Para o desenvolvimento do tema, analisou-se a possibilidade de fixação de um conceito geral de invalidades, aplicável a todos os ramos do Direito. Tratou-se das especificidades das invalidades processuais, bem como de seu conceito e abrangência. Os principais critérios doutrinários para sistematização dos vícios dos atos processuais foram examinados como método auxiliar da elaboração da proposta de sistematização que compõe o objeto do presente estudo. A teoria das invalidades sofreu o impacto da acertada preocupação de que o processo não deve servir a seus próprios fins. Firmada essa concepção, nota-se uma dedicação à tarefa de realçar os limites deste aspecto instrumental, de modo a questionar a possibilidade de o exame da irrelevância do vício processual se dar pelo enfoque exclusivo de critérios exteriores à relação jurídica processual. Atualmente, a cláusula do devido processo legal incorpora a axiologia das garantias fundamentais do indivíduo, explicitando que são indispensáveis as garantias inerentes ao processo. A resolução da crise de direito material deve lançar efeitos sobre os vícios que acarretem transgressão de tais garantias, mas uma teoria das invalidades deve estar sustentada nos referenciais processuais, não podendo condicionar-se, exclusivamente, ao resultado final do processo, dado que lhe é externo. Assim, o enfoque classificatório adotado para sistematização dos vícios da sentença civil procura assentar-se sobre as regras e princípios do processo, notadamente porque se reconhece que o respeito ao direito material e ao direito processual equiparam-se em importância para que se obtenha uma decisão justa. A inexistência da sentença foi examinada sob os aspectos da decisão proferida em processo juridicamente inexistente ou pela ausência de seus elementos intrínsecos. Ao final, examinou-se a casuística relativa à sentença inválida, como aquela dada em processo com irregular constituição do juiz ou com defeito de fundamentação. / Aiming to develop the theme, the analysis on the possibility of setting a general concept of invalidities, applicable to all the areas of Law was analyzed. The specificities, concept and scope of procedural invalidities were addressed. The main juristic criteria used to systematize the defects of procedural acts were analyzed as an auxiliary method for preparing the systematization proposal that comprises the subject matter of this study. The theory of invalidities was impacted by the appropriate concern about the procedure not being used as means to suit its own purpose. After establishing this concept, there is the focus on underlining the limits of this instrumental aspect to question whether the possibility of the analysis on the irrelevance of the procedural defect is focused solely on criteria that is external to the procedural legal relationship. Currently, the section of the due process of law incorporates the axiology of individual fundamental guarantees, making explicit that the guarantees inherent to the procedure are fundamental. The solution for the crisis of substantive law should impact the defects that lead to the violation of such guarantees. However, the theory of invalidities should be grounded on procedural references, and not be exclusively dependent on the final result of the process, since such theory is external to it. Accordingly, the focus on classification adopted to systematize the defects of the civil judgment intends to have as base the rules and principles of the process, since it is known that the respect toward substantive law and procedural law are of equal importance in reaching a just decision. The inexistence of the judgment was reviewed based on the aspects of the decision granted in a process that does not exist in legal terms or by the absence of its intrinsic elements. Finally, there was the analysis of case histories related to the invalid judgment, such as the judgment of a procedure with irregular constitution of the court or with defect of reasons.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:54:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo2123_1.pdf: 7133752 bytes, checksum: 8d3d204cf731155003d927a1c4c1e187 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O processo de modelagem de grandes cidades está presente em indústrias bilionárias como a cinematográfica e a de games, além de outras áreas que envolvem urbanismo. Por ser um processo que lida com milhares de elementos, é natural a busca por formas de automatização e simplificação de suas etapas. De todas as etapas para a geração de cidades, pode-se considerar a geração das ruas como sendo a mais importante, uma vez que não existe uma cidade sem um determinado fluxo de movimentação para veículos e pedestres. Seguindo este preceito, o CityEngine, resultado das pesquisas de Pascal Müller, é, atualmente, a solução mais completa neste sentido. Müller identificou nos L-Systems, processo muito utilizado para a modelagem de plantas e formas similares, a possibilidade de adaptá-lo para a geração de ruas e para a geração de edifícios, permitindo a criação de grandes cidades realísticas de forma rápida e com uma alta variabilidade de resultados. Porém, este método requer do usuário uma grande quantidade de parâmetros, além de, quando for considerado um terreno no procedimento, o CityEngine exige a preparação de imagens, como mapas de altura e de obstáculos, previamente criadas em outros softwares, para então serem importadas e configuradas para a modelagem procedural. Dessa forma o usuário não tem um controle real sobre o terreno, limitando por exemplo a formação de túneis e terraplanagens. Considerando o terreno uma parte essencial da geração de cidades e buscando simplificar o processo de geração de ruas, este trabalho visa aliar a geração de terrenos com uma nova proposta para modelagem procedural de ruas através da adaptação do Algoritmo de Colonização de Espaço de Runions et al., resultando em uma redução de até 76% na quantidade de parâmetros a serem passados pelo usuário, mantendo total controle do modelo do terreno, inclusive hidrográfico

