First year medical school enrollment is projected to reach 21,349 by the 2018 school year, reflecting a 30 percent increase compared to 2002 enrollment numbers (Erikson, Whatley, & Tilton, 2014). In 2006, the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) recommended this increase in enrollment in response to concerns about a physician shortage. Unfortunately, the increase in the number of medical students enrolling in medical school may be good for society, but it may not be good for the health of medical students. A commentary in the journal, Academic Medicine, was titled, “Medical Student Distress: A Call to Action” (Dyrbye & Shanafelt, 2011). There is concern that the structure of medical education may contribute to the lack of wellbeing in medical students beginning in their first year of medical school. This is an issue of great importance to society as medical students are experiencing distress at a time when more physicians are needed. Medical schools are working to better understand the process of professional identity formation of medical students. The experiences in medical school contribute, both in positive and negative ways to the socialization and creation of a new identity for medical students. The overall purpose of this study is to explore and analyze the narrative reflections of first year medical students as a rich source of data on the construction of their professional identity formation as a physician. This was a qualitative research study using narrative inquiry. In order to gain a deeper understanding of how first year experiences of medical students influence their professional identity formation, I explored and analyzed 205 reflections of first year medical students from a northeast medical school as a rich source of data on the construction of their professional identity as a physician. Four themes emerged as important to medical students during their first year of medical school from their narrative reflections: balance, mental health, hidden curriculum and professionalism. The four themes reveal that first year medical students experience varying levels of stress during their first year of medical school. This mirrors the results of a study done more than eighty years ago. Now and then, medical students expressed similar concerns. (Strecker, Appel, Palmer, & Braceland, 1937) asked fourth year medical students questions about their wellness, phrased as neurotic or nervous symptoms. Sixty percent of the students believed their symptoms appeared when they started studying medicine. These findings support the concerns of the American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC). In 2016, AAMC held a Leadership Forum in Washington, DC to address what they called a public health crisis. There was significant concern about the wellbeing of those in academic medicine.

Many researchers have found that differences exist in counselors' professional identity (PI) associated with gender, learning opportunities, and specialty area. However, researchers have not focused on the impact of counselors' type of education program (online vs traditional) to PI. The purpose of this study was to address this gap and determine if differences exist in PI across program types for novice counselors. The framework for this study was built around the concept of PI, defined as including knowledge, expertise, professional roles, attitudes, behaviors, and interactions. The research question was designed to examine the differences in PIs across traditional and online education settings. A convenience sample of 140 new graduate participants was obtained for this cross-sectional survey study-113 from traditional programs and 27 from online programs. PI of participants was measured using the Professional Identity Scale in Counseling (PISC) and data were analyzed using an analysis of covariance with the covariates of gender and specialty area. The results did not show a significant difference in PI between program types, however, the means of the PISC showed that the group of online graduates scored slightly higher. While not statistically significant, the findings of the study contribute to positive social change by showing that no differences exist across the PI development of novice counselors based on program type. Therefore, counselor educators can continue to practice in ways that foster the development of students based on their education program type. Counselor education that fosters the development of student PI contributes to the community as a whole by producing individuals who are competent and knowledgeable for professional practice.

