Under handläggning av ett ärende i form av myndighetsutövning kan beslut komma att fattas vilka den enskilde måste rätta sig efter. Avgöranden och beslutsprocessen inom förvaltningsrätten ska präglas av ett rättssäkerhetsperspektiv för att skapa legitimitet. Det är också något som domstolen ska beakta vid en granskning av beslut från myndigheter. Polismyndigheten utreder ärenden, med stöd av till innehållet skiftande förvaltningsrättslig lagstiftning, som till exempel lagen om tillsyn över hund och katt. Lagen syftar till att skydda allmänheten mot hundar som är under bristande tillsyn. Uppsatsen fokuserar på att redogöra för rättssäkerhet och kartlägga polismyndighetens beslutsprocess med stöd av FL. Tillsynslagen utrönas för att klargöra vad ett föreläggande enligt lagen innebär. Rättsfall och myndighetspraxis gällande föreläggandebeslut framställs med syftet att analysera dem utifrån ett rättssäkerhetsperspektiv. Den rättsvetenskapliga metoden används för att i ett tydligt juridiskt perspektiv besvara uppsatsens frågeställningar och metoden tillåter en granskning av olika material för att utvidga vetenskapen om rättstillämpningen.   Rättssäkerhet innehåller både formella och materiella aspekter som fungerar som ett skydd mot godtycke. Legalitet, proportionalitet och förutsägbarhet är principer som skapar en förutsättning för rättssäkerheten. Vid myndighetsutövning ska till exempel det minst ingripande medel som krävs för att åtgärda ett problem väljas och en myndighets handläggning ska genomsyras av EU:s princip om rätten till god förvaltning. Polismyndighetens beslutsprocess vid ärenden om förelägganden enligt tillsynslagen innebär enligt FL ett iakttagande av serviceskyldighet, kommuniceringskrav och beslutsmotivering. Förutom FL är det många aspekter som ska beaktas när ett föreläggandebeslut tas, framför allt hur stor risken är att ägaren brister i tillsynen i framtiden. Genom myndighetspraxis kan konstateras att ett föreläggande ska syfta till att komma tillrätta med bristande tillsyn över hundar som riskerar att skapa olägenheter, vilket kan innehålla ålägganden om koppeltvång eller munkorg.   En förutsättning för att uppfylla rättssäkerhetens krav vid föreläggandebeslut och i domslut är att de rättsliga principerna iakttas. Kammarrätten kritiserar polismyndighetens beslut om föreläggande i ett fall där avsaknaden av ett tydligt motiverat beslut inte uppfyllde rättssäkerhetskravet. Effektiviteten vid polismyndighetens beslutsprocess måste vara i balans med korrekt avvägda beslut enligt de rättsliga principerna för att uppfylla rättssäkerhetens krav på handläggningen. Detsamma gäller även vid domstolens resonemang om bristande tillsyn av hund. Tillämpningen i praxis av FL, tillsynslagen och art. 41 i EU:s stadga om de grundläggande rättigheterna präglas i huvudsak av rättssäkerhet. Däremot kan rättssäkerheten ifrågasättas i praxis varvid otydliga beslut fattats av polismyndigheten och domstolen tenderar att förbise förutsägbarheten av tillsynslagens tillämpning.

In this set of studies the modulation of feedback-based cognitive skill learning was investigated by modulating a probabilistic classification learning (PCL) task to be either emotional or neutral. In the current task, based on the weather prediction task, cue cards were presented on the screen and subjects were asked to predict what they would come across while walking in the woods, in the emotional condition a snake/spider or in the neutral condition a flower/mushroom. Chapter 1 is a review of the animal and human literature of multiple memory systems, amygdala modulation of multiple memory systems, and sleep-dependent procedural memory consolidation.Chapter 2 examined how emotional arousal affected performance, strategy use, and sympathetic nervous system activation in our manipulated PCL task. Subjects highly fearful of the outcomes in the emotional condition showed overall greater skin conductance responses compared to the other groups, as well as retardation in initial cue-outcome acquisition. Individuals who were not fearful of the outcome stimuli used more complex (optimal) strategies after a 24-hr period of memory consolidation relative to the other groups, reflecting greater implicit knowledge of the probabilistic task structure.The purpose of the experiment in Chapter 3 was to examine consolidation-based stabilization and enhancement in an emotional cognitive skill task. There was no effect of sleep on retention or savings on percent correct or strategy use in both the emotional and neutral PCL task. These results conform to recent evidence that probabilistic learning does not show sleep-dependent performance enhancements.Chapter 4 investigated the neural correlates of emotional PCL with functional magnetic resonance imaging. There was greater amygdala and striatal activity in the emotional versus neutral group on Day 1. There was also increased activity in the striatum on Day 2, suggesting an early and lasting bias of emotion on procedural learning. Additionally, there were differences in neural recruitment by subjects using complex versus simple implicit strategies.The findings from this series of experiments have implications for the assessment of psychopathologies that show dysfunction in affective and striatal areas, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette's syndrome, and for the development, eventually, of optimal therapies. / Dissertation

