O Brasil é, atualmente, o quarto maior produtor e quarto maior exportador mundial de suínos. O crescimento da suinocultura nacional tem sido resultado de avanços na produtividade do rebanho industrial, aumento do número de matrizes alojadas e investimentos nas instalações das granjas. O Rio Grande do Sul é o segundo produtor brasileiro de suínos. A cadeia de produção de suínos no estado encontra-se bem estruturada, a partir de mecanismos de coordenação vertical, sendo que o crescimento do sistema integrado de produção vem permitindo ganhos significativos de produtividade para a suinocultura gaúcha. Apesar dos resultados econômicos positivos, a suinocultura pode causar impactos negativos ao ambiente em que está inserida. Neste trabalho realizou-se uma pesquisa descritiva com o objetivo de identificar as ações de alguns atores da suinocultura, no Vale do Taquari, visando a diminuição dos impactos ambientais na região. Os diferentes atores participantes desta pesquisa são as granjas de suínos que possuem licenciamento ambiental pela FEPAM - órgão oficial que fiscaliza e regulariza a suinocultura -, as integradoras, a extensão Rural - representada, neste trabalho, pela EMATER/RS-regional Estrela – e a comunidade envolvida com a suinocultura na região. O Vale do Taquari abriga cerca de 30 por cento do efetivo de suínos do estado. A região também é caracterizada por ter a maior concentração de suínos em criação no Rio Grande do Sul. Esta pesquisa desenvolveu-se utilizando o método interpretativo, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Verificou-se o número de granjas com condições de receber a licença ambiental pela FEPAM em 2009, sendo que este órgão verifica apenas granjas de porte médio a excepcional, no Vale do Taquari. Até o término da coleta de dados desta pesquisa, foi constatado que esta Instituição havia registrado 1.237 granjas com processo de licenciamento ambiental, das quais 37 por cento estavam com suas licenças em vigor, 19 por cento encontravam-se com suas licenças vencidas e 44 por cento passaram para o licenciamento municipal. Os resultados indicam que para o Vale do Taquari, dentre as granjas com licença concedida pela FEPAM, as que operam em Unidades Produtoras de Leitão - UPLs são as que mais lançam dejetos a partir de sua produção, pois além de produzirem a quantidade diária de 45 litros/matriz, apresentam um número elevado de animais abrigados neste sistema. As UPLs são unidades de produção onde existem somente as fases do ciclo produtivo que compreendem os reprodutores, o nascimento dos leitões (maternidade) e crescimento inicial (Creche, peso de 6 a 25 kg). Verificou-se ainda que 45,76 por cento das propriedades estavam em condições de obter o licenciamento ambiental sem restrições e 54,23 necessitavam melhorias a serem feitas na propriedade. Quanto às agroindústrias, responsáveis por integrar grande parte dos suinocultores da região, estas apresentam políticas ambientais para seus integrados e buscam a efetivação da regulamentação ambiental nas propriedades. A Extensão Rural também contribui para o desenvolvimento da atividade na região levando projetos de melhoramento aos suinocultores visando à diminuição do impacto ambiental gerado pela atividade. Também tem papel fundamental para o desenvolvimento sustentável da atividade na região a UNIVATES por meio de iniciativas como a fundação do comitê de suinocultura do Vale do Taquari. Segundo os relatórios da FEPAM as melhorias a serem realizadas nas granjas do Vale do Taquari dizem respeito, na grande maioria, ao tratamento dos dejetos, todavia indicou-se também a necessidade de melhor manejo dos animais mortos e a necessidade de melhorar as instalações das granjas para melhor alocar os animais. / Nowadays Brazil is the fourth largest producer and fourth largest swine exporter around the world. The growth of the brasilian production has been the result from advances in industrial productivity of the herd, increasing in the number of animals and investment in the sties. Rio Grande do Sul is currently the second brasilian pig producer. The swine production chain is well structured at the State by the vertical coordination mechanisms and also, the growth of the pork producer system has taken significant productivity gains for the swine farmer at State. Despite the positive economic results the activity may produce negative impact at the environment in which it operates. This work is a descriptive study aiming to identify the actions from some swineculture actors, at the Vale do Taquari, aiming at reducing the environmental impacts on the region. The different actors participating in this research are swine farms from Vale do Taquari that have environmental licenses by FEPAM – government agency that supervises and regulates the swineculture - integrative companies, the Rural Extension- represented by EMATER/RS-Estrela department- and the community involved with the activity at that region.The Vale do Taquari has almost 30 percent of the Rio Grande do Sul’s swine herd and it is also characterized by having the largest concentration of animals in creating at the state. This study was conducted using the interpretative method, through literature and