Les ARNs sont impliqués dans de nombreux processus biologiques et peuvent adopter des structures secondaires différentes. Par leurs propriétés, ils constituent des outils biologiques puissants pour des applications diverses, tels les ARNs interférents (siARN) qui permettent l’extinction de l’expression des gènes par exemple. L’introduction de modifications sur des ARNs s’est avérée essentielle pour améliorer leurs propriétés et faciliter l’étude de leurs rôles biologiques et leurs applications thérapeutiques.Ce manuscrit rapporte la synthèse et les propriétés d’ARNs modifiés en position 2’ du ribose par des groupements contenant des ponts disulfures, sensibles à un environnement réducteur.Dans la première partie, la synthèse de prodrogues de siARNs partiellement modifiés par des groupements benzyldithiométhyles est décrite. Leurs stabilités thermiques et enzymatiques, ainsi que leur démasquage en milieu réducteur, sont montrés. Les résultats prometteurs d’activité inhibitrice et de pénétration cellulaire, sur une lignée cellulaire du sarcome d’Ewing, permettent d'envisager une application potentielle de ces siARNs modifiés comme outils thérapeutiques.La deuxième partie décrit une approche de co-délivrance par des siARNs couplés avec une drogue anticancéreuse, la doxorubicine, via un lien auto-immolable contenant des ponts disulfures. Les propriétés physico-chimiques des conjugués sont déterminées, et la libération du siARN et de la drogue en milieu réducteur est mise en évidence.La troisième partie présente une autre méthode de conjugaison en solution entre la position 2’ d’un ARN et des petites molécules (sucres, coumarine, biotine, acide désoxycholique, glutathion) via un pont disulfure. La synthèse des ARNs conjugués et leur devenir en milieu réducteur sont décrits.Dans la dernière partie, l’impact d’un lien avec un pont disulfure intrabrin entre les positions 2’ de deux nucléotides adjacents est étudié dans un duplex ou la partie boucle d’hairpins. L’influence du pont disulfure sur l’équilibre des conformations duplex et hairpin d’un ARN d’intérêt biologique est évaluée, en absence et en présence d’agents réducteurs. Une application en fluorescence d’une hairpin contrainte en tant que « molecular beacon » montre des utilisations potentielles de ce lien dans des outils pour étudier la conformation de structures secondaires d’ARNs ou dans des sondes pour détecter les agents réducteurs. / RNAs are involved in numerous biological processes and can adopt different secondary structures. Thanks to their properties, they are powerful biological tools for diverse applications, such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) for gene silencing. Modified RNAs have proven to be essential to improve their properties, and to facilitate the study of their biological and therapeutic functions.This manuscript reports the synthesis and properties of 2’-O-modified RNAs bearing disulfide-containing groups, sensitive to reductive environment.The first part describes the synthesis of siRNAs prodrugs bearing lipophilic benzyldithiomethyl groups. The thermal stability, the serum stability and the response to glutathione treatment of modified siRNAs are thoroughly investigated. The gene silencing and the gymnotic delivery of several siRNAs are assessed, and demonstrates promising results on Ewing’s sarcoma cell line.A second part concerns the co-delivery of siRNAs and a hydrophobic anti-cancer drug (doxorubicin) using a self-immolative spacer bearing disulfide bonds. The chemico-physical properties of these conjugates are determined and the recovery of native siRNA and doxorubicin in response to reductive treatment is highlighted.A third part presents the conjugation of RNAs to small molecules (sugars, coumarin, biotin, deoxycholic acid, glutathione) using disulfide linkages. The synthesis of the RNA conjugates and their release in reducing conditions are also demonstrated.The last part reports the synthesis and the impact of an intrastrand dimethylene disulfide bridge between 2’-O-positions of two adjacent nucleotides in an RNA duplex and in the loop of RNA hairpins. Then, the influence of this linkage on the folding of a biologically relevant RNA structure is reported. Finally, an application of a constrained hairpin as a fluorescent molecular beacon highlights its potential use in tools for understanding RNA folding and in probes for the detection of reducing reagents