Creating content for games costs a lot of time and money. This thesis will use the Lindenmayer system for procedural content creation inside the game to answer the question, how can L-systems be exploited for gameplay mechanic purposes? The application implemented in Unity 3D is a form of tree L-system with player controlled recursion, independent branches and poisonous branches. The recursion can allow the player to grow strategically, independent branches can be used as seed and grow on its own if they break o , poisonous branches to force players to think when navigating.

Since grass is abundant on our planet it plays an important role in the rendering of many different outdoor scenes. This study focuses on the real-time rendering of many individual grass blades with geometry. As a grass blade in real life is very thin and have a simple shape it can be represented with only a handful of vertices. The challenge is introduced when a meadow of grass is to be rendered as it can contain billions of grass blades. Two different algorithms were developed; one which use traditional vertex buffers to store and render the grass blades while the other makes use of textures. Quantitative data was generated from these algorithms. Among this data were images of the scene. These images were subjected to a questionnaire to collect qualitative information about the grass. All the generated data was then analyzed and interpreted to find advantages and disadvantages of the algorithms. The buffer-based algorithm was found to be slightly more computationally efficient compared to the texture-based algorithm. The quality of the visual result was perceived to be towards good while the realism was perceived as mediocre at best. The advantage of the texture-based algorithm is that it allows more options to handle the grass blades data when rendering. Using the terrain data to generate the grass blades was concluded to be advantageous. The realism of the grass could have been improved by using a grass blade texture as well as introducing variety in density and grass species. / Eftersom gräs är rikligt på vår planet spelar den en viktig roll vid renderingen av många olika utomhusscener. Denna studie fokuserar på realtidsrendering av många individuella gräsblad med geometri. Eftersom ett gräsblad i verkligheten är mycket tunnt och har en enkel form kan den representeras med endast en handfull vertiser. Utmaningen introduceras när en äng av gräs ska renderas eftersom som den kan innehålla miljarder gräsblad. Två olika algoritmer utvecklades, en som använder traditionella vertex buffrar för att lagra och rendera gräsbladen medan den andra använder sig av texturer. Kvantitativ data genererades från dessa algoritmer. Bland denna data fanns bilder av scenen. Dessa bilder utsattes för ett frågeformulär för att samla in kvalitativ information om gräset. All den data som genereras analyserades och tolkades för att hitta fördelar och nackdelar med algoritmerna. Den bufferbaserade algoritmen upptäcktes vara beräkningsmässigt effektivare jämfört med den texturbaserade algoritmen. Den upplevda kvalitén på det visuella resultatet ansågs vara närmare bra medan realismen uppfattades som medioker i bästa fall. Fördelen med den texturen-baserad algoritm är att den tillåter fler möjligheter att hantera gräsblads-data vid rendering. Slutsatsen av att använda terrängens data för att generera gräsbladen sågs vara fördelaktigt. Realismen av gräset kunde förbättrats genom att använda en gräsblads-textur, samt variation i densitet och gräsarter.

A method to quickly produce large sets ofdifferent textures of insects (bugs) wasimplemented. The textures were procedurallygenerated in a 3D-modelling tool and thenrendered for use in a 2D-motion-based game.The resulting textures were evaluatedregarding quality and distinguishability. Noparticular features were found to be favouredover others, except some features being betterthan no features at all. Distinguishing betweengenerated textures was found to be a trivial taskfor most users.

Procedural Content Generation innebär att spelinnehåll genereras automatiskt för att dels minska arbetsbelastningen hos designers men också för att öka variationen i spel. Ett användningsområde för detta är rumsbaserad bangenerering där banor byggs upp av fördefinierade rum. Målet med det här arbetet var att implementera och jämföra tre olika algoritmer som kan åstadkomma detta; Binary Space Partitioning, Shortest path och en evolutionär algoritm. De kriterier som algoritmerna utvärderades på var tidseffektivitet, variation och möjligheten att nå alla rum. Resultatet visade att Binary Space Partitioning och Shortest path var de två algoritmer som var bäst lämpade att användas i ett spel där genereringen ska ske under körtiden. Detta eftersom de genererade banor förhållandevis snabbt och av god kvalitet. Om arbetet skulle fortsätta i framtiden skulle det vara intressant att utföra fler tester med fler olika värden samt använda algoritmerna i ett spel och sedan låta spelare bedöma banorna som genereras.