O presente trabalho analisa as competências de jornalistas, aplicadas no mundo do trabalho, em atividades de educomunicação. Partimos da constatação de que, especialmente no terceiro setor brasileiro, existem organizações sociais idealizadas e gerenciadas por jornalistas de formação. Ademais, no âmbito da Associação Brasileira de Pesquisadores e Profissionais em Educomunicação (ABPEducom), o jornalismo é a categoria profissional mais representativa entre seus associados, o que demonstra proximidade e identificação de jornalistas com a educomunicação. Assim, no âmbito teórico desta pesquisa, procuramos discutir a educomunicação como atividade de trabalho adequada a jornalistas. Recorremos, para tal, a autores(as) que (1) problematizam o sujeito social, a formação de sua subjetividade e seu engajamento em movimentos sociais, bem como a inter-relação comunicação e educação, em especial a partir das organizações sociais no Brasil; (2) abordam o ensino e a prática do jornalismo e o seu esvaziamento na contemporaneidade, em que os relatos da realidade da imprensa hegemônica reduzem o jornalismo a mercadoria e os(as) seus(suas) profissionais, portanto, a autômatos da informação e (3) discutem o trabalho na perspectiva da ontologia do ser social e, nesse sentido, a abordagem ergológica fundamenta o olhar que constituímos sobre trabalho, além de ser, no âmbito metodológico, a postura epistemológica que adotamos na organização da pesquisa para friccionar práticas, experiências e discursos sobre trabalho. A pesquisa de campo que realizamos se deu com base em três coletas: a primeira, de cunho exploratório e quantitativo, levantou um perfil inicial do(a) educomunicador(a) brasileiro(a), a partir dos associados à ABPEducom e, em especial, do(a) jornalista que se identifica com a educomunicação. A segunda, de caráter empírico, consistiu na observação e análise da atividade de trabalho de nove jornalistas vinculados(as) a seis iniciativas em que a educomunicação é identificada, seja nas características processuais das atividades desenvolvidas, seja na proximidade dos(as) profissionais com o conceito e também com o universo da educação. A terceira coleta, por fim, consistiu na escuta de 21 jornalistas com atuação na interface comunicação e educação. O Dispositivo dinâmico de três polos, que visa a compreender as inter-relações que há no mundo do trabalho, emprestado da ergologia, alicerça a metodologia desta pesquisa, permitindo tensionar as atividades de trabalho observadas em sua empiria e os discursos dos profissionais sobre o trabalho exercido na interface com a educação. A Análise do Discurso (AD) foi uma técnica empregada para identificar as questões que permeiam o que jornalistas dizem sobre suas práticas de interface, sobretudo os valores e repertórios que empregam no exercício da educomunicação. Como principais resultados, identificamos que os(as) profissionais pesquisados(as) resgatam a deontologia do jornalismo nas atividades de educomunicação, nas quais exercem sua sensibilidade para questões sociais. O repertório predominante, nesse contexto, é mais da comunicação e menos do jornalismo, sendo este combinado com estratégias comunicativas, educativas e de desenvolvimento social. / This paper analyses the skills of journalists applied to educational activities in the world of work. We started from the verification that, especially in the Brazilian third sector, there are social organizations idealized and managed by trainee journalists. In addition, regarding Associação Brasileira de Pesquisadores e Profissionais em Educomunicação (Brazilian Association of Researchers and Professionals in Educommunication - ABPEducom), journalism is the most representative professional category among its associates, which demonstrates journalist\'s proximity and identification with educommunication. Thus, in the theoretical scope of this research, we discussed educommunication as an appropriate professional activity for journalists. We used authors who (1) problematize the social subject, their subjectivity formation and their engagement in social movements, as well as communication and education interrelation, especially from social organizations in Brazil; (2) approach journalism teaching and practice and its emptying in contemporary times, when reports on hegemonic press reality reduce journalism to commodity and so its professionals to information automata; and (3) discuss work from the social being ontology perspective and, in this sense, the ergological approach supports our view on work and, methodologically, it is the epistemological posture we adopted in the research organization to rub practices, experiences and discourses about work. We conducted field research based on three data collecting steps: the first one, exploratory and quantitative, investigated an initial profile of the Brazilian educommunicator, surveying ABPEducom members, especially, journalists who identify themselves with educommunication. The second step is empirical and consisted of observation and analysis of the working activities of nine journalists, associated to six initiatives in which education is identified, either in the procedural characteristics of the performed activities or in the proximity of the professionals with the concept as well as with the universe of education. The third data collection step included listening to 21 journalists working in communication and education interface. The dynamic three-pole device, which aims to understand interrelationships in the world of work, is originally from ergology and is used to support this research methodology, allowing to stress the work activities observed in practice and the discourses of the professionals about the work done in the interface with education. We used Discourse Analysis (AD) as a technique to identify issues which permeate what journalists say about their interface practices, especially values and repertoires they use in educommunication practice. As main results, we identified that the researched professionals bring back the deontology of journalism in the educommunication activities, in which they exercise their sensibility to social issues. The predominant repertoire, in this context, is more of communication and less of journalism,that is combined with communicative, educational and social development strategies.