As doenças cardiovasculares são as principais causas de morte no Brasil e no mundo e constituem problema de saúde médico-social, de grande impacto econômico. As alterações no perfil lipídico e hematológico são fundamentais na formação da aterosclerose, considerando que o LDL (do inglês Low-Density Lipoprotein) e a agregação plaquetária estão envolvidos na formação dos trombos e, consequentemente, em eventos vaso-oclusivos. Entre os fármacos utilizados, encontram-se as estatinas. A rosuvastatina, um dos fármacos utilizados, é inibidora da hidroximetilglutaril coenzima A (HMG CoA) redutase e possui melhor perfil farmacodinâmico entre as estatinas, com maior potência e seletividade. O ácido acetilsalicílico, anti-inflamatório não-esteroide com atividade antiplaquetária mais difundido na terapia, é utilizado, por esse efeito, em associação com estatinas. Fatores limitantes para o uso da rosuvastatina e o ácido acetilsalicílico são: a baixa permeabilidade da rosuvastatina cálcica, e consequente baixa biodisponibilidade (biodisponibilidade absoluta 20%), e tempo de meia-vida do ácido acetilsalicílico de 6-7 h, o que leva à necessidade de elevadas doses e maior frequência de administração de ambos os fármacos. Visto que a associação das estatinas e do ácido acetilsalicílico promove melhor eficácia na prevenção e tratamento de doenças cardiovasculares, o objetivo foi aumentar a solubilidade da estatina e, consequentemente, a sua biodisponibilidade, e a meia-vida do ácido acetilsalicílico, juntamente com a diminuição da toxicidade desse último.. Por outro lado, considerando-se a importância dos dendrímeros como transportadores de fármacos na latenciação, propôs-se o planejamento e a síntese de pró-fármacos dendriméricos, potencialmente cardiovasculares, derivados da associação de rosuvastatina e ácido acetilsalicílico, utilizando etilenoglicol e pentaeritritol como núcleos e ácido L(-)-málico, ácido 2,2-bis(hidroximetil)propiônico e etilenoglicol, como espaçantes.. Obtiveram-se dois pró-fármacos, que se constituem em dendrons como parte dos dendrímeros planejados. O primeiro foi sintetizado pelo método convergente em duplo estágio e faz parte do bloco da camada externa do dendrímero I e o segundo, pela abordagem convergente clássica, sendo este o dendron do dendrímero II. Parte limitante na obtenção desses dendrímeros, além das etapas de purificação, são as etapas de desproteção. / Cardiovascular diseases have been the main causes of death in Brazil and in the world and are medical-social health problem with great economic impact. Alterations in the lipid hematological profiles are essentials in atherosclerosis, as LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) and the platelet aggregation are involved in the thrombus formation and, consequently, in occlusive vessel events. Among the drugs used to overcome those alterations are the statins. Rosuvastatin, one of the drugs used, is a hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzine A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitor and it has the best pharmacodynamics profile among the statins, with higher potency and selectivity. Acetylsalicylic acid, a non-steroid anti-inflammatory agent with antiplatelet activity most disseminated in therapeutics, has been used in combination with statins due to this effect. Limited factors for the use of rosuvastatin and acetylsalycilic acid are the low permeability of the former, and consequently a low bioavailability (20% absolute bioavailability), and a 6 to 7 h half-life time of acetylsalycilic acid. Those factors lead to the need of high doses and higher frequency of administration of both drugs. Considering the combination of statins and acetylsalycilic acid promotes a better efficacy in either prevention or in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, the objective of this work was to increase the rosuvastatin solubility and, consequently, its bioavailability, and the half-life time of acetylsalicylic acid, together with the decrease of its toxicity. On the other hand, considering the importance of dendrimers as drug carriers in prodrug approach, the design and synthesis of potentially cardiovascular dendrimer prodrugs derived from de combination of rosuvastatin and acetylsalicylic acid was proposed. With this goal, ethylene glycol and pentaerytritol were used as core and L(-)malic acid, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid and ethylene glycol were used as spacer groups. Two prodrug dendrons were obtained as part of the designed dendrimers. The first one was synthesized by two-step convergent method and it is part of the external layer block of dendrimer I. The second was obtained through classical convergent synthesis as the dendron of dendrimer II. The purification and deprotection steps showed to be the greatest obstacles for obtaining the proposed compounds.

