Esta pesquisa examina a conceituação de Marx acerca do trabalho produtivo, tanto em suas determinações gerais, quanto como categoria econômica particular do modo de produção capitalista. Tem por objetivo, em primeiro lugar, explicitar o critério distintivo do trabalho produtivo com relação ao trabalho improdutivo na forma de sociabilidade capitalista, analisando a relação que ambas as categorias estabelecem com o capital social, bem como entre si. Com isso, pretende-se explicitar os fundamentos da unidade da classe trabalhadora e a base de sua oposição ao capital. Em segundo lugar, temos como finalidade expor as transformações concretas que o trabalho experimenta após a subsunção ao capital, em sua relação com a categoria de trabalho produtivo. Assim, abordamos o trabalho complexo e o trabalho imaterial como formas do trabalho produtivo para o capital, em sua conexão com o desenvolvimento da produtividade do trabalho social. / This research examines Marx conception of productive labour concerning both its general determination and its existence as a particular economic category of capitalist mode of production. Firstly, it is aimed at eliciting the distinctive criteria of productive labour with regard to unproductive labour in capitalist form of sociability and analyzing the relationship that both categories establish with social capital, as well as to one another. On that basis, it is intended to show the chief principles of working class unity and its opposition to capital. Secondly, it is aimed at presenting concrete labour transformations after its subsumption to capital in respect to the category of productive labour. Thus, complex and immaterial labours as forms of labour productive to capital are approached in their connection to the development of productivity of social labour.

Après avoir accompagné la révolution industrielle au XIXe siècle, le transport ferroviaire ne parvient que difficilement à s’adapter aux défis que lui a lancés la route depuis une centaine d’années. Depuis le début du XXe siècle, le rôle des chemins de fer dans le transport des marchandises et de voyageurs n’a cessé de décliner. Dans les pays de l’Union Européenne, il n’assure plus désormais que 6 % du transport de voyageurs et 16 % du transport de marchandises. Le renouveau du transport ferroviaire européen est aussi marqué par le développement du train à grande vitesse. Le trafic total de voyageurs « grande vitesse » est de 15 milliards de voyageurs-km en 1990 contre 111 milliards de voyageurs-km en 2014 soit une croissance globale de 740 %. La Part du trafic total de voyageurs « grande vitesse » a progressé, elle est passée de 4 % en 1990 contre 25 % en 2014. Le constat évident est que, depuis le début des années 1990, les chemins de fer ont perdu des parts de marché et ont donc exigé des subventions croissantes. La nécessité d’améliorer cette situation a conduit à imaginer un large éventail de possibilités d’action de la part des pouvoirs publics nationaux et européens. Depuis le début des années 90, la Commission Européenne s’est engagée dans un vaste chantier dont la finalité est la construction d’un espace ferroviaire intégré. Dans un contexte de marasme ferroviaire européen, nous voulons apprécier les performances des chemins de fer afin d’identifier les principaux facteurs qui permettront d’éviter le déclin. Nous partons de l’idée que les chemins de fer se doivent d’être performants sur le plan de la production et de la commercialisation des biens et services. Chacun des quatre chapitres de cette thèse utilise diverses méthodes pour contribuer au champ croissant de l’économie du transport ferroviaire. Le premier chapitre utilise les mesures partielles des indicateurs de productivité pour évaluer la performance d’un panel de quatre compagnies ferroviaires européennes, la DB en Allemagne, la SNCF en France, la RENFE en Espagne et les FS en Italie, observées entre 1990 et 2012. Notre objectif ici est double, dresser un bilan de la situation actuelle et révéler la trajectoire des entreprises ferroviaires européennes majeures sur une période débutant un peu avant les réformes ferroviaires initiées par la Commission européenne. Les indicateurs retenus nous ont permis d’évaluer quatre domaines de performance : la performance productive, la performance commerciale, la performance économique et la performance financière. Il est question pour nous d’évaluer l’efficacité de la directive 91-440 du 29 juillet 1991 relative au développement de chemins de fer communautaires, directive qui recommande de promouvoir l’indépendance de gestion des entreprises ferroviaires, ainsi