Volvo Powertrain Skövde är en fabrik som tillverkar lastbils- och bussmotorer i olika volymer. Fabriken har flera avdelningar och funktioner som tillsammans uppgör de tre huvuddelarna: gjuteri, bearbetning och montering. En av dessa avdelningar är logistikavdelningen, vars uppgift är att organisera interna logistiska aktiviteter på företaget. Logistikavdelningen eftersträvar att tillgodose god kundservice med låga kostnader och låg miljöpåverkan. Detta arbete rör delar av logistikavdelningens nuvarande datahanteringssystem för lagerhantering. Det nuvarande systemet har bristande användarvänlighet och gör det svårt att överblicka lagerytor. Dessa, och fler problem får logistikavdelningen att uppleva systemet som tidskrävande och bristfälligt. Syftet med detta arbete var att framställa lösningsförslag som åtgärdar bristerna i det nuvarande systemet, utan att kräva större investeringar och underlättar datahanteringen samt ger bättre visualisering över lagerlokalerna. Metoderna som valdes för att uppnå arbetets syfte motiveras från en utförd litteraturstudie. För att jämföra lösningsförslag, användes standard IEEE-830 som grund för framtagning av en kravspecifikation. Kravspecifikationen bygger på observationer och intervjuer som utfördes med logistikavdelningen. De lösningsförslag som presenteras bygger på intervjuer med anda sajter inom Volvokoncernen, lösningsförslagen jämförs även mot kravspecifikationen för att se hur väl de passar logistikavdelningens behov. Metoderna som använts under arbetets utförande diskuteras även och avslutningsvis framförs rekommendationer för framtida arbete. / Volvo Powertrain in Skövde is a factory that manufactures truck and bus engines with various volumes. The factory has several departments and functions that together make up the three main parts: foundry, processing, and assembly. One of these departments is logistics, which has the task of organizing internal logistics activities at the company. The logistics department strives to provide good customer service with low costs and environmental impact. The work carried out concerns parts of the current data management system used within the departments warehouse management structure. The current system is not very user-friendly which makes it difficult to get an overview of the storage areas. This, together with other problems, causes the logistics department to experience the system as time-consuming and deficient. The purpose of this work is to produce solution proposals that address the shortcomings of the current system utilizing minimal investments, while facilitating data management and providing better visualization of the warehouses. The methods chosen to achieve the purpose of the work are motivated by a literature study. To compare solution proposals, standard IEEE-830 was used as a basis for producing a requirements specification. The requirements specification based on observations and interviews conducted with the logistics department. The solution proposals presented are based on interviews conducted at other sites within the Volvo Group and have been compared with the requirements specification to see how well they fit the needs of the logistics department. The methods used during the execution of the work are also discussed, and finally, recommendations are made for future work.

Ljusgårda är ett företag som odlar sallad inomhus på vertikalen med vertikalodling. Företagetgrundades 2017 av tre kompisar och lokalen ligger i Tibro. Företaget tillverkar nu bladsallad.Tekniken som använd vid odlingen kan även producera kryddor och jordgubbar. I dagsläget levererassallad till ett 60 tal butiker i Västsverige och Jönköping. Tekniken vertikalodling som innebär att odlapå höjden med hjälp av LED-lampor gör att det går att få ut betydligt mer sallad per m2 än traditionellodling samt att det går att odla året om. Ljusgårda har ett tydligt fokus på miljön och använder 90 %mindre vatten genom ett slutet vattensystem, så inget vatten går till spillo. Genom att salladen växeri poddar av kokosfiber och inte jord slipper företaget att använda bekämpningsmedel och salladenkan packetteras direkt efter skörd. Nu vill företaget som nästa steg i sin hållbarhetsutveckling titta påmöjligheten att återvinna dessa poddar istället för att kassera dem. Tanken är en maskin ellermaskiner som i ena änden fylls på med använda poddar, som torkas för att sedan finfördela rötteroch massan som sen kan pressas till nya poddar. Metoden som användes var en variant av Vmodellen.Arbetet kom fram till att följande huvudprocesser krävdes i en maskin för att återvinnapoddarna: Hydraulisk press som pressar ut vätska, industriell krossare som hackar poddarna till enhomogen massa och en hydraulisk press som pressar massan till poddar. / Ljusgårda is a company that produces salad indoor, vertically. The company was founded in 2017 bythree friends and is located in Tibro. The company now produces lettuce but the technology used iscapable of produce herbs and strawberries. The company is today delivering lettuces to about 60stores in west Sweden. The technology of vertical growing with LED-lamps makes it possible toharvest more per m2 than traditional farming. Ljusgårda have a great focus on the environment andis using 90% less water with a closed water system. Because the salad is growing in coconut coir podsand not in soil there is no need for pesticides and no need for pre washing before packaging. Thecompany is now locking for a way to recycle and reuse the coconut coir pods instead of throwingthem away, as the next step in sustainability development. The idea is one or more machines that inone end, used pods is inputted. Then dried on water and after that grind the pods with rootstogether so new pods can be pressed. The method we worked after was a version of the V-model.The main process needed in a machine to recycle coconut coir is: A hydraulic press that squeezes outthe liquid, an industrial shredder that shredded roots and pods to one mass. A hydraulic press whichpresses the pods.