documentary researches. It was verified how many farms, at the Vale do Taquari, had conditions to receive the environmental license for FEPAM in 2009 being that FEPAM checks only a medium-sized farms to exceptional. Still the end of the data collection for this research, it was found that FEPAM had registered 1237 farms with environmental licensing process, of which 37 percent were with their licenses in force, 19 percent were with their expired licenses and 44 percent went to the municipal licensing. The results are that in that region, among the farms with licenses granted by the FEPAM, the farms that operating in UPLs are the ones that most throw waste from its production, because besides they produce the daily amount of 45 liters/animal they have a high number of animals housed in the system.The UPL system is a production unit where there are only the production cycle phases that include breeders, the birth of piglets (maternity) and first time life growth (weight of 6 to 25 kg). The results revealed that 45,76 percent of the farms were able to obtain an environmental license without restrictions and 54.23 needed improvements to be done on the property. It was also found that the agricultural industries, responsible for integrating many of the swine farmers in the region, have environmental policies for their integrated and seek this one for the properties. The Rural Extension also contributes to the development of activity in the region leading improvement projects to lessen the environmental impact generated by the activity. Also has a fundamental role for sustainable development in the region UNIVATES that through such initiatives founded a Vale do Taquari swine culture committee. According to reports FEPAM improvements to be carried out on Vale do Taquari farms concern, in most cases, the management and treatment of waste but also indicated the need for better management of the animals killed and the need to improve the facilities of the farms to better allocate the animals.

Essa pesquisa objetiva compreender a dinâmica espacial do Sudoeste Paulista, através de abordagem econômica e social do espaço rural, analisando e refletindo sobre o universo da produção agrícola familiar e as possibilidades futuras deste setor frente às políticas públicas, as possíveis mudanças no dinamismo regional, e os limites que os mesmos têm enfrentado com relação à estrutura fundiária, à produção, à comercialização, aos recursos financeiros, ao acesso à tecnologia, à assistência técnica, sua representação e atuação em associações, cooperativas, sindicatos e outras entidades. As áreas pesquisadas fazem parte do Escritório de Desenvolvimento Rural de Presidente Prudente, composto de 21 municípios, entre os estratos de área de até 100 hectares. No levantamento de campo foram entrevistados produtores rurais, destacando-se questões ligadas à unidade de produção, bem como à unidade social dos agricultores familiares. A região estudada, embora apresente, desde sua formação histórica, alta concentração fundiária de caráter capitalista, com predomínio da atividade pecuária de corte extensiva, não levou, necessariamente, ao desaparecimento das unidades de produção familiares, fossem elas pequenas ou médias. Tampouco levou a uma homogeneização da produção; antes, observa-se uma dinâmica que muitas vezes inclui múltiplos caminhos, os quais proporcionam uma adaptação contraditória frente às novas circunstâncias sociais e de produção. Com relação às políticas públicas para o setor destacado neste estudo, verifica-se que o Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar não foi, até agora, suficiente para atender, de forma eficaz, os produtores familiares. A comercialização indireta da produção e a insegurança com relação aos preços foram fatores destacados, entre outros aspectos, como limitantes para o produtor familiar, que mostrou resistência em adotar formas de organização social que pudessem protegê-lo. Entretanto, através de estratégias, esses produtores têm sido os responsáveis por parte significativa da produção agropecuária regional, bem como da absorção de mão-de-obra no campo. Neste sentido, analisando-se processos sociais concretos, apreendem-se a diversidade e a complexidade de possibilidades neles contidas, podendo, então, apontar caminhos que possam trazer transformações ao dinamismo regional. / This study aims to understand the space dynamics of the Paulista Southwestern region, through the economic and social approach of the rural, analyzing and reflecting on the overall family agricultural production and its future possibilities before public policies, the possible shifts in the regional dynamics, and the limits that they have faced in relation to land structure production, trade, financial resources, access to technology, and technical assistance, its representation and performance in associations, cooperatives, unions and other entities. The areas researched are parts of the Presidente Prudente Rural Development Office, formed by 21 counties, in up-to-100-hectare area levels. During the field survey, rural producers were interviewed, emphasizing matters connected to the production unit, as well as to the social unit of the family