que leur assainissement financier, en particulier leur désendettement. Le deuxième chapitre aborde le cadre théorique de l’efficacité technique, en passant en une revue les fondements théoriques et en présentant la méthodologie des frontières. Pour compléter cette analyse, nous proposons une revue de littérature non exhaustive des études empiriques portant sur l’évaluation des performances des chemins de fer. Le troisième chapitre propose des contributions empiriques à la mesure des performances des chemins de fer. Il est question pour nous d’évaluer, de comparer et d’expliquer les écarts de performances de certains pays de l’union européenne. Quatre indicateurs de performance ont retenu notre attention : l’efficacité productive, l’efficacité commerciale, l’efficacité technique et la variation de la productivité totale des facteurs. Pour ce faire nous avons simultanément estimé trois frontières paramétriques et stochastiques, à savoir, une frontière de production orientée input, une frontière de consommation et une frontière d’efficacité technique orientée input.... / After having accompanied the industrial revolution in the 19th century, rail transport difficultly adapt to the challenges launched by the road since a hundred years. Nowadays, European rail transport suffers from competition from the road, both for travellers and cargo. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the role of the railways in the goods and passengers transport has been declining. In the countries of the European Union, it now does ensure only 6% of passenger transport and 16% of goods transport. The European rail transport renewal is also marked by the development of the high-speed train. Total passenger "high speed" traffic is 15 billion passenger-km in 1990 against 111 billion passenger-km in 2014, that is an overall growth of 740%. The share of total passenger "high speed" traffic has increased from 4% in 1990 to 25% in 2014.The obvious observation is that, since the beginning of the 1990s, the railways have lost market share and therefore required growing subsidies.The need to improve this situation led to imagine a wide range of possibilities for action by national and European public authorities. Since the beginning of the 1990s, the European Commission is engaged in a vast reform aiming at the construction of an integrated railway area.In a context of European rail slump, we want to appreciate the performance of the railways in order to identify the main factors that will avoid the decline. We start from the idea that railways must be efficient in terms of production and commercialization of services.Each of the four chapters of this thesis uses various methods to contribute to the growing field of the rail transport.The first chapter uses the partial measures of productivity indicators to evaluate the performance of a panel of four European railway companies, the DB in Germany, SNCF in France, the RENFE in Spain and FS in Italy, observed between 1990 and 2012. Our aim here is twofold, to take stock of the current situation and reveal the path of major European rail companies on a period starting a little before the railway reforms initiated by the European Commission. These indicators help us to evaluate four areas of performance: productive performance, business performance, economic performance and financial performance. It is for us the opportunity to evaluate the efficiency of the directive 91-440 of 29 July 1991 relating to the development of Community railways, directive that recommends to promote the independence of management of railway companies, as well as their financial clean-up, especially their deleveraging. The second chapter shows the theoretical framework of technical efficiency, by a review of the theoretical foundations and by presenting the methodology of the borders. To complete this analysis, we propose a review of non-exhaustive literature of empirical studies on the evaluation of the performance of the railways. The third chapter suggests empirical contributions to the measurement of the performance of the railways. It is for us the opportunity to evaluate, compare and explain the differences in performance of some countries of the European union. Four performance indicators have caught our attention: productive efficiency, trade efficiency, technical efficiency and the variation of the total factor productivity. To this end, we simultaneously estimated three parametric and stochastic borders, namely, a production-oriented input border, a border of consumption and a border of technical efficiency-oriented input......

