellowness was reinforced, being well accepted by consumers. The sensory attributes (aroma, flavor, acidity and color) of probiotic cashew apple juice were positively influenced by storage under refrigeration for 42 days. In the third stage of the research, the effects of dehydration by spray drying in cashew apple juice containing L. casei NRRL B-442 was assessed and the influence of storage temperature on the viability of L. casei NRRL B-442 and physical properties of the powder were evaluated during 35 days of storage. The drying agents used were: 20% (w/v) maltodextrin or 10% (w/v) maltodextrin + 10% (w/v) arabic gum. The powder of probiotic cashew apple juice showed satisfactory levels of L. casei survival, during drying. During storage, the addition of 10% (w/v) maltodextrin + 10% (w/v) arabic gum kept microbial viability within satisfactory levels when the powder was subjected to cooling at 4°C. However, greater differences in the reconstituted powder color and higher rehydration time were obtained in this condition. On the other hand, the addition of 20% (w/v) maltodextrin provided better yield. In conclusion, cashew apple juice is a good substrate for the probiotic beverage production, and the condition of drying agents 10% maltodextrin + 10% arabic gum is adequate to maintain satisfactory levels of L. casei NRRL B-442 survival for 35 days, in the powder of probiotic cashew juice stored at 4°C. / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi elaborar um produto probiótico à base de suco de caju pronto para beber, como também, na forma desidratada obtida pela secagem por aspersão (spray drying). A primeira etapa da pesquisa consistiu em otimizar as condições de crescimento do Lactobacillus casei NRRL B-442 em suco de caju, a quantidade adequada de inóculo e o tempo de fermentação. As condições ótimas para produção do suco de caju probiótico foram: pH inicial de 6,4, temperatura de fermentação de 30°C, quantidade de inóculo de 7,48 log UFC/mL (L. casei) e 16 h de fermentação. O suco de caju mostrou ser tão eficiente quanto os produtos lácteos para o crescimento de L. casei. Em uma segunda etapa, foi avaliada a estabilidade da bebida probiótica de caju estocada por 42 dias a 4°C. Foram realizadas análises no suco de caju não fermentado (controle) e nos sucos fermentados com L. casei NRRL B-442, adicionado ou não de 8% (p/v) de sacarose depois da fermentação. Durante a estocagem, foram realizadas as determinações de viabilidade de L. casei NRRL B-442, conteúdo de açúcares e ácidos orgânicos, cor, atividade antioxidante e enzimática e aceitação sensorial. Foi observado que o número de células viáveis aumentou no suco de caju contendo sacarose ao longo da estocagem. Além disso, a fermentação proporcionou um efeito conservante no conteúdo de ácido ascórbico que teve uma redução menos intensa, com a estocagem, nos sucos fermentados, quando comparados com o controle. A atividade antioxidante e o conteúdo de polifenóis apresentaram similar tendência. Reações que reduzem o valor nutricional causadas por enzimas foram minimizadas nas amostras fermentadas durante a estocagem. Nessas amostras foi observada maior redução da atividade enzimática da polifenoloxidase e peroxidase. Durante a estocagem, o aumento do croma indicou que a cor amarela foi intensificada, sendo bem aceita pelos consumidores. Os atributos sensoriais (aroma, sabor, acidez e cor) do suco de caju probiótico foram positivamente influenciados pela estocagem sob refrigeração por 42 dias. Na terceira etapa da pesquisa, foi avaliado o efeito da desidratação por spray drying no suco de caju contendo L. casei NRRL B-442, além de avaliar a influência da temperatura de estocagem sobre a viabilidade de L. casei e nas propriedades físicas do pó, durante 35 dias de estocagem. Os agentes de secagem usados foram: 20% (p/v) de maltodextrina ou 10% (p/v) de maltodextrina + 10% (p/v) de goma arábica. O suco de caju probiótico desidratado por spray drying apresentou níveis satisfatórios de sobrevivência de L. casei NRRL B-442, durante a secagem. Durante a estocagem, a adição de 10% (p/v) de maltodextrina + 10% (p/v) de goma arábica manteve a viabilidade microbiana dentro de níveis satisfatórios quando o pó foi submetido à refrigeração a 4ºC. Entretanto, maiores diferenças na coloração do pó reconstituído e maior tempo de reidratação foram obtidos nesta condição. Já a adição de 20% (p/v) de maltodextrina proporcionou melhor rendimento. Em conclusão, o suco de caju pode ser utilizado como substrato para o desenvolvimento de bebida probiótica, e a condição dos agentes de secagem de 10% de maltodextrina + 10% de goma arábica mostra-se adequada para manter os níveis satisfatórios de L. casei NRRL B-442 por até 35 dias, no suco de caju probiótico desidratado estocado a 4°C.