farmers. The region considered, although it has presented a high-level land concentration of capitalist character since its historical formation, and in which the animal husbandry activity of extensive slaughter has been predominant, has necessarily led neither to the disappearance of the little or large family production units, nor to a production homogenity; instead, I have observed a dynamics that has often included multiple ways, which have provided a contradictory adaptation before the new social and production circumstances. In relation to public policies for the field focused in this study, I have verified that the Family Agriculture Development National Program has not been enough to assist the family producers efficiently up to now. The indirect commercialization of the production and the insecurity in relation to prices were the main aspects in focus, among others, as limits for the family producer, who has showed resistance in adapting ways of social organization which could protect them. Nevertheless, through strategies, these very producers have been responsible for a meaningful part of the regional agricultural and animal husbandry production, as well as for labour absorption in the country. Therefore, in analyzing concrete social processes, I have realized the diversity and complexity of possibilities within them, so that, I believe it is able to indicate ways that could bring changes to the regional dynamics.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-05-16T12:25:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Danyelle Soraya Monteiro.pdf: 2549729 bytes, checksum: d190ffa5c1d9f97fbb6d2efa361f69f3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-16T12:25:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Danyelle Soraya Monteiro.pdf: 2549729 bytes, checksum: d190ffa5c1d9f97fbb6d2efa361f69f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work aims to identify and analyze mitigating contractual practices of transaction costs, established between integrators and poultry producers of Pretty-PE municipality. The theoretical framework addresses the New Institutional Economics (NIE), specifically the Economy of Transaction Costs (ECT). The basic premise is that the contracts are "via incomplete rule." The methodology was predominantly qualitative, and used descriptive statistics and content analysis method in the treatment of the data collected through the application of two semi-structured questionnaires to the fourteenth poultry integrated the city and the four integrators with which they transact. As a result it was found the existence of formal contracts (written) and informal (verbal agreements), with neoclassical features, long-term arrangements and the original contract serving as a base. It was found that general clauses and operationalized through flexibility aspects and coordination achieved by integrating through hybrid governance structures. the specificities of the temporal assets were identified, physical capital, locational, dedicated assets and human capital, but more explicitly in the contracts, only the specifics of physical capital and human capital. Although verifying is totally reusable assets, with intermediate levels of specificity and highly specific assets, generally the frequency of transactions is due to recurring weekly monitoring. Thus, by analyzing the contracts, part of the institutional environment, if found-minimizing aspects of transaction costs. / A presente dissertação procurou identificar e analisar as práticas contratuais minimizadoras dos custos de transação, estabelecidas entre integradoras e produtores avícolas do município de Bonito-PE. O quadro teórico utilizado aborda a Nova Economia Institucional (NEI), mais especificamente a Economia dos Custos de Transação (ECT). A premissa básica é de que os contratos são “via de regra incompletos.” A metodologia utilizada foi predominantemente qualitativa, sendo utilizada estatística descritiva e o método de análise de conteúdo no tratamento dos dados coletados através da aplicação de dois questionários semiestruturados junto aos catorze avicultores integrados do município e às quatro integradoras com as quais transacionam. Como resultado verificou-se a existência de contratos formais (escritos) e informais (acordos verbais), com características neoclássicas, arranjos de longo prazo e com o contrato original servindo de base. Constatou-se a existência de cláusulas gerais e operacionalizadas através de aspectos de flexibilidade e coordenação realizada pelas integradoras através de estruturas híbridas de governança. Foram identificadas as especificidades dos ativos temporal, de capital físico, locacional, de ativos dedicados e de capital humano, porém, de forma mais explícita nos contratos, apenas as especificidades de capital físico e de capital humano. Apesar de verificarem-se ativos totalmente reutilizáveis, com níveis intermediários de especificidade e ativos altamente específicos, de forma geral a frequência das transações é recorrente devido ao monitoramento semanal. Assim sendo, através da análise dos contratos, integrante do ambiente institucional, constataram-se aspectos minimizadores dos custos de transação.