In this study, procedural justice, distributive justice and performance appraisal values to explore and understand the workplace in organizational justice (procedural justice, distributive justice) and the degree of emphasis on the staff performance appraisal values to job involvement and supervisory trust¡¦s influence, in addition, recognized individuals in their work performance evaluation of values, procedural justice, distributive justice, supervisory trust and job involvement are also included in the scope of regulation. The design of this questionnaire is divided into two parts, first part was in charge of the staff performance appraisal to the implementation of the program is consistent with principles of procedural fairness, the respective high and low procedural justice two kinds of situations. The second part of the assessment results for the charge of the staff can feel a fair, competent staff there to the list of recommended salary increases for the results of the judgments of the respective high and low equity allocation of a fair distribution of two kinds of situations. By these two factors, staggered to form four kinds of different situations, but the questionnaire asked the same item. The 242 valid questionnaires were collected, results are as follows: 1. High attention to performance appraisal values of person who cares about the fairness of the process and the fairness of reward distribution, shown more positive behavior and attitude that is a geometric results and paid, so the relative level of pay and the investment will more. 2. Whether it is good for promotion or pay less attention to whether or not the person is on the results than those who do not care if the charge given to the fairness of the competition, will have the role of subordinates have incentives, in turn will increase its performance. 3. Competent to conduct any type of operation regardless of behavior would have on our high importance for the performance assessment process, people will have a better work attitude and output, and will not be competent to act and change the emphasis on performance assessment for high allocation of resources of people, but no obvious effect. 4. In the high attention to procedural justice, distributive justice values in the trust's impact on the charge of little, and in the low distributive justice in the gap produced significant effects.

The goal in mathematics has shifted towards an emphasis on both procedural knowledge and conceptual understanding. The importance of gaining procedural knowledge and conceptual understanding is aligned with Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 2000), which encourages fluency, reasoning skills, and ability to justify decisions. Possession of only procedural skills will not prove useful to students in many situations other than on tests (Boaler, 2000). Teachers and researchers can benefit from this study, which examined the effects of representations, constructivist approaches, and engagement on middle school students' algebraic understanding. Data from an algebra pretest and posttest, as well as 16 algebra video lessons from an NSF-IERI funded project, were examined to determine occurrences of indicators of representations, constructivist approaches, and engagement, as well as student understanding. A mixed methods design was utilized by implementing multilevel structural equation modeling and constant comparison within the analysis. Calculation of descriptive statistics and creation of bar graphs provided more detail to add to the findings from the components of the statistical test and qualitative comparison method. The results of the final structural equation model revealed a model that fit the data, with a non-significant model, p > .01. The new collectively named latent factor of constructivist approaches with the six indicators of enactive representations, encouragement of student independent thinking, creation of problem-centered lessons, facilitation of shared meanings, justification of ideas, and receiving feedback from the teacher was shown to be a significant predictor of procedural knowledge (p < .05) and conceptual understanding (p < .10). The indicators of the original latent factor of constructivist approaches were combined with one indicator for representations and two indicators for engagement. Constant comparison revealed similar findings concerning correlations among the indicators, as well as effects on student engagement and understanding. Constructivist approaches were found to have a positive effect on both types of student learning in middle school mathematics.

