The purpose of this study is to investigate ethical dilemmas and ethical difficulties experienced by psychologists in Sweden and South Africa. The study is a replication of previous studies conducted by Colnerud (1997) and Slack and Wassenaar (1999). A sample of 295 psychologists in Sweden and 312 psychologists in South Africa were asked to describe situations that they identified as ethically difficult. 53 psychologists in Sweden described 61 incidents and 21 psychologists in South Africa described 24 situations. This corresponds to a response rate of 20% in Sweden and 8% in South Africa. The reported dilemmas were categorized according to a qualitative content analysis developed by Pope and Vetter (1992). The contribution of this study is that the results confirm that confidentiality is a prominent ethical dilemma for psychologists in Sweden and South Africa. This finding is consistent with findings in comprehensive international research. Furthermore, the results indicate that psychologists, especially in Sweden, experience ethical problems due to weakened legitimacy when conducting assessments. The results are discussed taking into consideration the different contexts in which psychologists work, the application of different ethics codes and different levels of ethical awareness. The weaknesses of the study and the method used are also discussed.

Studien syftar till att undersöka former och innehåll i samverkan över förvaltningsnivå, utbildningsförvaltning och socialförvaltning i Västra Götaland, samt hur den uppfattas. Studien avgränsas till samverkan inom två kommuner och baseras på intervjuer med representanter från de båda förvaltningarna. Det är för mig ett aktuellt ämne eftersom vi som blivande lärare vet att alla elever har olika behov av stöd och hjälp. Utsatta barn är i behov av vuxna och är i en beroendeställning. Skolan är en verksamhet och socialtjänsten en annan som kan komma att ingå i utsatta barns liv. Intressant och aktuellt känns därför att undersöka vem har vilket ansvar och hur går det att samverka kring en elev mellan skola och socialtjänst? För att undersöka detta har en kvalitativ studie genomförts med intervjuer där totalt fem lärare på Individuella programmet och en rektor ingår, samt två socialsekreterare, det vill säga respondenter från de båda förvaltningarna. Studiens resultat visar att samverkan behövs och krävs, samtliga som deltar i studien ser att en samverkan är positiv och ju mer desto bättre. Samverkan bygger på personliga kontakter och är beroende av personliga relationer, vilket gör att samverkan fungerar olika. Sekretessen lyfts som ett hinder för samverkan utifrån en lärares syn, medan socialtjänsten inte ser sekretessen som ett hinder då det finns sekretessbrytande regler. Slutsatser som kan göras efter genomförd studie är att vi bör sätta det utsatta barnet i centrum och handla för dess bästa. Vi har olika yrkesroller som vi bör värna om och här krävs en samverkan över förvaltningsnivå för att kunna stötta det utsatta barnet på bästa och effektivaste sätt. / The study aims to examine the forms and contents of interaction of government, Social Administration and education administration, with the declared intention is to work for the pupil's best and create an overall perspective on the student. It is for me a timely subject because we as future teachers know that all students have different needs for support and help. Vulnerable children are in need of adults and are in a dependent position. The school is an operation and Social Administration of another who might be part of the vulnerable children's lives. Interesting and topical feel, therefore, to examine who has the responsibility and how you can interact around a student from school and Social Administration? To investigate this, a qualitative study conducted interviews with a total of five teachers in the Individual Program and a principal part, and two social workers. The study results show that collaboration is needed and necessary, all participating in the study sees a synergy is positive and the more the better. It is based on personal contacts and is dependent on personal relationships, making cooperation work differently. Secrecy is lifted as a barrier to collaboration on a teacher's views, while the Social Administration does not see confidentiality as a barrier where there are confidentiality-breaking rules. Conclusions can be made after the study is that we should put the abused child in the center and act for the best. We have different professional roles that we should protect and this requires a collaboration of government to support the abused child in the best and most efficient manner.