This study examines perceptions of threats and the actors in the Swedish Nato-debate. The particular sequence of debate which is investigated took place in Swedish media during the summer of 2015. The objects examined in this study are the actors involved in the debate and the perceptions of threats formed by these actors. Lack of knowledge regarding how debates are formed by actors, through their perceptions of threats, makes us unable to fully comprehend how and why these perceptions are formed. This lack of knowledge makes us unable to evaluate the debate beyond the claims of the participating actors. This study seeks to explain how perceptions of threats in the chosen debate-sequence were formed through filtration. Theory considering filtration of perceived threats states that the actors forming perceived threats does this through psychological-, bureaucratic-, political- and medial processes. Actors and their perceived threats can also exercise power. Whether the actors and their discourses have exercised power in the Swedish Nato-debate is examined through a relational- and productive power perspective. Results show that the participating actors examined, scientists, journalists and politicians, have all formed perceived threats through different forms of filtration, and all actors have in some way exercised relational or productive power in the debate.

La presente investigación se realizó con el fin de evaluar el efecto probiótico de 3 diferentes dosis de Lactobacillus spp. como aditivo sobre parámetros productivos en Cavia porcellus. Se utilizaron 4 grupos de 8 cuyes machos destetados a las 2 semanas cada uno: 3 tratamientos y 1 control. El primer (T1), segundo (T2) y tercer tratamiento (T3) constaron de dosis diarias de 2.5x108, 2.5x109 y 2.5x1010 ufc del probiótico, respectivamente; para el grupo control (TC) suero fisiológico. El probiótico se obtuvo de un yogurt comercial mediante técnicas de aislamiento, identificación y liofilización. La administración del probiótico y el suero fisiológico fue vía oral e individualmente por 7 semanas; además, de recibir concentrado y forraje como alimento. Se empleó un diseño por bloques completos y aleatorizado, las variables en estudio fueron: peso, incremento de peso, conversión alimenticia y rendimiento de carcasa. Los resultados a las 7 semanas fueron: peso final de T1, T2, T3 y TC, 921, 933, 947 y 913 gr; incremento de peso total de T1, T2, T3 y TC, 640.5, 644.75, 632 y 654.75 gr; índice de conversión alimenticia promedio de T1, T2, T3 y TC, 2.90, 2.83, 3.11 y 2.52; y el rendimiento de carcasa promedio de T1, T2, T3 y TC 73.6%, 72.3%, 71.9% y 72.2%, respectivamente. Al análisis estadístico se encontró que no existe diferencia estadísticas significativas entre los grupos tratamiento y control, en las variables estudiadas. A la necropsia no se encontraron lesiones macroscópicas y los grupos tratamiento dieron resultados negativos de cultivos bacterianos para Salmonella spp. en un 100% de los casos, mientras que el grupo control dio un resultado positivo, lo que demuestra que el probiótico posiblemente puede inhibir el crecimiento de Salmonella.The present investigation was realized in order to evaluate the probiotic effect of 3 different doses of Lactobacillus spp. as additive on productive parameters in Cavia porcellus. There were 4 groups of 8 male guinea pigs weaned at 2 weeks each one: 3 treatments and 1 control. The first (T1), the second (T2) and the third (T3) consist of a daily doses of 2.5x108, 2.5x109 y 2.5x1010 cfu of the probiotic respectively; for the control group (TC) only physiological serum. The probiotic was obtained from a commercial yogurt by isolation, identification and freeze-dry techniques. The administration of the probiotic and the serum was individually and orally for 7 weeks, besides receiving concentrate and forage as food. Was used a complete and randomized blocks design, the variables in study were: weight, gain of weight, food conversion and carcass performance. The results at the 7 weeks were: final weight of T1, T2, T3 and TC, 921, 933, 947 and 913 gr; gain of total weight of T1, T2, T3, TC, 640.5, 644.75, 632 and 654.75 gr; average food conversion index of T1, T2, T3 and TC, 2.90, 2.83, 3.11 and 2.52; and average of carcass performance of T1, T2, T3 and TC, 73.6%, 72.3%, 71.9% and 72.2%, respectively. At the statistical analysis were found that there isn’t significant statistic difference between the treatments and control groups in the study variables. At the necropsy there wasn’t macroscopic injuries and the treatments groups show negative results in specific bacterial cultures for Salmonella spp. in 100% of the cases, while the control group have one positive result, which demonstrate that the probiotic can possibly disable Salmonella's growth.

TITLE: Hypertext and its didactic process for productive skills practise SUMMARY: The Master thesis deals with usage of the hypertext in the foreign language teaching. There was a didactic plan of the e-larning proposed in the realized pedagogic research, which was tested in use through the internet social network Facebook. The subject of the pedagogic research is the practise of the productive skills by students of german language at the A1 CEFR level. The intension of the research was the evaluation of the e-learning contribution at the area of the skills practise. This was evaluated on the basis of the didactical analysis of the authentical language material in hypertext, by pedagogical observation of the involved group and by further questionnaire. KEYWORDS: german language e-learning hypertext productive skills internet

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture and Regional and Community Planning / Jessica Canfield / As urban populations continue to grow, parks will become a critical component to creating and sustaining healthy cities. A review of literature related to landscape performance and 21st century parks reveals a paradigm shift in the ways we engage our built landscapes. No longer is it environmentally or fiscally responsible to implement and maintain resource consumptive city parks that are exclusively concerned with fulfilling social needs. To create environmentally, socially, and economically beneficial spaces, 21st century parks must include design elements and best management practices that ensure long-term sustainability. In Manhattan, Kansas, most of the city’s parks are recreation centric and primarily focused on fulfilling social needs. However, Fairmont Park has yet to be fully realized, and therefore presents the city an opportunity to implement its first sustainable park. Using the Sustainable Sites Initiative’s 2009 Guidelines and Performance Benchmarks as a guide, a series of sustainability evaluations were conducted on Fairmont Park’s existing conditions in order to reveal its current level of sustainability. To understand how the park was originally envisioned to perform, the same analysis was conducted on Fairmont Park’s 1998 Master Plan. Findings from this process revealed an opportunity to update the park’s current master plan, in order to achieve enhanced environmental, social, and economic benefits. Guided by 21st century park design, implementation, and management strategies, the redesign of Fairmont Park will not only help Riley County fulfill its goal of becoming a State leader in sustainable design, but it will provide the Manhattan community with a state-of-the-art productive park, which promotes environmental education and stewardship, physical activity, local food production and composting, and stormwater management practices.