O propacetamol é um pró-fármaco do acetoaminofeno, administrado por via intravenosa, utilizado para o controle da febre e da dor do período perioperatório em terapias do tipo multimodal. No organismo o propacetamol é hidrolisado rapidamente pelas esterases plasmáticas em dietilglicina e acetoaminofeno, seu metabólito ativo, cujo mecanismo de ação é a inibição da síntese de prostaglandinas resultantes da hidrólise do ácido araquidônico pela enzima ciclo-oxigenase 2. Em altas doses, o acetoaminofeno sofre oxidação pela isoforma CYP2E1 do sistema de enzimas do citocromo P450 biotransformando-se em N-acetil-p-benzoquinona imina (NAPQI), um metabólito extremamente reativo e hepatotóxico. Embora seu amplo uso e boa tolerabilidade, observa-se um número reduzido de dados literários sobre o prófármaco alvo ou possíveis metabólitos. Assim, inicialmente investigou-se a aplicação de protocolos existentes na literatura visando à síntese do cloridrato de propacetamol, sendo a rota sintética estabelecida em dois passos reacionais. Logo, uma metodologia clássica usando catálise com iodeto foi eficiente em gerar o pró-fármaco com rendimento global de 25%. Além disso, um método assistido por micro-ondas foi testado a fim de melhorar o rendimento e otimizar as condições reacionais. Este protocolo permitiu isolar o pró-fármaco desejado em excelente rendimento comparado a outras abordagens sintéticas descritas na literatura. Este método também apresenta algumas vantagens adicionais como a ausência de catalisador e um menor volume de solvente no meio reacional. Logo, o cloridrato de propacetamol foi sintetizado em 10 minutos a 120°C com 98% de rendimento. Depois de sintetizado, o pró-fármaco foi submetido à avaliação do efeito antipirético mostrando-se eficiente na inibição da febre estimulada por lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) na dose de 600 mg/kg de massa corpórea, a qual equivale à dose de 300 mg/kg de acetaminofeno. Na última parte deste trabalho foram realizados ensaios de metabolismo in vitro por meio de reações microssomais, a fim de identificar a formação de metabólitos via espectrometria de massas por captura de íons (ion trap), os quais mostraram que o principal metabólito foi o acetaminofeno, já que o uso da estratégia de pró-fármacos em química medicinal objetiva a liberação de fármacos pelo metabolismo enzimático. Portanto, os estudos realizados são considerados satisfatórios, visto que a síntese assistida por microondas foi o melhor método para o preparo do cloridrato de propacetamol em excelente rendimento e a atividade antipirética foi confirmada por meio de ensaios farmacológicos in vivo. Além disso, o presente trabalho pode contribuir com o estudo de metabolismo in vitro usando a espectroscopia de massas como ferramenta analítica na identificação de metabólitos. / Propacetamol is an acetaminophen prodrug of intravenous administration used to control fever and pain of perioperative period in multimodal analgesia therapy. After injection, it is completely converted by plasma esterases into dietylglycine and acetaminophen, its active metabolite whose mechanism of action is the inhibition of prostaglandins, which arose from hydrolysis of arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenase 2. In overdose, acetaminophen is converted to N-acetil-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) by biotransformation mediated by P450 enzymes, mainly CYP2E1. This toxic metabolite is highly reactive and responsible for hepatic injury. The propacetamol has a good tolerability and a wide use, although there are restricted number of articles about it and its possible metabolites. We started the work by investigating the application of some methods described in literature to synthesize the propacetamol hydrochloride in two reaction steps. Thus, a classical methodology using iodine as catalyst was efficient to produce the prodrug in 25% global yield. In addition, a microwave-assisted method was tested to enhance the yield and optimize the reaction conditions. To our delight, it has allowed the isolation of the desired prodrug in excellent yield compared to other synthetics approaches described in literature. This method also has some extra advantages such as the absence of catalyst and lower solvent volume in reaction medium. Therefore, propacetamol hydrochloride was synthesized in 10 min at 120°C in 98% reaction yield. The synthesized molecule was undergone a pharmacologic evaluation and the prodrug was efficient in inhibiting fever induced by LPS. The dosage of propacetamol (600mg/kg) was equivalent to acetaminophen (300mg/kg) to inhibit fever until four hours after administration. The last part of this research was the in vitro metabolism essay by means of microssomal reaction in order to determine the metabolite formation through ion trap tandem mass spectrometry. That essay showed that the main produced metabolite was acetaminophen since the use of prodrug strategy in medicinal chemistry aims the drug release by enzymatic metabolism. In summary, the performed studies may be seen as satisfactory since the microwave-assisted synthesis was the best way to prepare propacetamol hydrochloride in an excellent yield and the antipyretic activity was confirmed by in vivo pharmacologic essays. Furthermore, the present work may contribute with an in vitro metabolism study using mass spectrometry as analytical tool for metabolite identification.