PEREIRA, Ana Lucia Fernandes. Elaboração e secagem em spray dryer de bebida probiótica formulada a partir da fermentação do suco de caju. 2013. 116 f. Tese (Doutorado em tecnologia de alimentos)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2013. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-07-07T17:55:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_alfpereira.pdf: 24437687 bytes, checksum: 9e9963b2d25536d6bfb0cbe06acecac0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-07-21T20:24:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_alfpereira.pdf: 24437687 bytes, checksum: 9e9963b2d25536d6bfb0cbe06acecac0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-21T20:24:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_alfpereira.pdf: 24437687 bytes, checksum: 9e9963b2d25536d6bfb0cbe06acecac0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / The objective of this study was to develop a probiotic cashew apple juice ready to drink and in the dehydrated form through spray drying. The first stage of the study was the optimization of Lactobacillus casei NRRL B-442 cultivation in cashew apple juice, to optimize the proper inoculum amount and the fermentation time. The optimum conditions for probiotic cashew apple juice production were: initial pH 6.4, fermentation temperature of 30°C, inoculation level of 7.48 log CFU/mL (L. casei) and 16 h of fermentation process. Cashew apple juice showed to be as efficient as dairy products for L. casei growth. In a second stage, the stability of probiotic cashew apple juice stored for 42 days at 4°C was evaluated. Analyses were conducted in the non fermented cashew apple juice (control), and in the fermented juices with L. casei NRRL B-442, with 8% (w/v) of sucrose (sugar table), after fermentation, and without the addition of sugar. The viability of the probiotic bacteria, sugars and organic acids content, color, antioxidant and enzymatic activity, and sensory characteristics were evaluated during the storage. Viable cell counts increased in the probiotic cashew apple containing sucrose along the storage period. Moreover, the fermentation lead to the preservation of the ascorbic acid content, which had a less intense reduction in the fermented cashew apple juices compared to the non fermented sample. The antioxidant activity and total polyphenolic compounds of cashew apple juice had a similar trend. Browning reactions and nutritional breakdown caused by enzymes were minimized in the fermented samples during storage. In these samples, a higher reduction of the enzymatic activity of polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase activity was observed. During the storage, the increase in the chroma values indicated that yellowness was reinforced, being well accepted by consumers. The sensory attributes (aroma, flavor, acidity and color) of probiotic cashew apple juice were positively influenced by storage under refrigeration for 42 days. In the third stage of the research, the effects of dehydration by spray drying in cashew apple juice containing L. casei NRRL B-442 was assessed and the influence of storage temperature on the viability of L. casei NRRL B-442 and physical properties of the powder were evaluated during 35 days of storage. The drying agents used were: 20% (w/v) maltodextrin or 10% (w/v) maltodextrin + 10% (w/v) arabic gum. The powder of probiotic cashew apple juice showed satisfactory levels of L. casei survival, during drying. During storage, the addition of 10% (w/v) maltodextrin + 10% (w/v) arabic gum kept microbial viability within satisfactory levels when the powder was subjected to cooling at 4°C. However, greater differences in the reconstituted powder color and higher rehydration time were obtained in this condition. On the other hand, the addition of 20% (w/v) maltodextrin provided better yield. In conclusion, cashew apple juice is a good substrate for the probiotic beverage production, and the condition of drying agents 10% maltodextrin + 10% arabic gum is adequate to maintain satisfactory levels of L. casei NRRL B-442 survival for 35 days, in the powder of probiotic cashew juice stored at 4°C. / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi elaborar um produto probiótico à base de suco de caju pronto para beber, como também, na forma desidratada obtida pela secagem por aspersão (spray drying). A primeira etapa da pesquisa consistiu em otimizar as condições de crescimento do Lactobacillus casei NRRL B-442 em suco de caju, a quantidade adequada de inóculo e o tempo de fermentação. As condições ótimas para produção do suco de caju probiótico foram: pH inicial de 6,4, temperatura de fermentação de 30°C, quantidade de inóculo de 7,48 log UFC/mL (L. casei) e 16 h de fermentação. O suco de caju mostrou ser tão eficiente quanto os produtos lácteos para o crescimento de L. casei. Em uma segunda etapa, foi avaliada a estabilidade da bebida probiótica de caju estocada por 42 dias a 4°C. Foram realizadas análises no suco de caju não fermentado (controle) e nos sucos fermentados com L. casei NRRL