Volvo Cars in Skövde aims to reduce their waste in their crankshaft-line where they produce two types of crankshafts, type 2, and type 7. The intention with this work is to schedule the total changeover of the production line to identify potential actions that could reduce the changeover time and its variation. In the current state 7 operators are being used to carry out the changeover. One of the tasks that were handed out from Volvo was to examine how many operators that are required to carry out the changeover without any loses from waiting for operators. A time-study has been done which provides a clear overview of how the changeover is done right now, observations of the production line and interviews of the operators were also made. From this data a map was created of how the changeover should be done in theory, both for the workflow and for the operators. The result of the methods showed that it is a big variation between the changeover-times, this is due to that there are no work instructions for the operators and thereby no standardized work procedure. From the mapping the number of operators that are needed to carry out a changeover has been calculated and determined. The sequence in which all elements are to be performed and how they are to be prioritized was also obtained from the theoretical changeover. This then formed the basis of which the instructions for the operators were created upon and became the standardized work that was implemented. The theoret-ical changeover also showed that it is possible to carry out the changeover with only two operators. The instructions were also tested in practice with a result that showed that it can be done and even reduce the changeover-time, but further work is required to verify the working method. To verify that the new way of working reduces the variation more measurements need to be done but with the in-structions the variation should be reduced. To further improve the changeover, a theoretical timeline was made of how the changeover would be made with three improvement proposals implemented. The results from them showed that if introduced, they would reduce the changeover time by 61%. / Volvo Personvagnar i Skövde vill minska slöserierna i deras vevaxel-linje där de producerar två typer av vevaxlar, typ 2 och typ 7. Arbetets avsikt är att kartlägga produktionslinans omställning i nuläget för att kunna identifiera potentiella åtgärder som kan reducera omställningstiden och dess variation. I nuläget används 7 operatörer som är uppdelade på olika områden för att genomföra omställningen. Ett av uppdragen från Volvo var att undersöka hur många operatörer som krävs för att genomföra omställningen över hela linjen utan att förluster beroende på operatörsväntan. Tidsstudier har genomförts för att skapa en tydlig överblick av hur omställningen ser ut i nuläget, det utfördes även observationer av produktionslinan samt intervjuer med operatörer. Med hjälp av denna data gjordes en kartläggning av hur en omställning borde göras i teorin, både för flödet och för opera-törerna. Resultatet av metoderna visade att det är en stor variation mellan omställningstiderna och att detta till största del beror på att det inte finns några instruktioner för hur operatörerna ska genomföra en omställning och därmed inget standardiserat arbetssätt. Från kartläggningen kunde sedan antalet operatörer som behövs för att genomföra en omställning beräknas och fastställas. Sekvensen som alla moment ska genomföras i och hur de ska prioriteras erhölls också från den teoretiska omställningen. Detta utgjorde sedan grunden för de instruktioner som skapades för operatörerna och blev det standardiserade arbetssätt som infördes. Den teoretiska omställningen visade också att omställningen går att genomföra med endast två operatörer. Instruktionerna för två operatörer testades även i praktiken med ett resultat som visade att det är genomförbart och även kan reducera omställningstiden men det krävs vidare arbete för att verifiera arbetssättet. För att kunna verifiera att det nya arbetssättet reducerar variationen av omställningstiden hade fler mätningar behövts göras men med hjälp av instruktionerna borde variationen reduceras betydligt. För att förbättra omställningarna ytterligare gjordes även en teoretisk tidslinje över hur omställningen skulle genomföras med tre förbättringsförslag implementerade. Resultatet visade att en implementering av förbättringsförslagen kan leda till en reducering av omställningstiden med 61%.