Actuellement, les nucléosides représentent une classe majeure de composés dans les différentes thérapies anti-virales. Leur développement au cours des 50 dernières années a contribué à la mise sur le marché d'une quarantaine de composés, notamment dans la lutte des hépatites, des herpès et du VIH. Les infections virales représentent cependant toujours un large problème de santé publique, de par l'apparition de résistances aux médicaments existants ainsi que de nouvelles espèces virales. Il est donc nécessaire de développer de nouveaux antiviraux plus actifs et plus sûrs. Dans ce manuscrit, il est décrit la synthèse métallo-catalysée d'acyclonucléosides phosphonate innovants, modifiés sur la partie phosphonate, nucléobase et sur la chaîne acyclique. Pour ce faire, nous nous sommes appuyés sur des réactions de métathèses croisées et la synthèse convergente d'un large panel de nucléobases et phosphonates modifiés. Une importance toute particulière a été donnée à l'utilisation de nouvelles techniques d'activation comme le micro-onde ou les ultrasons. Ces divers procédés de synthèse ont permis la synthèse de trois séries d'alkényl phosphononucléosides, qui se sont révélés d'une activité antivirale remarquable sur certains virus à herpès, comme le VZV ou le CMV. / Nucleosides represents a major class of compounds in different antiviral chemotherapies. Their development from now 50 years has led to the emergence of nearly 40 compounds, to contain many epidemics and in the fight against viral infections as HIV, hepatitis or herpes. Viral infections still represent a tremendous problem in public health with the emergence of resistance to known drugs and the appearance of new viruses. In this context, it's essential to develop new antivirals with higher activity and safer. This manuscript describes organo-metallic syntheses of new modified acyclonucleoside phosphonates, on the nucleobase, the phosphonate or the acyclic spacer. Thus, the use of cross-metathesis and convergent syntheses of a broad panel of nucleic bases and modified phosphonates represents a cornerstone of our work. A particular importance was given to the use of new activations way, as ultrasound or microwave irradiation. Those processes allowed us to synthetize three new families of acyclic phosphononucleosides, which revealed a remarkable antiviral activity against some herpes viruses, as VZV or CMV.

No description available.

Snyder-Robinson syndrome (SRS) is an X-linked neurodegenerative disorder affecting males. The disease appears early in childhood with symptoms like bone abnormalities, reduced muscle mass, and mobility issues. It results from disrupted polyamine biosynthesis, which is due to a mutation in spermine synthase (Sms). This causes an abnormally elevated Spermidine: Spermine ratios. There is no approved SRS treatment, rather only management of symptoms. A genetic mouse model for the SmsG56S mutation found in some SRS patients was characterized, and a novel spermine Prodrug treatment was tested. The hypothesis is that male SmsG56S mutant mice exhibit polyamine dysregulation and SRS traits, while Prodrug intervention may rebalance abnormal ratios and facilitate a normalized phenotype. Mice were phenotyped in pure C57BL/6J, mixed C3H, and backcrossed C57BL/6J x C3H backgrounds. Lethality of the mutation, especially in C57BL/6J mice, was an obstacle. Viable mutant mice exhibited reduced body weight, typically smaller size, and lower bone densities compared to age-matched wild-type mice. Prodrug treatment was performed using different dosing strategies and in all backgrounds. Upon histological examination, testes and bone exhibited subtle defects in affected mutant male mice, while no detectable differences were found in skeletal muscle, liver, or kidney compared to wild-type mice. Acute prodrug treatment using oral gavage 5 times per week over 2 weeks was found to rebalance the Spermidine: Spermine ratio. Repeated efforts to dose Prodrug over a longer 6-8 week duration in mice required lower intraperitoneal doses but outcomes may have been moderated by the mice background. Overall, the SmsG56S phenotype in the testes and bone are consistent with other mutant Sms models, although C57BL/6J mice seemed to be more sensitive to the SmsG56S mutation. Further testing of Prodrug is needed, including in younger mice and for a longer duration of treatment, to evaluate Prodrug effectiveness in improving traits in SmsG56S mice.

