Orientador: Rosângela Aparecida de Medeiros Hespanhol / Banca: Antonio Lázaro Sant'Anna / Banca: Elpídio Serra / Resumo: A dissertação teve como objetivo principal analisar as transformações ocorridas ndo município de Fernandópolis a partir da década de 1940 e seus reflexos no modo de produzir e nas relações de trabalho e, em particular na forma de organização da produção familiar. Para tanto, foi importante caracterizar a estrutura produtiva do município e a participação que a produção familiar teve na dinâmica local. As mudanças verificadas na agricultura do município a partir da década de 1970, decorrentes da intensificação do capital, contribuíram para a expansão das áreas com pastagens (1970), com os cultivos de cana-de-açúcar (1980) e laranja (1990). Essas mudanças também promoveram o declínio de lavouras tradicionais como café, arroz, algodão, feijão e amendoim, entre outras. As conseqüências desse processo se fizeram sentir na redução da categoria dos pequenos produtores, representados pelos arrendatários, parceiros e proprietários. A nova realidade agrícola que se estabelece no município, permeada pela especialização produtiva para atender o comércio e a agroindústria, forçou o pequeno produtor a buscar estratégias para continuar sobrevivendo no campo. É na combinação da diversificação de atividades, no desenvolvimento de atividades não-agrícolas e artesanais, na produção para o autoconsumo, e na formação de associação, que o produtor busca sobreviver e ampliar sua renda. Palavras chave: Pequeno produtor; modernização da agricultura, estratégias, relações de trabalho, diversificação. / Abstract: These changes also promoted the decline of the traditional plantations such as: coffee, rice, cotton, beans and peanuts, among others. The consequences of this process were felt in the reduction of the category of small producers represented by tenant farmers, partners and land owners. The new agricultural reality that was established in the county, permeated by the productive specialization to serve the commerce and the agro industry forced the small producers to look for strategies to continue to survive in the rural area. It is trough the combination of the diversification of activities, development of non-agricultural and handmade activities, production for the self-consumption and the formation of association that the producer has tried to survive and increase his income. / Mestre

Esta pesquisa busca analisar os agricultores de Buri (SP) percebidos a partir de elementos que revelem sua relação com a vegetação nativa. Assim, com o enfoque dado à investigação do percebido e não da percepção, os objetivos da presente pesquisa são: coletar informações que sustentem a análise do percebido pelo pesquisador acerca do olhar do agricultor sobre vegetação nativa; testar a metodologia proposta nesse trabalho, no sentido de investigar o percebido e; a partir do percebido pelo pesquisador em sua relação com o agricultor, sobretudo no momento da entrevista, deduzir uma possível percepção do agricultor sobre a vegetação nativa. Para tanto, foi elaborado uma metologia a partir de elementos visuais (fotografias de paisagens agrícolas, de área de florestas e cerrados, de espécies nativas da região de Buri, para ser relacionada com determinados termos, como floresta, mata, cerrado, área de produção agrícola, entre outros, escolhidos pelos agricultores; tabuleiros com a representação de uma área recoberta por vegetação nativa de porte arbóreo) e entrevista semiestruturada acerca dos seguintes temas: Código Florestal, paisagem, natural, Natureza, ecologia. Ambas estão embasadas na paisagem como categoria de análise sintetizante e integradora das relações do homem com o meio ambiente, e também na utilização dos conceitos de enunciado e discurso como categoria de análise auxiliar às possíveis limitações da análise da paisagem. Dentre outras questões, com isso espera-se verificar a seguinte pergunta: A verificação de um padrão encontrado nas respostas dos agricultores ao pesquisador refletiria a existência de um padrão nas percepções dos agricultores sobre a vegetação nativa, em suas áreas de produção? Deduzir dos elementos encontrados nas repostas dos agricultores uma possível percepção seria um movimento inseguro e inconclusivo. Entretanto, as respostas encontradas nas análises das informações coletadas, a partir da metodologia apresentada na presente pesquisa, apontam para a existência de um padrão de determinadas respostas dos agricultores ao descreverem as paisagens das fotografias e ao representarem seus desenhos de área de produção agrícola sobre os tabuleiros. / This study expects to set an analysis about the agricultural producers from Buri (SP) perceived from elements which can reveal their relation with native vegetation. Thus, focusing this study in the things perceived instead the perception, the objects of this research are: to collect information which can sustain the perceived analysis of the researcher in relation to the producer view over the native vegetation; to test the methodology set to this study; to deduce a possible producer perception of the native vegetation from the researcher perceived analysis. Therefore, a methodology was developed based on scientific works which used visual elements (as photographies of agriculture landscapes, forests areas, savana areas, and photos of native vegetation, in order to relate them with specific descriptive informations chosen by the agricultural producers, such as