1 ABSTRACT Procedural requirements of civil proceedings My thesis deals with the issues of procedural requirements of civil proceedings, that are sometimes termed also as requirements of proceedings. This term refers to the legal institute, that creates the legal framework for realization of the right to the judicial protection, because the fulfillment of these statutory requirements is one of the fundamental assumptions for hearing of the case and for the issuance of decision in the civil proceedings. Systematically my work is divided into two parts, namely into the general part and the special part. These two parts in total consists of seven chapters. Particular chapters are subsequently divided into the subchapters and each of them into the sections. While the general part consisting of the first three chapters concerns with the general view on the issues of procedural requirements, remaining four chapters of the special part deal with the particular procedural requirements in more detail. The first chapter aims to define as precisely as possible the term of procedural requirements and also potential discrepancies in its interpretation. It involves also the fundamental classification of procedural requirements. Chapter no. 2 analyses the research of procedural requirements, that occurs at any time during...

This thesis is focused on legal institute of immunity in Czech system of law. It deals especially with the legislative development in institute of immunity and contemporary legislation, but it is focused on judicial practice as well. The aim of this thesis is to present some controversial issues, which appears within the application of immunity and to analyse the judicial practice of the Czech courts. This thesis is composed of introduction, four chapters and conclusion. The first chapter is theoretical and tries to define the institute of immunity according to the legal theory. This chapter introduces the origin of the institute of immunity and its differentiation at the same time. The essential part of this thesis is the second chapter, which concerns with the parliamentary immunity, and is divided into five subchapters. The subchapter 2.1. deals with the legislative development of the parliamentary immunity and presents all the bills. The aim of these bills was to regulate, particularly to narrow the parliamentary immunity. In the subchapter 2.2. is analysed new concept of indemnity, specifically concept of recourse, vote, body of the Assembly of Deputies or Senate and speech, with regard to judicial practice of the Czech courts. The subchapter 2.3. provides the transgressional immunity of...

We introduce new approaches of modeling and synthesizing realistic-looking 2D fire animations using video-based techniques and statistical analysis. Our approaches are based on real footage of various small-scale fire samples with customized motions that we captured for this research, and the final results can be utilized as a sequence of images in video games, motion graphics and cinematic visual effects. Instead of conventional physically-based simulation, we utilize example-based principal component analysis (PCA) and take it to a new level by introducing “Eigenfires”, as a new way to represent the main features of various real fire samples. The visualization of Eigenfires helps animators to design the fire interactively through a more meaningful and convenient way in comparison to known procedural approaches or other video-based synthesis models. Our system enables artists to control real-life fire videos through motion transitions and loops by selecting any desired ranges of any video clips and then the system takes care of the remaining part that best represent a smooth transition. Instead of tricking the eyes with a basic blending only between similar shapes, our flexible fire transitions are capable of connecting various fire styles. Our techniques are also effective for data compressions, they can deliver real-time interactive recognition for high resolution images, very easy to implement, and requires little parameter tuning.

Low levels of learner performance in Mathematics in the Senior Phase (Grades 7-9) in South Africa is often attributed to insufficient mathematics content knowledge among teachers. Although this view might be justifiable, it is often incorrect to assume that content knowledge alone will solve the problem of low performance in mathematics. This study, therefore, argues that understanding learner misconceptions and/or errors and their underlying intricacies could provide the basis for instructional decision making, subsequently improved performance in mathematics. The purpose of the study was to explore the implications of teachers’ understanding of learner errors for mathematics learning. The study was guided by qualitative methods using a case study design which involved data collection from two schools, followed by in-depth data analysis. Two theoretical lenses, namely, Cognitively Guided Instruction (CGI) and Constructivist theory were used to explore the main research question: What are the implications of the teachers’ understanding of learner errors on the learning of school mathematics in the Senior Phase (specifically Grade 9)? Data was collected through lesson observations, analysis of learners’ test responses and interviews. The findings revealed that teachers’ understanding of learner errors from written responses differed notably from intricacies of same errors emanating from interviewing the learners as well as the same errors analysed by the researcher. The implications of these findings suggest the likelihood of a mismatch between teachers’ instructional decision making and learner misconception/errors and this may hamper effective learning of mathematics. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Science, Mathematics and Technology Education / MEd / Unrestricted