The sustainability of the REIPPP programme was as yet unknown. Through this study control drivers critical for the sustainability of the REIPPP programme were identified and prioritised. As background sustainability was investigated on an international level and within the South African context. Control drivers are drivers that have a significant impact on the sustainability of the REIPPP programme and also have some level of controllability. These drivers were obtained and compiled based on appropriate literature. The Global Reporting Guideline (GRI) for sustainability was used as baseline for identifying control drivers. To further obtain and verify the relevant sustainability control drivers, input from the REIPPP programme’s key stakeholders were included in the research. The key stakeholders provided an impact and controllability rating via a questionnaire, which was used to prioritise the identified control drivers. Selected key stakeholder where requested to review control drivers that were identified and prioritised, providing the researcher a means of verifying the preliminary proposed control drivers. Obtaining a final list of prioritised control drivers critical for the sustainability of the REIPPP programme was achieved by integrating the drivers identified by the researcher, stakeholder selected alternative drivers and their self-suggested control drivers. The prioritised control drivers could be used to promote or control the sustainability of the REIPPP programme by addressing and/or supporting the control drivers having the most significant impact. The top 5 prioritised control drivers were selected to be used in an interview with high level key stakeholders. The interviewees provided their input on how these drivers could be supported or addressed to control or even promote the sustainability of the REIPPP programme. From the interview it was clear that the final list of prioritised control drivers was relevant and could influence the long-term sustainability of the REIPPP programme. Many insights were obtained which could provide significant role players, or even the South African Government, the guidance they need to take the REIPPP programme forward. / MIng (Development and Management Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The sustainability of the REIPPP programme was as yet unknown. Through this study control drivers critical for the sustainability of the REIPPP programme were identified and prioritised. As background sustainability was investigated on an international level and within the South African context. Control drivers are drivers that have a significant impact on the sustainability of the REIPPP programme and also have some level of controllability. These drivers were obtained and compiled based on appropriate literature. The Global Reporting Guideline (GRI) for sustainability was used as baseline for identifying control drivers. To further obtain and verify the relevant sustainability control drivers, input from the REIPPP programme’s key stakeholders were included in the research. The key stakeholders provided an impact and controllability rating via a questionnaire, which was used to prioritise the identified control drivers. Selected key stakeholder where requested to review control drivers that were identified and prioritised, providing the researcher a means of verifying the preliminary proposed control drivers. Obtaining a final list of prioritised control drivers critical for the sustainability of the REIPPP programme was achieved by integrating the drivers identified by the researcher, stakeholder selected alternative drivers and their self-suggested control drivers. The prioritised control drivers could be used to promote or control the sustainability of the REIPPP programme by addressing and/or supporting the control drivers having the most significant impact. The top 5 prioritised control drivers were selected to be used in an interview with high level key stakeholders. The interviewees provided their input on how these drivers could be supported or addressed to control or even promote the sustainability of the REIPPP programme. From the interview it was clear that the final list of prioritised control drivers was relevant and could influence the long-term sustainability of the REIPPP programme. Many insights were obtained which could provide significant role players, or even the South African Government, the guidance they need to take the REIPPP programme forward. / MIng (Development and Management Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Many animals are social foragers. Foraging with others may confer a number of advantages, but is also likely to present a number of challenges that are not encountered by solitary foragers. For instance, whilst feeding in a group may interfere with an animal's ability to learn new foraging skills or the location of new foraging patches by itself, it may simultaneously provide it with the opportunity to acquire new skills or knowledge by means of social learning. This thesis addresses a number of questions relating to the interaction between social foraging and social learning using small groups of captive budgerigars, Melopsittacus undulatus, as a test species. In particular, it investigates the spread of novel foraging behaviour through groups of birds under conditions that either permit or restrict a high degree of ‘scrounging' (food stealing) by naïve birds from skilled ‘producers' in their group (Chapter Three). Scrounging is found to inhibit naïve budgerigars' performance of new foraging skills, but appears to facilitate their underlying acquisition, or motivation to acquire these skills, when the need arises – for instance, when producers are lost from their group. In addition, the thesis assesses the importance of a number of different individual-level characteristics, such as age, sex, and competitive rank, in predicting birds' propensity to behave as producers rather than scroungers when foraging in a group (Chapter Four). The thesis also examines budgerigars' relative use of social and personal information when selecting foraging locations (Chapter Five), and assesses the importance of group social networks in predicting individual birds' order and latency to arrive at foraging patches (Chapter Six). Budgerigars are found to rely on social information when they lack any personal information about foraging locations. When equipped with both social information and personal information, some, but not all birds appear still to utilise social information. Birds' social networks appear to have little bearing on individuals' foraging patch visitation times.