These three papers examine "productive failure" as a viable learning design to improve problem solving skills using open-ended problems. Productive failure, a teaching method, is based on the premise of unsuccessful learning performance in solving for complex problems with little to no support while yielding productive learning for subsequent problems. Kapur (2008) argues that hidden efficacies of learning exist in failure in which learners potentially learn through experimentation from their exploration and struggle in solving complex problems in a way that learners must first try and solve complex, novel problems on their own, but ultimately will fail to reach a solution. We have limited understanding if this type of design would be effective on complex problems with multiple solutions since previous studies on productive failure focused on problems with a canonical solution. In the three papers, I examine the extent to which students learn how to solve moral dilemmas in productive failure (PF) compared to lecture and practice (LP) and to what extent instruction in PF helps students learn skills in transferable problem solving. One paper describes a pilot study that was conducted with 21 second-year dental hygiene students. In the randomized-controlled study, analysis did not show significant differences on moral reasoning (p = .06) and transfer of knowledge (p = .58) between PF and LP instructional method. However, the effect size on students' posttest scores was high (d = .76) which as a result of the educational intervention, suggests that PF students demonstrated acquisition of new thinking and approached the complex problem in a more sophisticated moral way of thinking. To replicate these findings, the results from the pilot study were used to make adjustments in instructional and research design for a full-scale study. The second study on 77 second-year dental hygiene students from four dental hygiene programs further shows that PF students gained a deeper conceptual understanding and were better prepared for subsequent problems. PF students, I found, demonstrated greater shifts from simplistic thinking to post conventional thinking compared to LP students. Although PF students performed similarly when compared to LP students on their posttest scores in the moral responses, LP students scored lower than their pretest problem and the difference between pretest and posttest scores in LP School had a moderate effect in a negative direction (d= -.64). Findings in both studies suggest that productive failure design has the potential to help students reach a deeper conceptual understanding when they 1) analyze their own failure; 2) use the learned concept to build upon their own prior knowledge; and 3) repair existing mental models to successfully solve complex problems. As such, continued exploration of various instructional approaches like productive failure is still needed as alternatives to lecture and practice for developing problem solving skills.

Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência reprodutiva por meio de um índice denominado retorno maternal (RMat) (kg/vaca/ano), composto pelas características: precocidade sexual (PS), permanência produtiva (PP) e produtividade materna (PM), considerando o custo de mantença (CM) da fêmea. Para o estudo, utilizou-se o banco de dados da raça Nelore do programa PAINT®, da CRV Lagoa. Inicialmente, estudos específicos da PS e da PP foram conduzidos separadamente. A idade ao primeiro parto (IPP) e a inclusão no rebanho (IReb) foram utilizadas como expressões da PS. A PP foi avaliada pela habilidade de permanência (HP) no rebanho aos 48, 60 e 72 meses de idade. Os grupos de contemporâneos foram formados pela concatenação das variáveis rebanho, ano e estação de nascimento. Os parâmetros genéticos e ambientais foram estimados mediante metodologias frequentista e bayesiana. Os valores de herdabilidade da IPP (0,02), da IReb (0,00) e da HP nas três idades estudadas (0,00) permitiram concluir que para esses rebanhos, não seria eficaz a inclusão destas em um índice econômico de seleção, pelo fato de não se apresentarem herdáveis. Sendo assim, a combinação dessas características se deu de forma fenotípica mediante o emprego do RMat. Este índice bioeconômico apresentou valor médio de 48 kg/vaca/ano e se mostrou herdável (0,45 ± 0,02). Portanto, eficaz na identificação de touros cujas filhas tenderam a ser precoces, produziram dois bezerros até os quatro anos de idade e estes, de desempenho superior para a produção de carne, sem aumentar os custos de produção. A PP até os 53 meses foi o componente que resultou em maior variação do RMat, quando houve o aumento, em uma unidade, do número de partos da fêmea. A combinação da PS, PP e PM, considerando o CM das vacas, no índice RMat, foi eficaz na identificação de touros para eficiência reprodutiva / Abstract: The objective of this research was to evaluate the reproductive efficiency of Nelore female cattle, using the index maternal return (MatR, kg of live weight/cow/year), considering the maintenance costs (MC) of females and including the following traits; sexual precocity (SP), stayability (ST), maternal productivity (MP). For this research the data bank of the breeding program PAINT® of CRV Lagoa has been used. Initially, the specific studies of SP and ST were been done separately. The age of first calving (AFC) and inclusion in the herd (IH) were used as SP expressions. The ST was evaluated at an age of 48, 60 and 72 months. Genetics and environmental parameters were estimated based on the frequentist and bayesian methodology. With heritability values of AFC (0.02), IH (0.00) and ST (0.00) at the three different ages one could conclude that for these herds it would not be efficient to include those traits in an economic selection index, due to the fact that those would not show inheritable. Therefore the combination of these traits was done in a phenotype way through the use of MatR, which estimated an average of 48 kg/cow/year. MatR proved to be heritable (0.45 ± 0.02) and was efficient to identify sires which daughters started their reproductive life at an early age; had assiduity; daughters were calving twice until four years of age; and had offspring with higher performance for beef production without increasing the production costs. The ST until 53 months of age was the component that resulted into more MatR variation, when increasing one extra calving. The combination between SP, ST and MP, considering MC of cows, in the MatR index was efficient to indentify sires for reproductive efficiency / Orientador: Sandra Aidar de Queiroz / Coorientador: Roberto Carvalheiro / Banca: Danísio Prado Munari / Banca: João Ademir de Oliveira / Banca: Lenira El Faro Zadra / Banca: Vânia Cardoso / Doutor