B-442, adicionado ou não de 8% (p/v) de sacarose depois da fermentação. Durante a estocagem, foram realizadas as determinações de viabilidade de L. casei NRRL B-442, conteúdo de açúcares e ácidos orgânicos, cor, atividade antioxidante e enzimática e aceitação sensorial. Foi observado que o número de células viáveis aumentou no suco de caju contendo sacarose ao longo da estocagem. Além disso, a fermentação proporcionou um efeito conservante no conteúdo de ácido ascórbico que teve uma redução menos intensa, com a estocagem, nos sucos fermentados, quando comparados com o controle. A atividade antioxidante e o conteúdo de polifenóis apresentaram similar tendência. Reações que reduzem o valor nutricional causadas por enzimas foram minimizadas nas amostras fermentadas durante a estocagem. Nessas amostras foi observada maior redução da atividade enzimática da polifenoloxidase e peroxidase. Durante a estocagem, o aumento do croma indicou que a cor amarela foi intensificada, sendo bem aceita pelos consumidores. Os atributos sensoriais (aroma, sabor, acidez e cor) do suco de caju probiótico foram positivamente influenciados pela estocagem sob refrigeração por 42 dias. Na terceira etapa da pesquisa, foi avaliado o efeito da desidratação por spray drying no suco de caju contendo L. casei NRRL B-442, além de avaliar a influência da temperatura de estocagem sobre a viabilidade de L. casei e nas propriedades físicas do pó, durante 35 dias de estocagem. Os agentes de secagem usados foram: 20% (p/v) de maltodextrina ou 10% (p/v) de maltodextrina + 10% (p/v) de goma arábica. O suco de caju probiótico desidratado por spray drying apresentou níveis satisfatórios de sobrevivência de L. casei NRRL B-442, durante a secagem. Durante a estocagem, a adição de 10% (p/v) de maltodextrina + 10% (p/v) de goma arábica manteve a viabilidade microbiana dentro de níveis satisfatórios quando o pó foi submetido à refrigeração a 4ºC. Entretanto, maiores diferenças na coloração do pó reconstituído e maior tempo de reidratação foram obtidos nesta condição. Já a adição de 20% (p/v) de maltodextrina proporcionou melhor rendimento. Em conclusão, o suco de caju pode ser utilizado como substrato para o desenvolvimento de bebida probiótica, e a condição dos agentes de secagem de 10% de maltodextrina + 10% de goma arábica mostra-se adequada para manter os níveis satisfatórios de L. casei NRRL B-442 por até 35 dias, no suco de caju probiótico desidratado estocado a 4°C.

L'objectif de ce travail était de sélectionner de manière rationnelle une bactérie probiotique par la mise en place d'un crible ainsi que d'étudier et de comprendre l'impact du potentiel d'oxydoréduction (Eh) et du bullage de gaz sur la survie de Bifidobacterium bifidum dans un produit laitier fermenté. Nous avons tout d’abord développé des techniques de sélection des bactéries sur des critères de viabilité / vitalité (analyse par cytométrie en flux) ainsi que sur des critères de fonctionnalité (pouvoir antioxydant). Nous avons pu sélectionner des souches d'intérêt industriel ainsi qu'une souche d'étude académique, Bifidobacterium bifidum.Nous avons ensuite étudié l'effet de la modification du Eh par bullage de gaz sur la survie de B. bifidum dans un produit laitier fermenté. Les laits fermentés conditionnés sous atmosphère anaérobie (Azote) et/ou réductrice (Azote-Hydrogène) permettent une meilleure survie de la souche au cours du stockage (28 jours – 4 °C) par rapport au Contrôle. Puis, nous avons analysé l'effet d'une croissance sous différents Eh sur la viabilité en milieu modèle et la fonctionnalité de B. bifidum. Une croissance en condition anaérobie et/ou réductrice permet d’améliorer à la fois la résistance aux stress (stress oxydant d’ordre physiologique, stress aux sels biliaires et stress côlon), le pouvoir réducteur (sels de tétrazolium), le pouvoir antioxydant (test KRL et test des comètes) et l’adhérence par rapport au Contrôle. Une modulation des propriétés biochimiques membranaires sous Azote et sous Azote-Hydrogène pourraient expliquer ces phénomènes. L’augmentation des composés thiols exofaciaux et l’augmentation des acides gras insaturés à longues chaines est observée pour des cellules produites sous conditions Azote et Azote-Hydrogène. Ainsi ces conditions de croissance présentent une amélioration majeure de l’effet probiotique de B. bifidum, à la fois d’un point de vue de sa résistance aux stress que d’un point de vue de sa fonctionnalité / The aim of this work was to select rationally a probiotic strain by setting up a screening method as well as study and understand the impact of the redox potential (Eh) and gas bubbling on the survival of Bifidobacterium bifidum in a fermented dairy product. In a first time, we have developed selection techniques of probiotic bacteria on the criteria of viability / vitality (flow cytometry analysis) and on the criteria of functionality (antioxidant). We were able to select strains of industrial interest as well as an academic strain, Bifidobacterium bifidum.Secondly, we have studied effect of modifying redox