forest, bush, savanna, agricultural lands areas, etc; and boards with images of a natural forest) and open interviews considering these themes: Brazilian Forest Code; landscape; natural; Nature; ecology. Both are based on the landscape analysis, embedded in a conception of man and environmental relation categorie of analysis, and on the conception of discourse and enunciation. Within other questions, it is expected to verify a pattern among the elements found in the producers answers related to their perception of native vegetation. This approximation is possible if a deduction is made from the elements perceived by the reseacher related to the producer´s answers. However, this movement would be inconclusive. Nevertheless, the answer achieved from the methodology proposal in this study demonstrate some patterns among the producers in the way which they relate the landscapes photographies with the descriptive informations and also in their design of the agriculture areas made over the boards.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-06-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:19:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bueno_sm_dr_sjrp.pdf: 2813626 bytes, checksum: 7480bc5354e8527f4c5d0ba8f75c4f13 (MD5) / Surfactantes são agentes ativos de superfície amplamente utilizados em vários setores industriais. Estas moléculas, com propriedades anfifílicas, são produzidas química ou biologicamente. A grande maioria dos surfactantes disponíveis comercialmente é sintetizada a partir de derivados do petróleo. Em vista de suas vantagens ecológicas, há um grande interesse comercial na substituição de surfactantes sintéticos por naturais. Nesta pesquisa, foram coletadas cinco amostras de solos contaminados e não contaminados por hidrocarbonetos designadas 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 das quais foram isoladas vinte e oito colônias bacterianas pela técnica de diluição decimal em tubos de ensaio e plaqueamento em placas de Petri contendo meio PCA (Ágar Padrão para Contagem). As bactérias isoladas foram coradas pelo método de Gram para observação das características morfológicas. Destas, apenas treze apresentaram hemólise em placas de Ágar Sangue, o que indicou a presença de biossurfactante. Posteriormente, estas foram cultivadas em meio de produção contendo sais minerais e o caldo de cultura, sem a presença de células, foi utilizado para a determinação da tensão superficial e do índice de emulsificação. As oito bactérias cujos caldos (sem a presença de células) apresentaram diminuição de tensão superficial de no mínimo 20% e índice de emulsificação estável após 24 horas foram selecionadas para realização de testes bioquímicos para identificação. A análise dos resultados destes testes mostrou que as bactérias pertencem ao gênero Bacillus. Foi determinada a otimização da produção de biossurfactantes em caldo de fermentação utilizando diferentes pH (5,0; 6,0; 7,0 e 8,0), tempo de fermentação (48, 72 e 96 horas) e diferentes fontes de carbono (glicose, sacarose, manitol, frutose, glicose + frutose e caldo de cana) nas concentrações 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5%... / Surfactants are surface-active agents widely used in various industries. These molecules, with amphiphilic properties, are produced chemical or biologically. The vast majority of commercially available surfactants is synthesized from oil derivatives. In view of its environmental benefits, there is a large commercial interest in the replacement of natural by synthetic surfactants. In this survey, were collected five samples of contaminated and not contaminated soil by hydrocarbons designated 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 which were isolated twenty-eight bacterial colonies by the technique of decimal dilution in test tubes, and plating in Petri dishes containing PCA medium (Plate Count Agar) The bacteria isolated were stained by the method of Gram for observation of morphological characteristics. Of these, only thirteen had haemolysis in blood agar plates, which indicated the presence of biosurfactant. Later, they were grown in a production medium containing minerals and the culture broth, without the presence of cells was used to determine the surface tension and the emulsification index. The eight bacteria whose broths (without the presence of cells) had reduction of surface tension of at least 20% and emulsification index stable after 24 hours were selected to carrying out biochemical test for identification. The results of these tests showed the bacteria belong to the genus Bacillus. It was determined the optimization of production of biosurfactants in fermentation broth using different pH (5.0, 6.0, 7.0 and 8.0), fermentation time (48, 72 and 96 hours) and different carbon sources (glucose, sucrose, mannitol, fructose, glucose + fructose and cane juice) at concentrations 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5%. The results showed that pH 5.0 and 7.0; time of 72 hours and fermentation of sucrose at low concentrations had the best production of biosurfactant. The 2C bacteria (Bacillus sp) isolated... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Resumo: O trabalho foi desenvolvido com dados de um levantamento em pequenas unidades produtoras de leite na área do Escritório de Desenvolvimento Rural de Jaboticabal SP, com o uso de um questionário semi-estruturado e de observações do pesquisador, com o objetivo de caracterizar o perfil destas propriedades analisando a relação entre as variáveis abordadas, de acordo com aspectos técnicos, sócioprodutivos e de comercialização, e com isto, possibilitar a identificação de procedimentos ou práticas benchmarking, ou seja, tidos como referenciais. Com o uso da análise de agrupamentos e de componentes principais, foi possível selecionar as principais variáveis envolvidas na diferenciação dos sistemas produtivos, e agrupar as unidades produtoras de acordo com suas similaridades, o que permitiu identificar as que apresentaram algum ponto destoante das demais. Pelos resultados observados, ficou evidente a possibilidade de identificação de práticas, processos e procedimentos mais eficientes, mesmo entre propriedade de baixa escala de produção. Não houve uma unidade produtora que se destacou na maioria dos quesitos avaliados, mas sim, em alguns aspectos específicos, de acordo com as suas particularidades. / Abstract: The work was developed through a data-collecting, collected from small milk producers units located in the area next to the Office of Agricultural Development of Jaboticabal - SP, using of a semi-structuralized questionary and researcher’s observation, with the objective to characterize the profile of these properties analyzing the relation between the observable variable, in accordance with aspects technical, social-productive and of commercialization, and to make possible the identification of practical or procedures benchmarking, that is, had as reference. With the use of the analysis of groupings and main components, it was possible to select the main variable involved in the productive systems’ differentiation, and grouping the producing units in accordance with its similarities and to identify the ones that had presented some dissonant point of other. Analyzing the results, it was evident the possibility of identification of more efficient practical, processes and procedures, even low scale production dairy farm’s. It had not a producing unit that it has came off at the majority of the evaluated questions, but in some specific aspects, in accordance with its particularity. / Orientador: Mauro Dal Secco de Oliveira / Coorientador: Maria Imaculada Fonseca / Banca: Samir Issa Samara / Banca: Maria Lúcia Pereira Lima / Mestre

Neste trabalho, realizamos um estudo sobre pequenos produtores do Reassentamento Rural de Rosana, localizado no município do Euclides da Cunha Paulista. Esse reassentamento é formado em sua maioria de pequenos produtores, antes ilhéus e ribeirinhos. Com a construção da usina hidrelétrica de Rosana, no Rio Paranapanema, eles foram realocados para o reassentamento Rural. A pesquisa teve como objetivo compreender os aspectos socioambientais e econômicos, bem como identificar como foram consideradas as variáveis ambientais no período de implantação do reassentamento e, posteriormente, quais foram os possíveis cuidados com relação às questões ambientais tanto por parte dos reassentados quanto pelo poder público. Além disso, verificamos as perspectivas futuras de permanência desses reassentados. Na pesquisa, constatamos que no Reassentamento Rural de Rosana, a principal atividade econômica é a pecuária bovina. Os reassentados complementam sua renda com a aposentadoria e, também, com o trabalho assalariado e temporário na Destilaria Alcídia e na vizinhança. A agrovila passou a exercer uma outra função: a presença de estabelecimentos comerciais, de serviços de saúde e educação tanto para os seus moradores como para os habitantes dos assentamentos vizinhos e residências dos trabalhadores da Destilaria de Álcool Alcídia. Com relação às questões ambientais, verificamos que não foram consideradas desde sua implantação as variáveis ambientais. Há a ausência dos órgãos públicos no que se refere a essas questões e, também, da assistência técnica, o que poderá comprometer as perspectivas futuras dos reassentados. Daí a necessidade de políticas públicas relacionadas ao crédito agrícola e à assistência técnica, que favoreçam a pequena produção familiar, melhorando assim a condição econômica e social, para garantir a permanência dos reassentados. / In this paper, we have carried on a study on small-scale producers of the Rural Resettlement in Rosana, which is located in Euclides da Cunha Paulista County. Most of this resettlement is formed by small-scale producers, which were formely islanders and riverside in habitants. These were moved on to the resettlement,in view of the construction of the Rosana hydroelectric power station in the Paranapanema River. This research aims to understand the socio-envionmental and economic aspects, as well as to identifify how environmental variables were considered in the implant period of resettlement, and, later on, which was the possible care referring to environmental matters from both the resettled people and the public power. Besides, we have verified these future perspectives of the resettled people's staying. In the research, we have observed that the main economic activity is the cattle husbandry in the Rosana Rural Resettlement. The resettled people complement their income with their retirement salaries, and with temporay - job wages at the Alcidia Distillery and nearby as well. The agrovillage happened to exercise another function: the presence of stores, health and education services for both its own neighborhood's inhabitants as well as for the Alcidia Alcohol Distillery workers. Regarding the environmental matters, we have verified that the environmental variables haven't been considered since its implant. There is an absence of public agencies referring to those matters, and to technical assistance as well, which could compromise the future perspectives of the resettled people. Therefore, there is a lack of public policies in relation to agricultural credit and technical assistance, which, if implemented, would favor the family's small-scale production, in order to improve the economical and social conditions, guaranteeing the resettled people's staying. / Orientador: Rosângela Aparecida de Medeiros Hespanhol / Coorientador: Célia Maria Santos Vieira de Medeiros / Banca: Antonio César Leal / Banca: Elpídio Serra / Mestre