Magister Commercii - MCom / Women play an important role in food security. Growing, processing, purchasing, preparing and serving food to their families is a common and distinctive relationship they have to food in most societies in the world. They also play a critical role in food security. Yet, studies show that women are the most vulnerable to household food insecurity. At the heart of women’s differential vulnerability to household food insecurity is their lack of ownership of the means of food production, mainly land. Food is grown on land and access to land for productive purposes is vital for food security, especially for women who have little other means of securing food aside from performing subsistence farming for household food security. Thus, analyzing women experiences of accessing land and productive resources, and the manner in which such access shapes their empowerment and ability to achieve household food security is important. In this dissertation, women’s empowerment refers to a process where women gain the ability to make strategic life choices; I take the position that for women to be empowered, their access to resources, individual capacities and agency must be improved. Thus, this dissertation aims to examine the lived experiences of female farmers in Stellenbosch in terms of access to land and productive resources, and the implications this kind of access has for women’s empowerment and household food security.

The objective of educational innovation, wherever it takes place, at school or at national level, is to improve current practices. In its recent attempt to improve the quality of education in Malawi, the national government in 2001 embarked on curriculum reform and adopted an Outcomes Based curriculum which was implemented in 2007. The design features of the Malawi Outcomes Based Education were influenced by South Africa’s Curriculum 2005. Following the implementation of the curriculum reform, the purpose of this study was to investigate the enactment of Expressive Arts, its theme-based design and content, facilitative pedagogy and continuous assessment in a selection of six state primary schools – three urban and three rural in Zomba district where teachers were first trained to teach Expressive Arts. The study is framed by the theory of Illuminative evaluation (Parlett and Hamilton, 1976) and Productive Pedagogies (Lingard et al., 2001). Following a qualitative research design, data were collected through observation and post-observation interviews. Data analysis showed limited productive pedagogies in most lessons. The majority of lessons were characterised by lower intellectual quality, a focus on instrumental knowledge, integration at a superficial level, dominance of communalising practices, gendered practices, prevalence of localising discourses and a pedagogy aimed at national examinations. The overall picture from these findings is that classroom atmosphere in the twelve classrooms gave students limited opportunities for the acquisition of knowledge and development of skills, values and attitudes required for them to actively participate in the changing Malawian context and to be able to compete successfully in other contexts. It appears that dominant pedagogic practices in the Expressive Arts classroom serve to position learners in parochial orientations and issues. Therefore, there was an obvious discrepancy between the state’s intended curriculum and the teachers’ enacted curriculum. The implications of these findings for Malawi education have been raised. The most salient of these implications include the need for Malawi Institute of Education, the main change agent of primary school curriculum in the country, not only to consider revising the Expressive Arts curriculum but also to focus on the development of teachers in line with their needs for deeper content knowledge and productive pedagogic strategies.