Industry is one of the major energy consumers resulting in negative environmental impacts in the world. In this context, industrial energy management becomes critically important when improving industrial energy savings. Emphasized is the careful energy treatment in the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations. The dominance of a technical approach in current research of industrial energy management suppresses significant potentials of human behavior for energy efficiency. Societal problems such as the energy efficiency gap and the rebound effect may be tackled by involving energysaving behavior in interventions. This thesis aims to explain characteristics of energy-saving behavior in the industrial settings of an automobile producer in Central Europe. The manufacturer utilizes an energy management program, named QUEST, which is facilitated by the external advisor HE Consulting s.r.o. Questions of particular interest are therefore related to perceived organizational readiness to engage in energy-saving behavior. Data gathering include a structured-questionnaire of perceptions on energy savings at the plants with managers of the automobile producer. Additionally, a semi-structured interview with the CEO of HE Consulting s.r.o. offers a more in-depth view on practical implications of energysaving behavior. As a base for data collection serves a psychological perspective of perceptional theories. Strongly related is that approach to the change management discipline. Results of the study show that, indeed, managers in the QUEST program tend to perceive organizational readiness on energy savings re latively more positive than managers outside the program. Resistance to change can be marginally observed in lower management levels. However, the managers emphasize a lack of time to engage in energy savings. Indicators of perceived organizational readiness on energy savings alone do not show the actual energy-saving behavior. This means that this thesis does not directly observe energy-saving behavior. Nevertheless, the impact of such indicators on the actual performed energy-saving behavior may be seen in combination with quantified energy savings. All findings can only be interpreted in the frame of this study.

Unsustainable food production and consumption patterns are threatening our living environment and our lives on earth. There is a need for profound transition in our ways to produce and consume food. Food, its production and consumption is a hot topic currently – as can be seen in media and in several projects run by various institutions. Circular economy and sustainable resource management address different actors as well. The City of Lahti joined the FISU-network and is taking steps towards sustainable resource management. This thesis contributes to the ongoing work of the City of Lahti in developing its food sustainability strategic work through its participation in the FISU-network. The study aims to investigate the state of the regional food supply chain of Lahti, Finland, and its path on sustainability transition. Further on, it examines how alternative food networks may impact different aspects of sustainable local development and what kind of a role actors of regional food supply chain play in promoting food sustainability. This study applied a case study approach and used qualitative research methods in the forms of workshop and semi-structured interviews. The results were examined applying the theoretical framework which included Activity theory, Co-Creation and Economy of Common Good. There are various policies and strategies on global, national and regional level aiming to sustain the food system, food production and consumption, as well as promoting the use of local food. Few of them were used to reveal the present state of the regional food supply chain together with the results gained at the workshop and interviews to find the desired way. Alternative food networks may shorten the food supply chain and allow everyone a chance to contribute to local food sustainability. They may have social meaning by bringing the food supply chain actors together and offering more value than purchasing goods. Consumers can act as co-creators having possibility to influence what is produced, where and how. Alternative food networks may not necessarily be ecological, but they may have wider implications for the regional and local communities on economic, social and cultural levels by offering jobs, interaction, as well as giving a face and a story to the food.