The aim of this thesis is to see in a descriptive manner, whether there is a difference in the ethical disposition of public and private banking sector managers in T&uuml / rkiye, according to two ethical theories: consequentialism (based on the consequences of the action) and deontologism (based on principles). The study analyzes the preferences of the managers both in the way of thinking and acting to see whether people act consistently with their way of thinking. The degree of validity of consequentialism/deontologism dichotomy and the daptability of these western theories to the Turkish context are also analyzed. Two hypotheses have been formed: private sector managers, young and male managers tend to be more consequentialist whereas public sector managers, elderly and female managers have a tendency toward deontologism. These hypotheses were tested on 58 managers working in the headquarters in Ankara (34 in the public, 24 in the private sector) through vignettes and interviews as data collection methods. As a result of the ANOVA analysis and content analysis performed on the data, private sector managers and male managers seem to be more consequentialist and they are consistent in their way of thinking and acting, but public sector managers, elderly and female managers do not have a tendency toward deontologism. The semistructured interviews showed that the level of awareness of the term ethics was low. Due to radical changes in social values in the last two decades in T&uuml / rkiye, contradictory values co-exist. The suitability of the consequentialist/deontological dichotomy may be questioned for T&uuml / rkiye.

Why do we care for future generations? This work argues that the reason we care for future generations lies in our psychogenetic nature. When we think of future generations, we feel that we have to do something for them. If we all have a common feeling profile, it is plausible to assume that this common feeling profile includes &ldquo / caring for future generations&rdquo / , because all of us do care for at least our own future generations. This psychogenetic disposition enables us to explain why sometimes we act as if we do not care for future generations as well. I believe that instead of telling people what their obligations are, it would be more realistic to reach their feelings deep inside: once people are aware of their true feelings, the situation can change.

Alienation is a one of the central concepts in Marx&rsquo / s philosophy. It has positive and negative implications regarding man&rsquo / s self realization in nature. It is also about discussion on ontology of work. Moreover, it has led Marx to design new society models for human beings. Alienation in Marx is analyzed together with political economy and its concepts. Baudrilliard&rsquo / s alienation discourses in contemporary age include arguments in terms of consumerism and technology in today&rsquo / s developed world. While Marx&rsquo / s theory of alienation considers the relation of subject and object in political economic conditions, Baudrilliard&rsquo / s discourses discuss it in social and cultural bases. Baudrilliard rather argues that reality and meaning in contemporary world is lost, we live in a &ldquo / hyperreal&rdquo / and &ldquo / simulacrum&rdquo / world.

<p>Studien syftar till att undersöka former och innehåll i samverkan över förvaltningsnivå, utbildningsförvaltning och socialförvaltning i Västra Götaland, samt hur den uppfattas. Studien avgränsas till samverkan inom två kommuner och baseras på intervjuer med representanter från de båda förvaltningarna. Det är för mig ett aktuellt ämne eftersom vi som blivande lärare vet att alla elever har olika behov av stöd och hjälp. Utsatta barn är i behov av vuxna och är i en beroendeställning. Skolan är en verksamhet och socialtjänsten en annan som kan komma att ingå i utsatta barns liv. Intressant och aktuellt känns därför att undersöka vem har vilket ansvar och hur går det att samverka kring en elev mellan skola och socialtjänst? För att undersöka detta har en kvalitativ studie genomförts med intervjuer där totalt fem lärare på Individuella programmet och en rektor ingår, samt två socialsekreterare, det vill säga respondenter från de båda förvaltningarna.</p><p>Studiens resultat visar att samverkan behövs och krävs, samtliga som deltar i studien ser att en samverkan är positiv och ju mer desto bättre. Samverkan bygger på personliga kontakter och är beroende av personliga relationer, vilket gör att samverkan fungerar olika. Sekretessen lyfts som ett hinder för samverkan utifrån en lärares syn, medan socialtjänsten inte ser sekretessen som ett hinder då det finns sekretessbrytande regler.</p><p>Slutsatser som kan göras efter genomförd studie är att vi bör sätta det utsatta barnet i centrum och handla för dess bästa. Vi har olika yrkesroller som vi bör värna om och här krävs en samverkan över förvaltningsnivå för att kunna stötta det utsatta barnet på bästa och effektivaste sätt.</p> / <p>The study aims to examine the forms and contents of interaction of government, Social Administration and education administration, with the declared intention is to work for the pupil's best and create an overall perspective on the student. It is for me a timely subject because we as future teachers know that all students have different needs for support and help. Vulnerable children are in need of adults and are in a dependent position. The school is an operation and Social Administration of another who might be part of the vulnerable children's lives. Interesting and topical feel, therefore, to examine who has the responsibility and how you can interact around a student from school and Social Administration? To investigate this, a qualitative study conducted interviews with a total of five teachers in the Individual Program and a principal part, and two social workers.</p><p>The study results show that collaboration is needed and necessary, all participating in the study sees a synergy is positive and the more the better. It is based on personal contacts and is dependent on personal relationships, making cooperation work differently. Secrecy is lifted as a barrier to collaboration on a teacher's views, while the Social Administration does not see confidentiality as a barrier where there are confidentiality-breaking rules.</p><p>Conclusions can be made after the study is that we should put the abused child in the center and act for the best. We have different professional roles that we should protect and this requires a collaboration of government to support the abused child in the best and most efficient manner.</p>