In this thesis, psychosocially supportive environmental components are identified and environmental assessment techniques are investigated to evaluate psychosocial components in built environments, particularly in health care environments. The aim is to develop a method useful for designers in collecting quantitative as well as qualitative information about the psychosocial supportiveness of the built environments. In the first paper, an evaluation of the multi-methodological tool (Empowering Environment Evaluation (Triple-E)) was conducted in a hospital ward and a health care center. The aim of the paper was to appropriately select, and test the multi-methodological tool in two cases, where redesign of the existing facilities took place. The results show that, with the Triple-E tool, psychosocially supportive components of the environment could be measured by the combination of structured brainstorming, semantic environmental description, and aesthetical preferences. User group differences were found and further considered for the design process. The analysis-synthesis model of design facilitated the designers understanding of how psychosocial approach could be integrated in the design cycle. In the second paper, the Environment Evaluation tool consisting of a modified semantic environmental description questionnaire and an evaluation of architectural details. The aim of the study was to identify whether there are any differences in perception of psychosocially supportive architectural and interior elements among patients and architects. The results show that there are differences between patients and architects in terms of factors contributing to psychosocial supportiveness. Results also show that the significant architectural details may influence individual psychological skills, which in turn may affect individual social skills and self-management. The ranking of the influential architectural details on perceived supportiveness for the architect and the patient groups is in the following order: 1) window; 2) floor and wall; 3) ceiling and furniture; 4) handicraft, photograph, chair and curtain; 5) noise level, safety, and space for moving. By relating environmental details to environmental semantic descriptive factors further details of psychological and physical factors could be realized. Suggested improvements of the Triple-E tool are the inclusion of measurements of restorative environmental components which may further contribute to stress alleviation and of more structured guidelines for the design purposes. / Godkänd; 2004; 20070127 (ysko)

Lack of healthcare assistance is one of the issues that European countries such as Sweden face due to the increase of the ageing phenomenon which leads to a higher demand for personnel in hospitals, basic attendance, and housing. Therefore, a tool is clearly required to fulfil these social needs. The thesis focuses on the elderly but especially on those with reduced mobility and develops a wheeled domestic mobile robot whose objective is to deliver their pills at the right time of the day. The main goal is the implementation of automatic drug delivery. The project presents a selection of the most suitable wheel-based robot, and a study and evaluation of different techniques and algorithms used for indoor positioning, navigation, facial recognition, and a communication interface between the patient and the robot. The robot used for the development of this thesis was the TurtleBot3 Burger and was evaluated upon a map created using the Hector SLAM method. Results showed that the Bluetooth technology (iBeacon), as well as the trilateration algorithm, are suitable choices for detecting a human in an indoor environment; a successful average drift error of 0.83 metres was obtained for indoor localization, and further results showed the facial recognition system achieved an accuracy of around 90%. It is concluded that the robot is capable of reaching and identifying the patient in an indoor environment, and so this project can be considered as the first step of implementation of a totally autonomous medical robot ready for domestic use.