The full text will be available at the end of the embargo: 17th July 2024

Lymphomas are malignant tumours arising from cells in the lymphatic system. They are classified as B-cell lymphomas, T-cell lymphomas and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). Of the B-cell lymphomas, one of the most common is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Many patients with lymphomas can be successfully treated however patients who relapse or are refractory have a poor prognosis, warranting further investigations to identify potential targets and develop novel drugs. Picropodophyllin (PPP), a potent and selective inhibitor of IGF-1R, inhibits malignant cell growth with low or no toxicity on normal cells in preclinical models. In paper I, we investigated the potential benefits of using PPP against DLBCL and found that the anti-tumor effects of PPP might possibly be explained by IGF-1R-unrelated mechanism(s). However, the inhibitory effects of PPP on lymphoma cells together with its low toxicity in vivo makes it a promising drug candidate for treatment. Melflufen, a derivative of melphalan, is currently being evaluated in a clinical phase I/II trial in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. In paper II, we confirmed previous reports of superior potency of melflufen over melphalan. Being active in cell lines and primary cultures of lymphoma cells as well as in a xenograft model in mice, melflufen considered being a candidate for further evaluation in treatment. bAP-15, a novel inhibitor of proteasome activity, inhibits ubiquitin specific peptidase 14 (USP14) and ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L5 (UCHL5). In paper III, we investigated the activity of b-AP15 in DLBCL and HL cell lines and compared the results to standard drugs used in treatment. Results showed inhibition of the proteasome and growth inhibition/cytotoxicity with IC50-values in the micromolar range. Treatment failure and lack of clinical benefit of proteasome inhibitors like bortezomib in DLBCL patients inspired us investigating for possible new targets, with major focus on proteasome inhibitors in DLBCL. In paper IV, we suggested that UCHL5 and/or USP14, as new targets for proteasome inhibitors in DLBCL, be further evaluated. The findings in this thesis suggest that PPP, Melflufen and b-AP15 are potential candidates for clinical drug development and UCHL5 and/or USP14 are new potential targets for proteasome inhibitors in DLBCL.

Hypoxia (low physiological O₂ levels) is a characteristic of solid tumours. It not only alters the chemical microenvironment of a tumour but initiates a number of mechanisms which enable cells to cope and thrive under these conditions, resulting in therapy-resistant and aggressive tumours. The replication stress induced by severe hypoxia activates a DNA damage response which involves the kinases ATR and Chk1. Moreover, periods of hypoxia are often followed by reoxygenation, which induces DNA damage. Chk1 inhibitors have been used to potentiate chemotherapy with cytotoxic agents and have recently been proposed as single agents in tumours with high levels of replication stress. However, inhibition of Chk1 also affects normal DNA replication, cell cycle progression and DNA repair. The herein presented study chose known inhibitors of Chk1 and, with methods of synthetic organic chemistry, modified them into agents to selectively target hypoxic cells. Three different Chk1 inhibitors were selected and bioreductive analogues synthesised which were evaluated in chemical, biochemical and cellular assays. We found a convenient route to access a precursor of the bioreductive 2-nitroimidazole group and established a three-step protocol for the testing of bioreductive drugs. This protocol allows us to determine whether a bioreductive drug undergoes reduction and prodrug activation. In addition, bioreductive Chk1 inhibitors were shown to induce DNA damage and cellular toxicity in a hypoxia-selective fashion. While reduction of the prodrugs occurred in all three cases, fragmentation was always the rate-limiting step. We propose that the use of bioreductive Chk1 inhibitors is a promising strategy to target the most therapy-resistant tumour fraction while sparing normal tissue.