Esta pesquisa busca analisar os agricultores de Buri (SP) percebidos a partir de elementos que revelem sua relação com a vegetação nativa. Assim, com o enfoque dado à investigação do percebido e não da percepção, os objetivos da presente pesquisa são: coletar informações que sustentem a análise do percebido pelo pesquisador acerca do olhar do agricultor sobre vegetação nativa; testar a metodologia proposta nesse trabalho, no sentido de investigar o percebido e; a partir do percebido pelo pesquisador em sua relação com o agricultor, sobretudo no momento da entrevista, deduzir uma possível percepção do agricultor sobre a vegetação nativa. Para tanto, foi elaborado uma metologia a partir de elementos visuais (fotografias de paisagens agrícolas, de área de florestas e cerrados, de espécies nativas da região de Buri, para ser relacionada com determinados termos, como floresta, mata, cerrado, área de produção agrícola, entre outros, escolhidos pelos agricultores; tabuleiros com a representação de uma área recoberta por vegetação nativa de porte arbóreo) e entrevista semiestruturada acerca dos seguintes temas: Código Florestal, paisagem, natural, Natureza, ecologia. Ambas estão embasadas na paisagem como categoria de análise sintetizante e integradora das relações do homem com o meio ambiente, e também na utilização dos conceitos de enunciado e discurso como categoria de análise auxiliar às possíveis limitações da análise da paisagem. Dentre outras questões, com isso espera-se verificar a seguinte pergunta: A verificação de um padrão encontrado nas respostas dos agricultores ao pesquisador refletiria a existência de um padrão nas percepções dos agricultores sobre a vegetação nativa, em suas áreas de produção? Deduzir dos elementos encontrados nas repostas dos agricultores uma possível percepção seria um movimento inseguro e inconclusivo. Entretanto, as respostas encontradas nas análises das informações coletadas, a partir da metodologia apresentada na presente pesquisa, apontam para a existência de um padrão de determinadas respostas dos agricultores ao descreverem as paisagens das fotografias e ao representarem seus desenhos de área de produção agrícola sobre os tabuleiros. / This study expects to set an analysis about the agricultural producers from Buri (SP) perceived from elements which can reveal their relation with native vegetation. Thus, focusing this study in the things perceived instead the perception, the objects of this research are: to collect information which can sustain the perceived analysis of the researcher in relation to the producer view over the native vegetation; to test the methodology set to this study; to deduce a possible producer perception of the native vegetation from the researcher perceived analysis. Therefore, a methodology was developed based on scientific works which used visual elements (as photographies of agriculture landscapes, forests areas, savana areas, and photos of native vegetation, in order to relate them with specific descriptive informations chosen by the agricultural producers, such as forest, bush, savanna, agricultural lands areas, etc; and boards with images of a natural forest) and open interviews considering these themes: Brazilian Forest Code; landscape; natural; Nature; ecology. Both are based on the landscape analysis, embedded in a conception of man and environmental relation categorie of analysis, and on the conception of discourse and enunciation. Within other questions, it is expected to verify a pattern among the elements found in the producers answers related to their perception of native vegetation. This approximation is possible if a deduction is made from the elements perceived by the reseacher related to the producer´s answers. However, this movement would be inconclusive. Nevertheless, the answer achieved from the methodology proposal in this study demonstrate some patterns among the producers in the way which they relate the landscapes photographies with the descriptive informations and also in their design of the agriculture areas made over the boards.