The purpose of this case study was to provide Kitron AB with information regarding the investment to proceed a new automatic solution to their production facility. To get a better understanding about automation in low volume productions and how it affects the profitability, ergonomics and competence within the company. This case is presented with theory and then evaluated if it will be profitable to proceed with an investment in automation, with several key factors considered. This case was presented by Kitron AB in Torsvik, Jönköping. Kitron designed this real case scenario with a real investment in consideration, to develop an automated process in their production facility where components get magnetized in a machine, which is currently operated manually by an operator. The main factor is to displace the operator from this process and develop a technology solution to save operator-time as well as reduce costs. The theory in this real case scenario is presented by the authors, to help Kitron with information and designing a newer and more efficient process with a robotic solution. The theory has been analyzed and compared to data provided by Kitron; to perceive a better understanding how to develop its existing process and facilitate the workload for Kitron to proceed with this investment. This case is limited to the station where components are magnetized and does not cover other areas in the production facility. Due to high secrecy and respect for Kitorn’s clients and customers, real numbers and names are not presented. In conclusion, the authors discuss profitability, ergonomically aspects, competence and probabilities from a theoretical standpoint. Therefore, the authors concluded a solution and theoretical knowledge to develop such a process. The case was done in a semi-theoretical perspective due to models and methods and could only be fulfilled from distance due to COVID-19.

Rekordverken är ett företag som specialiserar sig på att tillverka agnspridarlösningar till skördetröskor. Företagets knivproduktion är på väg att genomgå stora förändringar, maskinerna ska omplaceras och ombyggnationer av produktionslinjerna ska genomföras för att kunna automatisera större delar av produktionen och skapa ett bättre flöde. I samband med det vill Rekordverken automatisera paketeringsprocessen av deras knivar. Knivarna kommer till paketeringen i kassetter innehållande 120–200 knivar vardera beroende på modell. Ca 60% av knivarna paketeras i tiopack och resterande 40% paketeras i femtiopack. Företaget önskar ett arbetsområde med en automatiserad cell utan robot som istället använder sig av tryckluft och/eller linjära enheter. En del moment kommer fortfarande att utföras ut av en operatör så en ny layout av arbetsområdet med fokus på ergonomi, tillgänglighet och lagernivåer behöver utformas. Första steget var att besöka företaget vid ett flertal tillfällen för att bilda en uppfattning om det nuvarande tillståndet, det vill säga utformning, arbetssätt och flödet av produkter och transporter. Allt ovanstående dokumenterades genom anteckningar, ritningar och bilder. När den önskade informationen var insamlad analyserades den för att identifiera vart största fokus för förbättringar bör ligga. En automatiserad cell ingår i den tänkta framtida layouten och ett genomtänkt förslag skulle utformas och presenteras. Cellen skulle sedan realiseras i en enkel 3D-modell och teoretiskt förklaras. Med den insamlade data som grund valdes den bäst lämpade placeringen av cellen. I det framtagna förslaget är paketeringsområdets dimensioner oförändrade och den nya utformningen har en del likheter med den nuvarande. Placeringen av pallar med emballage behålls och detsamma gäller för placeringen av tomma kassetter och använt emballage tillhörande pall med knivkassetter. Operatörstationen har flyttats och minskats något för att ge plats åt automationscellen och detsamma gäller de två pallyftarna. Rekordverken anses dra nytta av det framtagna förslaget. Genom att implementera en ny utformning av paketeringsområdet (inklusive en automatiserad cell) skapar de en paketeringsprocess som ligger i nivå med de förändringar emot automation som planeras i resten av produktionen. Den industriella tekniken utvecklas snabbt och genom att gå över till ett automatiserat system nu öppnar det upp för fler förbättringar i framtiden. / Rekordverken is a company that specializes in producing bait spreader solutions for combine harvesters. The company's knife production is about to undergo major changes. In connection with this, Rekordverken wants to automate the packaging process of their knives. The knives come to the packaging in cassettes containing 120–200 knives each depending on the model. About 60% of the knives are packaged in ten packs and the remaining 40% are packaged in fifty packs. The company wants a working area with an automated cell without robot that uses compressed air and / or linear units instead. Some elements will still be performed by an operator, so a new layout of the work area with focus on ergonomics, availability and stock levels needs to be designed. The first step was to visit the company on a number of occasions to form an idea of the current state, that is, the design, working methods and the flow of products and transport. All of the above was documented through notes, drawings and pictures. Once the desired information was collected, it was analyzed to identify where the greatest focus for improvement should be. An automated cell is part of the intended future layout and a well thought out proposal would be designed and presented. The cell would then be realized in a simple 3D model and theoretically explained. With the data collected as the basis, the most suitable location of the cell was chosen. In the proposed proposal, the dimensions of the packaging area are unchanged, and the new design has some similarities to the current one. The placement of pallets with packaging is retained and the same applies to the placement of empty cassettes and used packaging belonging to pallets with knife cassettes. The operator station has been moved and slightly reduced to accommodate the automation cell, and the same applies to the two pallet lifts. The record works are considered to benefit from the proposed proposal. By implementing a new design of the packaging area (including an automated cell), they create a packaging process that is in line with the changes to automation planned in the rest of the production. Industrial technology is developing rapidly and by switching to an automated system it now opens up for more improvements in the future.