potential by gas bubbling on the survival of B. bifidum in a fermented dairy product. Thus, fermented milk manufactured under anaerobic condition (Nitrogen,) and/or under reducing one (Nitrogen-Hydrogen) allow a better survival of the probiotic strain during the storage (28 days) at 4 °C compared with the Control fermented milk. Yogurt starter strains are not impacted. Then, we have analysed the effect of a growth under various Eh on the viability in model medium and the functionality of B. bifidum. A growth under anaerobic and/or reducing condition thus improved resistance to stress (physiological oxidative stress, bile salts and intestinal stress) the reducing power (tetrazolium salts) and the antioxidant power (KRL test and comet assay) compared with the Control. The adhesion to Caco-2 cells under these conditions is also improvedModulation of biochemical membrane properties under Azote and Azote-Hydrogen conditions could explain these phenomena. An increase in the proportion of exofacial thiol groups and in the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids with long chain was observed for cells produced under Nitrogen and Nitrogen-Hydrogen. These growth conditions present a major improvement for the probiotic effect of B. bifidum, regarding its resistance to stress and its functionality

Les diarrhées post-sevrages causées par des infections à Escherichia coli entérotoxinogène positif pour le fimbriae F4 (ETEC F4), entraînent des pertes économiques importantes chez les producteurs de porc. Depuis quelques années, l’utilisation de probiotiques, comme additif alimentaire pour prévenir ce type d’infection entérique et réduire les traitements aux antimicrobiens, suscite un intérêt grandissant en production porcine. Le but du présent travail est de déterminer l’influence de l’administration des probiotiques Pediococcus acidilactici (PA) et Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii (SCB) sur la colonisation et l’attachement des ETEC F4, l’accumulation de fluide intestinal et l’expression de cytokines dans l’iléon de porcelets sevrés. Dès la naissance, différentes portées de porcelets ont été affectées aux traitements suivants : PA, SCB, PA + SCB, témoin et témoin avec antibiotiques (ATB). Une dose quotidienne de probiotiques (1 × 109 UFC) a été administrée aux porcelets des groupes probiotiques durant la lactation et après le sevrage. Sept jours après le sevrage, à 28 jours d’âge, des porcelets positifs pour le récepteur intestinal spécifique pour F4 ont été infectés oralement avec une souche ETEC F4. Les porcelets ont été euthanasiés 24 heures après l’infection (jour 29) et différents échantillons intestinaux ont été prélevés. Chez les porcelets recevant des probiotiques, l’attachement des ETEC F4 à la muqueuse iléale était significativement diminué chez les groupes PA ou SCB en comparaison avec le groupe ATB. Finalement, l’expression de cytokines intestinales était plus élevée chez les porcs du groupe PA + SCB en comparaison avec les porcelets témoins. En conclusion, les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que l’administration de probiotiques pourrait être une alternative pour limiter les infections à ETEC F4 chez le porc. / Postweaning diarrhea (PWD) associated with F4-positive enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC F4) causes important economic losses in swine production. Since a couple of years, the use of probiotics as feed additives to prevent such enteric infections and reduce the use of antimicrobial treatments, has gained in interest. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of Pediococcus acidilactici (PA) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii (SCB), on ETEC F4 colonization and attachment, accumulation of intestinal fluid and cytokines expression in weaned pig’s ileum. At birth, different litters of pigs were allocated to the following treatments: PA, SCB, PA + SCB, control (CTRL) and control with antibiotics (ATB). Probiotics (1 × 109 CFU) were administered daily to probiotics group during the lactation period and after weaning. One week after weaning, at 28 days of age, all F4-receptor-positive pigs were orally challenged with an ETEC F4 strain. Pigs were slaughter 24 hours later (day 29) and different intestinal samples were collected. In pigs treated with PA or SCB, the attachment of ETEC F4 to the ileal mucosa was significantly reduced in comparison with the ATB group. Finally, intestinal cytokines were upregulated in PA + SCB group in comparison with the CTRL group. In conclusion, these results suggest that administration of probiotics could be an alternative to attenuate ETEC F4 infection in pigs.