La recherche analyse l'aspect de la commercialisation du point de vue du petit producteur. Selon le recensement agricole, 80% des exploitations agricoles consacrées à la production de riz ont moins des 20 hectares, ce qui représente 50% de la surface totale occupée dans la production de riz et génèrent 49% de la production totale nationale (Chiriboga, 2008).Les systèmes de commercialisation sont fortement liés aux formes de financement, de sorte que ces mécanismes sont nommés comme un système de négociation institutionnelle qui permet d’entrapercevoir une relation étroite entre les acteurs du financement et de la commercialisation de la production. Dans un tel système institutionnel on observe comment l’acte d’échange va au-delà du terme économique et se crée une structure sociale d’interaction continue et prolongée.De cette façon on peut voir comment l'action économique est encastrée “embbeded” dans le tissu non-économique, les institutions, les relations et ainsi l'échange se produit dans un environnement institutionnalisée. Le système institutionnel est caractérisé par des règles, normes, conventions, la confiance, la réciprocité, le pouvoir et l'inégalité. L'objectif de la thèse est de montrer comment le petit agriculteur fait face à la commercialisation de sa production conditionnés par le financement dans un système institutionnel qui se développe avec les autres acteurs de la chaîne de valeur du riz et déterminer si ce système, caractérisé par un échange économique encastré dans un contexte social non économique, lui génère des bénéfices ou préjudices. / The research analyzes the aspect of commercialization from the small producer perspective. According to the agricultural census, 80% of farms devoted to rice production are under 20 hectares, representing 50% of the total area occupied in rice production and generate 49% of the national total production (Chiriboga, 2008).Marketing systems are strongly linked to forms of financing, so that these mechanisms are named as an institutional trading system that allows to understand the close relationship between the actors that finance along the rice chain. In such an institutional system we observe how the act of exchange goes beyond economic term and creates a social structure of continuous and prolonged interaction.This way we can see how the economic action is embedded in the non-economic relations, institutions, and thus the exchange occurs in an institutionalized environment. The institutional system is characterized by rules, norms, conventions, trust, reciprocity, power and inequality.The aim of the thesis is to show how the small farmer faces the commercialization of its production conditioned by informal funding an institutional system that develops with the other actors in the rice value chain and determine if this system, characterized by the economic exchange in a non-economic social, which can generates benefits or losses to small farmers.

Due to increasing competitiveness, manufacturing industries are facing a great amountof pressure to optimize their production. One of the first sectors affected by thisphenomenon is the metal industry, which has undergone multiple developments in theprocess of finding optimal solutions to this challenge. Examples for these solutions arefrequently found in IT-applications that optimize the technique of cutting and slittingthe produced metal. Research has namely proven that by generating an optimizedsolution with an IT-application, the scrap created in the metal production can beminimized. In the longer term, this can minimize costs and thereby improve thereturn of investment of organizations. However, an obstacle lies in the fact that auniversal, one-size-fits-all, solution has not been developed yet. Hence, for eachparticular case, a new optimization application needs to be developed according tothe respective metal producer's conditions and goals. The purpose of this paper is todemonstrate how the above-mentioned optimization can be developed and madepossible. This has been executed by performing a case study of an actual project of aleading Swedish metal producer who has ordered this kind of IT-application. Whiledoing so, an understanding of the dynamics of the optimization process has beenobtained. This has been done by executing and applying iterative and progressingmethods. In order to give a brief overview of this procedure, the mentioned methodscan be summarized in few simple steps. Primarily, qualitative and action researchinterviews have been held in a specification phase in order to clarify the company'sexact specifications. Thereafter, these specifications have been used as the main datain a configuration phase where progressing methods have been used. This has later onresulted in an optimized system. Finally, an evaluation of this optimization method hasbeen done which demonstrates that the used methods were efficient in the sense ofextracting an optimized IT-application.