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Esta tese parte da hipótese de que a concentração da aquisição de café verde por multinacionais contribui para pressionar para baixo o preço do grão pago aos pulverizados produtores do Brasil e da Colômbia. Ela foi dividida em quatro partes. As Partes I e II compõem sua base teórica: a Parte I aborda as teorias da dependência e a Parte II analisa as teorias contemporâneas de relações internacionais. A Parte III, por sua vez, reúne um panorama do mercado internacional de café verde, enquanto a Parte IV, conclusiva, resgata as estratégias de comércio e de defesa das duas maiores organizações de produtores de café do Brasil e da Colômbia, a Cooxupé e a FNC, respectivamente. Analisa ainda os aspectos do mercado mundial de café verde que podem ser explicados pelas teorias abordadas; avalia que há uma concentração maior dos ganhos no mercado oligopsônico das multinacionais, o que confirma a hipótese, mas que, apesar disso, não há um descontentamento com a atividade por parte dos produtores. E encerra mostrando que apesar das diferenças presentes nas cafeiculturas do Brasil e da Colômbia, as práticas da FNC e da Cooxupé são muito similares. / This thesis begins with the hypothesis that the concentration in the purchase of green coffee by multinationals contributes to force down the price of the coffee beans paid to Brazilian and Colombian scattered producers. It was divided into four parts. Parts I and II comprise its theoretical basis: Part I deals with the theory of dependence and Part II analyzes contemporary theories of international relations. Part III, in turn, brings a panorama of the international green coffee market, while Part IV, conclusive, rescues the strategies of trade and defense of the two greatest organizations of coffee producers from Brazil and Colombia, the Cooxupé and the FNC, respectively. The Part IV still analyzes aspects of the global green coffee market that can be explained by the discussed theories, evaluates that there is a greater concentration of gains in the oligopsonistic multinationals market, which confirms the hypothesis, but despite that, there is no dissatisfaction with the activity on the part of the producers. At last, the conclusion shows that in spite of the differences which are present in the coffee production in Brazil and Colombia, the practices of the FNC and Cooxupé are very similar.

Nesse trabalho objetivou-se avaliar a bioatividade de extratos brutos e suas frações, obtidos com diferentes solventes, de folhas e de ramos de plantas da família Meliaceae sobre a mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci biótipo B. Inicialmente, utilizando o extrato em diclorometano de folhas de Trichilia pallida determinou-se a concentração necessária para causar mortalidade de ninfas de 50 a 60%, sendo o valor obtido (0,56%) utilizado nos bioensaios subseqüentes. Comparando-se os extratos brutos em diclorometano de folhas e ramos de Azadirachta indica (EFAID e ERAID), Melia azedarach (EFMAD e ERMAD), Toona ciliata (EFTCD e ERTCD) e T. pallida (EFTPD e ERTPD), verificou-se que os mesmos afetam significativamente tanto ovos como ninfas da mosca-branca. Já na comparação entre os extratos brutos em etanol de folhas e ramos de A. indica (EFAIE e ERAIE), M. azedarach (EFMAE e ERMAE), T. ciliata (EFTCE e ERTCE) e T. pallida (EFTPE e ERTPE), constatou-se que os mesmos afetam apenas as ninfas. Com base nesses resultados, selecionaram-se os ERTPD, EFAIE, ERAIE, ERMAE, EFTCD e ERTCD, para os quais foi avaliado o efeito sobre a mortalidade de ovos e ninfas e o período embrionário, constatando-se que os