<p>The purpose of this study is to investigate ethical dilemmas and ethical difficulties experienced by psychologists in Sweden and South Africa. The study is a replication of previous studies conducted by Colnerud (1997) and Slack and Wassenaar (1999). A sample of 295 psychologists in Sweden and 312 psychologists in South Africa were asked to describe situations that they identified as ethically difficult. 53 psychologists in Sweden described 61 incidents and 21 psychologists in South Africa described 24 situations. This corresponds to a response rate of 20% in Sweden and 8% in South Africa. The reported dilemmas were categorized according to a qualitative content analysis developed by Pope and Vetter (1992). The contribution of this study is that the results confirm that confidentiality is a prominent ethical dilemma for psychologists in Sweden and South Africa. This finding is consistent with findings in comprehensive international research. Furthermore, the results indicate that psychologists, especially in Sweden, experience ethical problems due to weakened legitimacy when conducting assessments. The results are discussed taking into consideration the different contexts in which psychologists work, the application of different ethics codes and different levels of ethical awareness. The weaknesses of the study and the method used are also discussed.</p>

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The informal breach of client confidentiality by psychologists was discussed in relation to various issues in professionalism and professional ethics, both in general and in the South African context. lnformal breaches of client confidentiality were identified as a common by under researched form of ethical malpractice, and nominated as the dependent variable in this study. Different emphases in ethical education were discussed in relation to various theories of moral thinking and moral action (particularly the 'levels' theory of moral thinking of R.M. Hare), and identified as an independent variable for the empirical portion of the study. A second independent variable, of countertransference responses by psychologists to clients, was also identified and discussed. A purpose-developed postal questionnaire was administered to a sample of South African clinical, counselling, and educational psychologists to assess the incidence of informal breaches of confidentiality in a South African sample, as well as the relationship between the variables. Although a high incidence of informal breaches of confidentiality was reported by the sample, and indirect support for Hare's levels theory of moral thinking found, the results did not demonstrate a significant relationship between the independent and dependent variables. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1998.

This study aimed to profile social science researchers' experiences of ethically challenging incidents and ethics review and to consider these experiences in terms of the two institutions from which participants were selected. Data was gathered by means of an email survey sent to social science researchers working in both a university and a research organisation. The findings reveal that ethically challenging incidents involving privacy, confidentiality and anonymity, harm, beneficence, poor science, role conflict, informed consent, recruitment of participants and publication were encountered frequently by social science researchers. While respondents reported both positive and negative experiences of ethics review, researchers at the university reported significantly more ethically challenging incidents and negative experiences of ethics review than did researchers from the research organisation. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.