Med en intervjuundersökning med några verksamma musikproducenter bosatta i Sverige är syftet att bidra med bredare förståelse för deras verksamheter. Problemområdet utgörs av svårigheten att beskriva musikproducenters verksmamhet då branshen genomgått en strukturomvandling genom ökningen av digital produktion och konsumtion av musik. Första frågeställningen är: hur beskriver musikproducenterna sina verksamheter? Med teori från Aspers (2010) om skillnad mellan standard- och statusmarknader är andra frågeställningen: inom vilka typer av marknader agerar de? Med teori från forskning om musikproducentroller (Gullö, 2010;Burgess, 2012; Moorefiel,2005) är tredje frågeställningen ur vilka aktörsroller agerar de? Oväntade resultat är att musikproducenterna investerade mycket av tid och pengar från annan verksamhet för att skapa sina anseenden. Det var svårt att tolka om de entydigt verkade inom status eller standard marknad. Min tolkning är att deras aktörsroller kunde vara eller växla mellan scenframträdande musikproducenter och stödjande musikproducenter vilket kan ge en bredare förståelse för musikproducenters verksamheter.

Much has been written on the subject of sustainable development and the urgent need for society to understand and address human impacts on socio-ecological systems. Emerging from this broad context, the concept of sustainable product development (SPD) represents an important strategy to steer human society towards sustainability. This thesis investigates strategies for integrating sustainability concepts, through organisational learning and stakeholder management, into a new product development tool entitled ‘Touchpoint’. Built on prior research, specifically Methods for Sustainable Product Development(MSPD) and Templates for Sustainable Product Development (TSPD), this could help to eliminate product development approaches that lead to reductionism and ensure that SPD is adopted rapidly and widely.

This is a study of India's major cities and how they are faring under the conditions of contemporary globalisation. This contemporary globalisation is a part of the economic globalisation that took place in India especially after 1991, when the new economic policies were incorporated. These new economic policies were targeted at making India integrate into the larger world economy by introducing more open trade. The sectors that received major attention under the new policies were industrial and the services sector as a whole with particular emphasis on producer services (banking and insurance). As a result of liberalisation and privatisation of these sectors many new producer services firms came up in major Indian cities. Therefore, the main focus is on the inter-city relations based upon the type of advance producer services firms that are operating from these cities. Also it looks at the nodes that the major Indian cities form in larger world city network.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Dale A. Blasi / The proposed U.S. National Animal Identification System (US-NAIS) has generated many concerns among beef cattle producers. The goal of the NAIS is to utilize 48-hour traceback in the event of an animal disease outbreak. The traceback would identify all animals that have had contact with the diseased animal, while linking an animal to its premises of origin. According to the Diffusion of Innovation theory, getting a new idea adopted, even when it has clear advantages, is often very difficult. However, by adopting innovations relatively sooner than others in their system, the theory demonstrates marked benefits for innovators and early adopters, as well as a widening of the socioeconomic gap. In this study beef producer demonstrated understanding, acceptance and adaptability to implement the US-NAIS. Participants for the study were selected in the spring of 2006 from a mailing list of cow-calf producers with more than 100 head of cows. BEEF Magazine provided the mailing list and a random sample of 1,000 producers was selected. The results show a knowledge gap between the proposed system and producer understanding. Producers were also divided on support for the proposed system. When ranking their level of support on a scale of 1 to 6, with 1 being strongly supportive and 6 being strongly opposed, 49% of producers showed some level of support and 48% showed some level of opposition, with a mean of 3.53 (s.d. 1.67). Data also highlights a lack of understanding of the regulations and implementation procedures among producers. The results of this study brought considerable insight into the current practices and perceptions of beef cattle producers, and will be used to develop educational materials to improve their understanding of this proposed program.