This study is an empirical verification of the theories of the economics of information at the cattle producer's market in the U.S. Western Region. Weekly data on producer's price quotations were obtained from CATTLEFAX for 1973 through 1981. The three major objectives of the research are: first, to determine whether price dispersion exists in the cattle producer's market in the Western Region: second, if significant price dispersion are shown to exist, to determine the nature of the regional price distribution; and third, if price dispersion do exist, to determine the implications of the dispersion relative to competitive structure, efficient informational flows, and relative informational content of said distribution. Price dispersion exists in the cattle producer's market of the Western Region. It is the buyers who "establish" prices and sellers act as price takers. Where heavy trading occurs, information of prices is more efficiently transmitted resulting in a more symmetrical distribution. The composition of the market is relatively stable. however, imperfect information results in splitting the market into high price and low price favoring the better informed. Utah producers are rational in their pricing decisions. Price dispersion can be attributed to the lag in obtaining price information and asymmetry in efficiency of information gathering.

Precision dairy monitoring is used to supplement or replace human observation of dairy cattle. This study examined the value dairy producers placed on disease alerts generated from a precision dairy monitoring technology. A secondary objective was calculating the accuracy of technology-generated disease alerts compared against observed disease events. A final objective was determining the economic viability of investing in a precision dairy monitoring technology for detecting estrus and diseases. A year-long observational study was conducted on four Kentucky dairy farms. All lactating dairy cows were equipped with a neck and leg tri-axial accelerometer. Technologies measured eating time, lying time, standing time, walking time, and activity (steps) in 15-min sections throughout the day. A decrease of ≥ 30% or more from a cow’s 10-d moving behavioral mean created an alert. Alerts were assessed by dairy producers for usefulness and by the author for accuracy. Finally, raw information was analyzed with three machine-learning techniques: random forest, least discriminate analyses, and principal component neural networks. Through generalized linear mixed modeling analyses, dairy producers were found to utilize the alert list when ≤ 20 alerts occurred, when alerts occurred in cows’ ≤ 60 d in lactation, and when alerts occurred during the week. The longer the system was in place, the less likely producers were to utilize alerts. This is likely because the alerts were not for a specific disease, but rather informed the dairy producer an issue might have occurred. The longer dairy producers were exposed to a technology, producers more easily decided which alerts were worth their attention. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and balanced accuracy were calculated for disease alerts that occurred and disease events that were reported. Sensitivity ranged from 12 to 48%, specificity from 91 to 96%, accuracy from 90 to 96%, and balanced accuracy from 50 to 59%. The high number of false positives correspond with the lack of usefulness producers reported. Machine learning techniques improved sensitivity (66 to 86%) and balanced accuracy (48 to 85%). Specificity (24 to 89%) and accuracy (70 to 86%) decreased with the machine learning techniques, but overall detection performance was improved. Precision dairy monitoring technologies have potential to detect behavior changes linked to disease events. A partial budget was created based on the reproduction, production, and early lactation removal rate of an average cow in a herd. The cow results were expanded to a 1,000 cow herd for sensitivity analyses. Four analyses were run including increased milk production from early disease detection, increased estrus detection rate, decreased early lactation removal from early disease detection, and all changes in combination. Economic profitability was determined through net present value with a value ≥ $0 indicating a profitable investment. Each sensitivity analysis was conducted 10,000, with different numbers for key inputs randomly selected from a previously defined distribution. If either milk production or estrus detection were improved, net present value was ≥ 0 in 76 and 85% of the iterations. However, reduced early lactation removal never resulted in a value ≥ 0. Investing in precision dairy technology resulting in improved estrus detection rate and early disease detection was a positive economic decision in most iterations.