extratos não apresentam efeito ovicida, porém afeta a sobrevivência das ninfas e que o ERAIE alonga o período embrionário do inseto. Na seqüência, através de Cromatografia Líquida a Vácuo (CLV) foram obtidas as frações em hexano, diclorometano, acetato de etila e metanol do ERTPD e do EFTCD, que foram testadas nas concentrações de 0,56 e 0,28%. As frações em diclorometano, acetato de etila e em metanol do extrato de ramos de T. pallida em diclorometano afetam a sobrevivência de ninfas da moscabranca em tomateiro, tanto a 0,56 como a 0,28%. Da mesma forma constata-se que as frações em hexano, diclorometano, acetato de etila e em metanol do extrato de folhas de T. ciliata em diclorometano afetam a sobrevivência de ninfas da mosca-branca em tomateiro, tanto a 0,56 como a 0,28%. A fração em acetato de etila do extrato de folhas de T. ciliata em diclorometano é repelente a B. tabaci biótipo B e as frações em diclorometano do ERTPD e em metanol do EFTCD apresentam efeito deterrente à oviposição de B. tabaci biótipo B. A fase de ninfa é mais sensível aos extratos orgânicos obtidos das espécies de meliácea avaliadas do que a fase de ovo. Entre os extratos testados, os mais promissores para uso no controle de ninfas da mosca-branca são os em diclorometano de folhas de T. ciliata e de ramos de T. pallida. / This work aimed to assess the bioactivity of crude extracts and their fractions obtained with different solvents, from leaves and branches from plants of Meliaceae family to the whitefly Bemisia tabaci B biotype. Initially, using the dichloromethane extract from Trichilia pallida leaves, it was determined the necessary concentration to cause 50 and 60% of nymphal mortality, being the value obtained (0.56%) utilized on the subsequent bioassays. Comparing the dichloromethane crude extracts from leaves and branches of Azadirachta indica (ELAID and EBAID), Melia azedarach (ELMAD and EBMAD), Toona ciliata (ELTCD and EBTCD) and T. pallida (ELTPD and EBTPD), it was verified that they significantly affect eggs as well as nymphs of the whitefly. Whereas the ethanol crude extracts from leaves and branches of A. indica (ELAIE and EBAIE), M. azedarach (ELMAE and EBMAE), T. ciliata (ELTCE and EBTCE) and T. pallida (ELTPE and EBTPE) affected only the nymphs. Based on these results, EBTPD, ELAIE, EBAIE, EBMAE, ELTCD and EBTCD were selected to be evaluated regarding to the effects on the eggs, nymphs and the duration of the embryonic period. It was verified that these extracts dont present ovicidal effect, although they affect nymphal survivorship, and EBAIE increases the embryonic period of the insect. Afterwards, using vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) it was obtained the hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions from EBTPD and ELTCD, which were tested at concentrations of 0.56 and 0.28%. The dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions from EBTPD affect the whitefly nymphal survivorship at 0.56 as well as 0.28%. Similarly, the hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol fractions from ELTCD affect the whitefly nymphal survivorship, at both concentrations of 0.56 and 0.28%. The ethyl acetate fraction from ELTCD is repellent to B. tabaci B biotype while the dichloromethane fractions from EBTPD and methanol from ELTCD present deterrent effect on the oviposition of this pest. The nymphal phase is more sensitive to organic extracts obtained from the Meliacea species tested than the egg phase. Among the tested extracts, the more promising to use for the control of whitefly nymphs are the dicholomethane from T. ciliata leaves and T. pallida branches.