The relationship between budgetary participation, budgetary slack and performance has received a great deal of attention in the literatures of management accounting. However, there is a little consistent conclusion in the relationship between budgetary participation, budgetary slack and performance. Behavior accounting researchers using the Contingent Theory in order to conciliate these inconsistent conclusions also confound contrary results (such as Merchant (1985) and Dunk (1993)). This study suggested that the perceived cause of budgetary participation and the cognitive functions of budgetary participation are important determinants of propensity to create budgetary slack and performance. In addition, this study considered the influence of procedural justice about budgetary decision on budgetary slack and performance. We proposed that there are three actions of participator in the process of participation. The first, subordinate would review the surroundings around themselves like environment uncertainty, task uncertainty, budgetary emphasis, role ambiguity and information asymmetry. The second, subordinates will think the need of functions of participation. The surrounding variables will influence the cognitive functions of participation. Finally, they will decide the subsequent action (in this study we discuss the propensity of budgetary slack and performance). We gathered data from 174 subordinate managers working in the publicly owned companies in Taiwan and used LISREL to test our hypotheses. The results of this study revealed that 1.The cause of budgetary of participation is imperative factor influencing the need of the functions of budgetary participation. The environment uncertainty, task uncertainty, role ambiguity and information asymmetry has positively direct influence on the need of informational effect of budgetary participation respectively. Budgetary emphasis has positively direct influence on the need of affective/motivational effect of budgetary participation. 2.The informational effect of budgetary participation was directive associated with budgetary slack. However, the affective/motivational effect of budgetary participation was indirectly related to budgetary slack through procedural justice. 3. The affective/motivational effect of budgetary participation was directive associated with performance. However, the informational effect of budgetary participation was indirectly related to performance through procedural justice and affective/motivational effect of budgetary participation. We anticipated that the result of this study could offer insight into the relationship between budgetary participation, slack and performance. In addition, we expect to give some suggestions to firms that implement participatory budgeting system to avoid dysfunctional behavior of employees and to encourage performance.

Abstract Most enterprises acknowledge that technology and experience accumulated by the employees are the most important assets. In order to make regular employees dedicate their efforts on work, reduce employees¡¦ turnover, and enhance their motivations as well as hard-work attitudes, it¡¦s popular for the corporate to assess the job satisfaction of the employees¡¦. According to the equity theory, the corporate employees would be frustrated and maybe reduce their satisfactions on jobs in case they aware of unfair treatment from the organization, no matter what is caused by the distribution or the procedure. Also, incentive pay and benefits system in salary management could motivate and enhance employee¡¦s morale, and moreover help strengthen the overall competitiveness of organizations. Are all of the above mentioned dimensions there significant influences on the job satisfaction? A number of documents reveal confusion regarding relationships among constructs of pay and benefits satisfaction and distributive and procedural justice. The purpose of this study is to measure and verify the relevance among them, and to further clarify the differential effects resulted from these dimensions on the job satisfaction. The study was conducted in a large Taiwan company and carried out via the questionnaire approach as well as SPSS analysis to show the differential effect of the four dimensions- procedural justice, distributive justice, pay satisfaction, and benefits satisfaction, distributive justice, and procedural justice- on job satisfaction. Results showed some important findings as below: 1. Procedural/ distributive justice and pay/ benefits satisfaction are significantly associated with each other. Particularly distributive justice plays more positive effect on pay than procedural one; however, procedural justice does more positive effect on benefits than distributive one. 2. There are positive relationships between both procedural/ distributive justice with job satisfaction. So are both pay/ benefits satisfaction with job satisfaction. It implies that raising the procedural/ distributive justice through improving the system of an organization to increase the job satisfaction of the employees¡¦ is another good way except improving pay/ benefits for the employees. 3. Each of procedural / distributive justice and pay/ benefits satisfaction influences job satisfaction positively. The priority of the effect extent is distributive justice most, procedural justice the second, pay the third, and benefits the last. 4. If we assess the effects of the four dimensions together-procedural justice/ distributive justice/ pay/ benefits satisfaction on job satisfaction, the result shows that distributive justice is with the maximum effect, followed by pay satisfaction, and then followed procedural justice, and benefits satisfaction the minimum. Therefore as the study results showed, if the enterprises attempt to retain talent, reduce employee turnover, and further expect employees to perform better and to take more responsibilities, they can motivate employees with procedural justice and distributive one to achieve organizational goals in addition to with pay and benefits system. specially when some business units in a firm hire outsourced workers in future and then the phenomenon of unequal pay for equal work happens under the situation that the pay system could not be adjusted, it may be a solution for the corporate that it reinforces the "justice" in the system by enhancing the potential of employees perceptual experience to retain high ¡Vquality employees as well as to maintain good efficiency.