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to characterize the adsorption properties of probiotic bacteria. Characterization was performed using of designed and optimized spectrophotometric method of determination of adhesion of probiotic bacteria to mucin as the main viscoelastic component of mucus. In order to provide a more detailed description of the adhesion interactions involved in the adhesion of probiotic bacteria to mucin, the viability of selected probiotic bacterial strains Lactobacillus rhamnosus CCM 1825, Lactobacillus plantarum CCM 7039, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus CCM 7190, Lactobacillus acidophilus CCM 4833, Lactobacillus casei CCM 4798, Bifidobacterium breve CCM 7825, Bacillus coagulans CCM 2658 and a potential probiotic strain of Lactobacillus zeae CCM 7069. Moreover, bacterial adhesion to carbohydrates was also determined for all the bacteria tested. The last proposed and optimized technique was dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering characterizing surface properties such as -potential, average size distribution and isoelectric point. From this method, information was obtained on aggregation of bacterial cells and on electrostatic interactions. The combination of these methods was used as a complex tool to characterize adhesion of the tested bacterial cultures as a very specific, sensitive and key parameter of a successful probiotic microorganism that is influence by the multiple effects.

Probiotic food products - food additives contain different species of probiotic bacteria. Accurate species identification with their characteristics is very important from the view of products quality. Methods of DNA diagnostics are used for these purposes. In this thesis DNA was isolated from 4 probiotic products. The presence of bacterial of genus Lactobacillus and species L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus were detected in three products by PCR. This information was in accordance with the data provided by the manufacturer. Two sets of primers were used for identification of species. Using other primers sequences of genes such as bsh, lai and odc were detected in DNA isolated from the products. Differences were estimated among products concerning the detection of lai gene Lactobacillus acidophilus.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-23T16:26:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AMANDA MARIA TENÓRIO DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2013..pdf: 1397750 bytes, checksum: b6766de376b80097dc0bfc537bab8aa0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-23T16:26:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AMANDA MARIA TENÓRIO DA SILVA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2013..pdf: 1397750 bytes, checksum: b6766de376b80097dc0bfc537bab8aa0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Face ao aumento de peso e ao aparecimento de doenças cardiovasculares na população mundial em decorrência do consumo de alimentos altamente calóricos, o desenvolvimento de alimentos com baixo ou reduzido teor de gordura e ricos em fibras torna-se essencial. Desta forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de iogurte com propriedades funcionais utilizando fibra solúvel e a Bifidumbacterium lactis com efeito probiótico, promovendo a saúde e não a cura de doenças. O processo de fermentação foi preservado até atingir um pH de 4,6 para uma temperatura controlada de 40 °C. Foram realizadas análises físicas e físicoquímicas: cor; viscosidade aparente; pH; acidez expressa em ácido láctico, teor de extrato seco total e desengordurado; teor de gordura do iogurte produzido e o estudo do armazenamento do produto pós-acidificação. Foi determinada a viabilidade das bactérias lácticas tradicionais (Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus), com combinação com a bactéria probiótica (Bifidobacterium lactis) durante teste de vida útil do produto por quarenta e cinco dias. Foram realizados testes sensoriais de aceitação com provadores treinados. O pH do iogurte produzido foi de 4,45 com viscosidade de 1 minuto e 37 segundos e foi verificado alteração da acidez no 45º dia e pela equipe de degustadores alterou-se o ciclo de vida útil. / In view of the increased weight and cardiovascular diseases in the world population as a result of consumption of high-calorie food, the development of foods with low or reduced fat and high in fiber becomes critical. Thus, this work aimed at the development of functional properties using yogurt with soluble fiber and Bifidumbacterium lactis with probiotic effect, promoting health rather than curing diseases. The fermentation process was maintained until reaching a pH of 4.6 to a controlled temperature of 40°C. Analyses physical and physical-chemical properties: color, viscosity, pH, acidity expressed as lactic acid, content of total solids and degreased;-fat yogurt produced and the study of the storage of the product after acidification. It was determined the viability of traditional lactic bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus) in combination with probiotic bacteria (Bifidobacterium lactis) for testing the product life of forty-five days. Tests were conducted with sensory acceptance trained panelists. The pH of the yoghurt produced with a viscosity of 4.45 was 1 minute and 37 seconds, and change of acidity was observed on the 45th day and by the team of panelists changed cycle life.