Diplomat Dörrar AB is a company that produces doors for the Swedish market. Presently, there is a quality problem within the paint shop, which also happens to be a bottleneck. The quality problems within the paint shop means that roughly 15% of all painted doors are rejected and are forced to be repainted. To repaint a door comes with a large price tag for the company. The purpose of the work is to identify why doors are being rejected, as well as to propose actions to reduce the amount of rejections, to 7.5% This thesis uses different theories connected to quality development and production control. The main theories used in this report are Lean methodology, variation reduction, maintenance and process breakdown. By exploring these theories, it has been possible to propose actions to take in order to reduce rejections to 7.5%. The information and data that has been collected largely comes from interviews with paint shop employees, as well as preexisting data. However, it has become evident that the preexisting data has been flawed when it comes to raw data, which has not allowed the processed data to provide a clear picture. To combat this, new data collecting has been done, which has given a clear picture of which doors have been affected, which colors as well as where on the door the rejection was found. Presently, the most common forms of rejections are paint flaws, plastering flaws and debris. Paint flaws can be categorized in 4 main flaws, running paint, paint drop, bad coverage and craters. The flaws are caused by faults in the paint booth, where a robot paints the door. Plastering flaws occur because of the plastering staff have missed to plaster a flawed door, and debris flaws are caused because debris has been caught underneath the top layer of paint. All these flaws give the doors a visible defect when undergoing inspection. The faults when organized in size by number of total defects are as follows: Paint flaws – 44%, Debris – 24% and plastering flaws – 18%. This yields a total of 86% of the total rejections at Diplotmat Dörrar AB. An investigation has been done to identify the root causes of the chosen rejections. When it comes to paint flaws a few different root causes have been identified that all flaws share. The root cause for paint flaws is that almost all maintenance work is reactive, which leads to satisfactory doors being rejected because of a lack of maintenance work. The root cause for debris is the lack of instructions or responsibility to remove debris, removal of splinters as well as dirty rails in the paint shop. The reason for plastering flaws is due to the fact that there is no standardized working method when it comes to plastering. The actions that are recommended to Diplomat Dörrar AB are as follows: Create a standardized working method on all different stations as well as to implement a working preventative maintenance scheme in order to reduce rejections. Keywords: LEAN methodology, Standardized working method, Preventative maintenance

Den här studien är genomförd på en tillverkningsindustri. Fabrikens verksamhet inkluderar avdelningar för montering, bearbetning, materialhantering, underhåll och teknisk support m.m. Huvudsyftet med denna studie var att bygga en simuleringsmodell över ett bearbetningsflöde med hjälp av den uppdaterade mjukvaran FACTS. Att genomföra optimering på operationsobjekt (OP) med hjälp av SCORE, jämföra och utvärdera resultat för nyckeltalen TH, LT, WIP mot befintliga modeller samt att minska totala antalet objekt med 10 % jämfört med ursprunglig FACTS modell definierades som mål för studien. Produktvariant Y användes uteslutande under denna simuleringsstudie. I projektet användes PDCA som problemlösningsmetod vilket är ett hjälpmedel för att ge struktur åt förbättringsarbeten. Bank simuleringssteg har använts som riktlinjer i genomförandefasen. Processdata för tillgänglighet, cykeltid och MTTR insamlades från befintliga modeller i FACTS och Plant Simulation. Efter lämpliga data var insamlad skapades en grundmodell byggd för att efterlikna det verkliga fysiska systemet och befintliga modellers layout. Det nya resursobjektet användes för att modellera portalsystemen och tid för ladda/lossa produkter placerades i operationsobjekt för transport. Efter färdigställande av grundmodellen verifierades och validerades denna samt lämplig simuleringshorisont för experiment fastställdes. För att beräkna antalet nödvändiga replikationer för ett trovärdigt resultat användes tillhandahållen Excel tabell från Högskolan i Skövde. Experiment för nyckeltal och optimering med SCORE utfördes och resultaten jämfördes mot befintliga modeller för att kunna utvärdera eventuella skillnader och dess orsaker. Resultaten visade på närmast likvärdiga siffror för TH men differenser på ca 10–15 % fanns för LT och WIP i