A doença de Chagas é uma parasitose extremamente negligenciada, cujo agente etiológico é o protozoário Trypanosoma cruzi. Atualmente, 21 países da América Latina são considerados regiões endêmicas, onde 75-90 milhões de pessoas estão expostas à infecção, 15-16 milhões estão infectadas e mais de 41 mil novos casos surgem por ano, entretanto, apenas os fármacos nifurtimox e benznidazol estão disponíveis no mercado. Estes, além da baixa eficácia na fase crônica da parasitose, apresentam diversos efeitos colaterais, sendo que no Brasil apenas o benznidazol é utilizado. Essa carência no arsenal terapêutico contra a doença de Chagas conduz à importância de buscar quimioterápicos mais eficazes para o seu tratamento. Face ao exposto, o objetivo do trabalho foi a síntese de compostos com dupla atividade contra o T. cruzi, utilizando a metodologia da latenciação de fármacos, em que os derivados ativos são bioisósteros de compostos nitro-heterocíclicos, sintetizados em nosso grupo de pesquisa. Os derivados propostos são pró-fármacos recíprocos do nitrofural hidroximetilado (NFOH) e de seus bioisósteros, promissores com respeito à inibição da cruzaína, com o grupamento liberador de óxido nítrico. Podem, deste modo, atuar de forma dupla na inibição da enzima cruzaína e, também, em outras cisteíno-proteases através da ação do óxido nítrico liberado. Além disso, poderiam ser inibidores de tripanotiona redutase, como ocorre com outros nitrocompostos. A síntese dos compostos intermediários foi realizada com êxito, com exceção do composto NFSOH, o qual não foi possível ser isolado. A metodologia solvent-free mostrou-se como alternativa para a síntese do NF e análogos contendo semicarbazona. Utilizaram-se diferentes métodos (direto e indireto) e diversas variações nas condições reacionais para a síntese dos ésteres nitratos correspondentes. No entanto, não se obtiveram os pró-fármacos propostos, provavelmente devido à baixa reatividade dos nitro-heterocíclicos hidroximetilados. Em paralelo, efetuaram-se estudos de Modelagem Molecular para se avaliar a possível interação com o alvo molecular, a cruzaína. A análise dos Mapas de Potencial Eletrostático (MEP) sugeriu maior deficiência eletrônica nos compostos com tiossemicarbazona. Entretanto, estudos de docking mostraram possível preferência de ataque nucleofílico da Cys25 ao grupo éster nitrato em relação à carbonila/tiocarbonila, sugerindo inativação da cruzaína pela formação de S-nitrosotiol. / Chagas\' disease is an extremely neglected disease, whose etiologic agent is the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. Nowadays, 21 countries in Latin America have been considered endemic area, in which 75-90 million people are exposed to infection, 15-16 million are infected and more than 41 thousands new cases are registered each year. However, nifurtimox and benznidazol are the only drugs available in the market. Besides, their low efficiency in the chronic phase of disease, they cause several side effects and in Brazil only benznidazol is applied. This scarce therapeutic armamentarium shows the importance of seeking for more effective drugs against Chagas\' disease. For these reasons, this study aims the synthesis of compounds with dual activity against T. cruzi, using the prodrug design with the active bioisosters of nitro-heterocyclic, synthesized in our research group. The derivatives proposed are mutual prodrugs of hydroxymethylnitrofurazone (NFOH) and its bioisosters, promising with respect to cruzain inhibition, with NO-releasing group. Thus, they could act with a dual mechanism, in cruzain enzyme and also in other cysteine-proteases through the nitric oxide released action. Besides, they could be trypanothione reductase inhibitors, as stated to other nitro compounds. The synthesis of the intermediate compounds was carried out successfully, except for the NFSOH compound, which could not be isolated. The solvent-free methodology proved to be an alternative for synthesis of nitrofurazone and analogues containing semicarbazone. Different methods (direct and indirect) and several variations in reaction conditions were used for the synthesis of nitrate esters proposed. Nevertheless, the prodrugs were not obtained, probably due to the low reactivity of the hydroxymethyl nitro-heterocyclic employed. At the same time, molecular modeling studies to evaluate the possible interaction with the macromolecular target cruzain were performed. The analysis of electrostatic potential maps (MEP) suggests a greater electronic impairment in compounds containing thiosemicarbazone function. Docking studies, however, showed a possible preference to the nucleofilic attack of Cys25 in the nitrate ester relatively to the carbonyl/tiocarbonyl group, suggesting cruzain inactivation by S-nitrosotiol formation.