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<p>Abstract</p><p>Sweden applies two different private international statutes to establish which country´s domestic law that is applicable in a certain situation regarding succession and will with connection to two or more states. The first private international law is the one used in relations between Sweden and the other Nordic states. The other private international law is the one used between Sweden and all other states than the Nordic ones. A proposal for a Regulation that regulate jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition and enforcement of decisions and authentic instruments in matters of succession and the creation of a European Certificate of Succession has been prepared by the Commission and was published in October 2009. This regulation will, if it enters into force, modify the situation in Sweden for applicable law on a situation regarding succession and will. A comparison between Swedish private international law regarding applicable law and the rules regarding applicable law according to the Regulation is performed in this thesis.</p>

<p>Försäkringar är en typ av tjänster som lämpar sig särskilt väl för internationell handel då försäkringsavtal enkelt kan slutas mellan två parter utan att några varor eller ar-betskraft behöver förflyttas över gränserna. Den gränsöverskridande handeln med försäkringar aktualiserar precis som den övriga gränsöverskridande handeln den in-ternationellt privaträttsliga problematiken. Det är dock ofta så att försäkringstagaren befinner sig i en utsatt situation när försäkringen väl behöver användas. Försäkringen faller ju i många fall ut när försäkringstagaren lidit någon typ av skada. Med tanke på att försäkringstagaren befinner sig i en utsatt situation både rent ekonomiskt och för-handlingsmässig har lagstiftaren valt att särskilt reglera detta område. Dessa typer av skyddsregleringar återfinns bland annat i de regelverk som styr domstolarnas behö-righet på den internationella privaträttens område. Behörighetsfrågan i försäkringstvister är förenad med vissa problem. I första hand stöter parterna på problemet med att det finns ett flertal regelverk som behandlar just behörighetsfrågan i försäkringstvister. Dessa regelverk innehåller likartade regler för försäkringstvister men regelverkens tillämplighetsområden skiljer dem åt. Reglerna som återfinns i Bryssel I-förordningen, Brysselkonventionen och Lugano-konventionen är tvingande och möjliggör för försäkringstagaren att väcka talan både vid den ort i vilken försäkringsgivaren har hemvist samt vid den ort där försäkrings-tagaren har hemvist. Försäkringsgivarens möjligheter att väcka talan är i princip be-gränsade till den ort där försäkringstagaren har hemvist. Genom behörighetsreglerna begränsas parternas möjligheter att genom prorogationsavtal avtala om domstols be-hörighet eftersom skyddet för försäkringstagaren inte skall sättas ur spel genom ett sådant avtal. Det förhåller sig dock på det sättet att regleringarna inte bara skall till-lämpas när styrkeförhållandet mellan parterna är ojämnt utan även i fall när parterna är att se som jämbördiga vilket i sin tur kan skapa omotiverade fördelar för försäk-ringstagaren. Ytterligare problem uppkommer på grund av att regelverken inte är tillämpliga på skiljeförfarande vilket kan komma att underminera skyddsregleringarna då regelver-ken som styr domstolarnas behörighet inte blir tillämpliga på denna typ av avtal.</p>

This thesis is a qualitative case study of Vapsten sameby’s participation in the process of establishing a mine in the Rönnbäcken area in Storuman municiplity in Sweden. The mine in Rönnbäcken is a case that has been discussed extensively in the region during the last couple of years. The project is, on one hand, expected to engender job opportunities and economic growth, but on the other hand expected to have a large influence on the local environment and threaten the sami people’s traditional lifestyle. With background in environmental justice theory and theories of citizen participation this thesis emphasizes the meaningful involvement of minorities in decisionmaking. Due to this, Vapsten’s participation in the process has been studied. Further, Vapsten’s experience of their opportunities to participate has been outlined.Drawing upon Sherry Arnsteins model of citizen participation and Hans Wiklunds criterions of deliberation, Vapsten sameby’s participation is not ideal. This conclusion is confirmed by the experiences of representatives from Vapsten.