<p>In the beginning of 1990s Sweden implemented several measures in order to maintain price stability. These measures have resulted in an environment in which inflation is lower and more stable. The same development could be seen in other OECD countries. At the same time a decrease in exchange rate pass-through was noticed in many countries. This has led researchers to believe that there may be a connection, between these two phenomena. This dissertation analyzes whether there has been any change in exchange rate pass-through for manufacturing products in Sweden between the high inflation period (1977-1993) and the low inflation period (1994-2006). The result shows that there is a difference in the exchange rate pass-through between the two periods. During the low inflation period the degree of pass-through was lower than during the high inflation period.</p>

In this study the dynamics of risk perceptions about BSE held by Canadian consumers and cow-calf operators are evaluated. Since the BSE outbreak in 2003, Canadian consumers and cow-calf operators may have had various different reactions to BSE. These reactions may be related to their different levels of risk perception about BSE, risk perceptions which may have evolved over time and may be affected by BSE media information. These reactions may also be the result of factors other than BSE. An analysis of behavioural models of consumers and cow-calf producers is required to reveal the impacts of both BSE risk perceptions and non-BSE related factors. In this study, the risk perceptions about BSE are specified applying a Social Amplification of Risk Framework (SARF) and a Prospective Reference Theory (PRT), and evaluated through market observed behaviour of Canadian consumers and cow-calf producers, an approach which is different than the traditional stated preference approach to eliciting risk perception measures. Parametric and non-parametric structural break tests associated with the BSE outbreak (May 2003) are employed to evaluate changes in consumers or cow-calf operators behaviour. The results show that SARF is supported by both panel data and time series data on Canadian consumers and cow-calf producers, suggesting that their risk perceptions about BSE are amplified by both the quantity and quality of BSE information. Risk perceptions about BSE have led to a decrease in beef demand and an increase in slaughter cow supply, which in turn, exacerbated losses in Canadian beef sector. Structural break tests related to the BSE outbreak in May 2003 confirm changes in both consumers and cow-calf producers behaviour. Consumers with different profiles had different levels of risk perceptions about BSE and different demand and substitution elasticities. Cow-calf producers from different regions also had different levels of risk perceptions about BSE and different supply elasticities, suggesting the need for more analysis of market segmentation. Simulation analyses over the North American beef sector further confirmed the impact of BSE risk perceptions of Canadian consumers and cow-calf producers in the North American beef and live cattle market. / Agricultural and Resource Economics

As a contribution to the emerging field of practice-based research in the arts, this thesis aims to activate space, experience and the concept in-between. As the in-between cannot be defined ahead of the rhythmic process it carries out and of which it is a part – a rhythm inherent in the city itself and in knowledge production – it is necessary to produce rhythmic relations between bodies, sites and concepts. An art experiment, a forty-two meter high swing mounted on the bridge, Älvborgsbron, in Gothenburg harbour, Sweden, serves as the point of entry to the thesis. A dancer in the swing moved slowly between the bridge and the ground, captured in a rhythmic experience of being earthbound and then weightless. The swing project, together with other rhythmic processes such as walking, weaving and acting physics, activate spatial, temporal and theoretical dimensions of the in-between. Merging my roles as an artist, teacher and researcher by pragmatic production, perception and concepts it becomes possible to transform the rhythms between the examples:   1. A swing mounted on a bridge; one of my art projects. 2. Walking and mapping strategies; as developed in my courses taught at the School of Architecture. 3. The myth about Penelope weaving. 4. Rhythmic relations between bodies and machines at CERN, the particle physics laboratory outside Geneva, a place that is important for several of my art projects.   Creative production aims to expand the capacity of the body.  By employing a bridging structure, spaces in-between are activated thus revealing the power and danger in-between. In that production collective processes merge, creating “social and collective machines” and another reality between:   1. bridge/swing/dancer, 2. map/walking/site, 3. war/loom/weaving, 4. theory/detector/bodies.   These rhythmic processes oscillate between representation and the complex forces of daily activities. However, it is not the rhythm itself that activates spaces in-between but, rather, the changing of directions of the rhythm: from moving to be in motion; from walking forward to walking and falling; from weaving cloth to producing time; from doing physics to acting physics. Activating in-between spaces means activating differences and another way of producing knowledge, a well-known strategy in contemporary art: a production of potential realities, in a constant interaction between concepts and spatial transformations. / QC 20100909