Esta tese parte da hipótese de que a concentração da aquisição de café verde por multinacionais contribui para pressionar para baixo o preço do grão pago aos pulverizados produtores do Brasil e da Colômbia. Ela foi dividida em quatro partes. As Partes I e II compõem sua base teórica: a Parte I aborda as teorias da dependência e a Parte II analisa as teorias contemporâneas de relações internacionais. A Parte III, por sua vez, reúne um panorama do mercado internacional de café verde, enquanto a Parte IV, conclusiva, resgata as estratégias de comércio e de defesa das duas maiores organizações de produtores de café do Brasil e da Colômbia, a Cooxupé e a FNC, respectivamente. Analisa ainda os aspectos do mercado mundial de café verde que podem ser explicados pelas teorias abordadas; avalia que há uma concentração maior dos ganhos no mercado oligopsônico das multinacionais, o que confirma a hipótese, mas que, apesar disso, não há um descontentamento com a atividade por parte dos produtores. E encerra mostrando que apesar das diferenças presentes nas cafeiculturas do Brasil e da Colômbia, as práticas da FNC e da Cooxupé são muito similares. / This thesis begins with the hypothesis that the concentration in the purchase of green coffee by multinationals contributes to force down the price of the coffee beans paid to Brazilian and Colombian scattered producers. It was divided into four parts. Parts I and II comprise its theoretical basis: Part I deals with the theory of dependence and Part II analyzes contemporary theories of international relations. Part III, in turn, brings a panorama of the international green coffee market, while Part IV, conclusive, rescues the strategies of trade and defense of the two greatest organizations of coffee producers from Brazil and Colombia, the Cooxupé and the FNC, respectively. The Part IV still analyzes aspects of the global green coffee market that can be explained by the discussed theories, evaluates that there is a greater concentration of gains in the oligopsonistic multinationals market, which confirms the hypothesis, but despite that, there is no dissatisfaction with the activity on the part of the producers. At last, the conclusion shows that in spite of the differences which are present in the coffee production in Brazil and Colombia, the practices of the FNC and Cooxupé are very similar.

O aumento dos impactos ambientais devido à construção de reservatórios e barragens leva ao aumento dos riscos da infecção humana por agentes infecciosos causadores de endemias em especial as transmitidas por espécies dos moluscos de água doce, notadamente os riscos da esquistossomose mansônica. A literatura relata a distribuição geográfica de Biomphalaria tenagophila, Biomphalaria glabrata e Biomphalaria straminea presentes nas coleções hídricas de São Paulo, mostrando que uma das maiores concentrações de criadouros da espécie encontram-se no terço inicial da Bacia do Rio Tietê. No presente estudo, realizado na Represa Paraitinga (município de Salesópolis) situada na região de influência direta do Sistema Produtor do Alto Tietê (SPAT) no ano de 2009, no período de março a dezembro, foram coletados 386 moluscos, representados por 4 famílias, 1 gênero e 4 espécies, sendo 338 Biomphalaria tenagophila, 23 Lymnaea columella, 17 Physa marmorata, 7 Ampullarie sp. e 1 Drepanotrema cimex. Nenhum exemplar de B. tenagophila capturado mostrou-se positivo para Schistosoma mansoni, porém foram encontrados espécimes de B. tenagophila infestados por larvas de trematódeos identificados como Cercaria caratinguensis. As relações de determinantes ambientais analisadas foram: turbidez, cor, pH e oxigênio dissolvido. A utilização de um GPS (Global Positioning System) possibilitou a localização precisa dos locais de coleta / The increase of environmental impacts due to construction of reservoirs and dams leads to an increase in human exposure to infectious agents, that cause endemic diseases in particular those transmitted by species of freshwater snails, especially schistosomiasis mansoni. Literature shows the geographic distribution of Biomphalaria tenagophila, Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria straminea present in water collections in São Paulo, it also shows that one of the largest concentrations of breeding sites of those species are in the initial part of the Tietê Basin. The present work was carried out in Paraitinga dam (Salesópolis municipality) located in the region of direct influence of the Alto Tietê System Producer (SPAT). In 2009, from march to december, 386 specimens were collected, representing 4 families, 1 genus and 4 species, where 338 were Biomphalaria tenagophila, 23 Lymnaea columella, 17 Physa marmorata, 7 Ampullarie sp. and 1 Drepanotrema cimex. None of the captured B. tenagophila specimen was positive for Schistosoma mansoni, but some of them were infested with larval trematodes, which were identified as Cercaria caratinguensis. The relations of environmental factors examined were: turbidity, color, pH and dissolved oxygen. The use of a GPS (Global Positioning System) enabled the precise localization of the collecting site