ny modell för dessa nyckeltal. SCORE påvisade vissa skillnader i de primära flaskhalsarna men generellt var placeringen av flödesbegränsningar lokaliserade till produktionens avslutande del. Antal objekt i ny FACTS modell blev 327 i jämförelse med 351 i befintlig. Det fanns ett antal olika faktorer som kan ha haft påverkan på det slutgiltiga resultatet. Skillnader i inhämtade processdata och avsaknad av ladda/lossatider i befintlig FACTS modell var faktorer som gjorde systemjämförelser mellan modeller svåranalyserade. Vidare studier krävs för mer grundlig analys av orsaker till differenser i LT och WIP mellan de olika modellerna. Det satta målet för minskat antal objekt med 10 % uppnåddes inte utan objektantal minskade med enbart 6,8 %. Enligt författarna åstadkoms dock en förenklad förståelse för produkternas flöde genom tillverkningsprocessen. / This study was conducted in a manufacturing plant. The plant includes assembly-, machining-, materiel handling-, maintenance- and technical support departments. The main purpose of this study was to create a simulation model of a machining line using the updated software version of FACTS. To implement optimization of the operational objects using SCORE, to compare and evaluate KPI results for TH, LT and WIP against existing models and reduce the total number of objects with 10 % compared to original FACTS model were defined as targets for this project. Studies was conducted using only the product variant Y. PDCA was used as a method for problem solving and to give some structure for the implemented improvements. Guidelines from Banks simulation steps were utilized in the implementation phase of this study. Process data for availability, cykel time and MTTR were collected from existing FACTS and Plant Simulation models. After finishing the necessary data collecting a basic model which mimicked the real physical system was created. The new resource object was used to model the gantry systems och time for loading/unloading were added to the operational objects used for transportation.When the basic model was completed a verification and validation phase were conducted and suitable values for simulation horizon and warm-up time was decided. An Excel chart provided by the University of Skövde was used to calculate the number of replications needed for a credible experiment result. SCORE and KPI experiments were performed and the results was compared with existing models to detect any reasons for abnormalities. The results for the new FACTS model showed an almost similar value for TH but there were differences of approximately 10-15 % for LT and WIP. Analysis of SCORE results showed some differences in the primary bottlenecks but in general the most significant flow restrictions were located in the end part of the production flow. The total number of objects in the new FACTS model was 327 compared to 351 in the existing FACTS model. There were several factors that could have affected the end results of the experiments. Differences in used process data and the lack of process times for loading/unloading of products in existing FACTS model were all factors that made a correct system comparison and analysis more difficult to transact. Further studies need to be conducted to analys causes of the abnormalities between the different models regarding LT och WIP. The target of reducing the total number of objects in new FACTS model with 10 % was not achieved. Object numbers only decreased with 6,8 % but according to the authors a more simplified understanding of how the products flow in the manufacturing process was achieved.

Artificial intelligence, specifically deep learning, is a fast-growing research field today. One of its various applications is object recognition, making use of computer vision. The combination of these two technologies leads to the purpose of this thesis. In this project, a system for the identification of different crops and weeds has been developed as an alternative to the system present on the FarmBot company’s robots. This is done by accessing the images through the FarmBot API, using computer vision for image processing, and artificial intelligence for the application of transfer learning to a RCNN that performs the plants identification autonomously. The results obtained show that the system works with an accuracy of 78.10% for the main crop and 53.12% and 44.76% for the two weeds considered. Moreover, the coordinates of the weeds are also given as results. The performance of the resulting system is compared both with similar projects found during research, and with the current version of the FarmBot weed detector. Form a technological perspective, this study presents an alternative to traditional weed detectors in agriculture and open the doors to more intelligent and advanced systems.