This research investigates the relevance of professional subcultures in a climate of change at a large hospital in South-Western Sydney and addresses the question : 'How do changes associated with health reform impact upon cultural interdependence between professional identities?'. As a corollary, cultural interdependence between professional identities may have profound consequences for health reform and for hospital management. By exploring the two main ideas, Professional Sub-group culture and change, this research draws from existing theory in areas such as organisational culture and cultural change, professional identities and health reform. The thesis addresses three anthropological perspectives of cultural change. It addresses the integration perspective as a homogenous unity by analysing the organisation-wide key ideas (or myths) that make action possible, often espoused by senior management. It addresses the fragmentation perspective as a gathering of transient concerns, by acknowledging the ambiguity and anxiety associated with a state of constant flux. It analyses the differentiation perspective as a collection of subcultures and its commonalities and differences. The change discussed in the thesis was not of an archetypal nature. There was no transformation of the organisational business model at government level. However, at lower levels, actors in the organisation experienced jolts through decreed change from a small district level hospital to a large tertiary level trauma centre. This research re-evaluates the theory on professional identity by establishing to what extent environmental changes and organisational changes impact upon professional identity from three cultural perspectives. This research does this by first assessing the health care organisation for existence of occupational subcultures through survey. The research continues by investigating the relationships between occupational groups through focus group discussion and in-depth interviews. Participant observation is used to illustrate and reflect commonality and diversity. This combination of methods facilitates the analysis of change and professional identity / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p>Syftet med studien var att undersöka sjuksköterskors upplevelser av vilken betydelse genus har i skapandet av en yrkesidentitet. Ett så kallat snöbollsurval användes för att hitta lämpliga informanter. Intervjuer genomfördes på fyra manliga och fyra kvinnliga sjuksköterskor. Vid analysen framkom sex kategorier, Yrkesvalet, Avsaknad av manliga förebilder, Yrkestitel, Heteronormativa ideal, Synen på manliga sjuksköterskors inträde i yrket samt Innebörden av omvårdnad. Resultatet visade att idealbilden av en sjuksköterska fortfarande ses som en vårdande, moderlig och omhändertagande kvinna, vilket sågs som den gemensamma förklaringen till varför fler kvinnor än män väljer att utbilda sig till sjuksköterskor. Detta medför att manliga sjuksköterskor har färre förebilder inom yrket och därmed andra förutsättningar att forma en yrkesidentitet. Informanterna upplevde skillnader i förväntningar på kvinnliga respektive manliga sjuksköterskor samt olika föreställningar om hur en sjuksköterska ska vara beroende på kön. I fråga om status och lön delade informanterna åsikten om att fler män inom yrket skulle vara gynnande.</p> / <p>The aim of this study was to explore nurse’s experiences on what significance gender has in creating a professional identity. Snowball sampling was used to find appropriate informants. Interviews were executed on four male and four female nurses. From the analysis six categories emerged, Choice of profession, Lack of male role models, Working title, Heteronormativity as an ideal, the View on male nurse’s entry into the profession and the Meaning of nursing care. The result demonstrated that the ideal of a nurse is still perceived as a caring, maternal and tending woman. This was seen as the common explanation to why there are more women then men who choose to study to become a nurse. This results in male nurses having fewer role models within the profession thus different conditions when it comes to forming a professional identity. The informants experienced differences in expectations on female and male nurses and also different ides on what a nurse should be like depending on gender. In the matter of status and reward there was an agreement among the informants that more men within the profession would be beneficial.</p>

The thesis focuses on a group of programme-specific subject teachers working in the upper secondary school child recreation programme. The aim has been to study who is appointed to these positions, and ways in which their work is affected by national and local requirements. An additional aim has been to examine the factors which affect the teachers' professional identity, and the position which they have acquired at upper secondary school. The theoretical frameworks used are profession theories, discourse theories, Bernstein's curriculum theory, Bourdieu's cultural-sociological concept, and gender theory. The study is qualitative in nature and the empirical data consists of the written accounts and diary entries of ten teachers. The teachers and three school principals were interviewed in autumn 1998. In addition to government reports and guidelines the data also include questionnaire responses from 184 upper secondary teachers. The results indicate that decentralisation has caused many of the tasks and responsibilities generated by the upper secondary reform of the 1990s to become invisible. The teachers, who form a heterogeneous group, are responsible for both a broad multi-disciplinary subject area and work-place teaching for which none of them has been fully trained. The complexity of the student groups, with many students experiencing study difficulties, has imposed considerable demands on the teachers, who have developed approaches and pedagogical techniques for dealing with the students' needs. The teachers' work with students and their experience of cooperation, team work and alternative working methods in line with government aims has proved successful, according to National Agency for Education reports and statements by school principals. Their care-oriented approach has also fitted in well with the government aim of a school for all. In this respect they are clearly professional. However, the teachers do not appear to have established a particularly prominent role for themselves in the upper secondary school system. They are very much seen by others and themselves to occupy a low-status category and to have developed their professional identity within a generalist ideal, whereas the norm at upper secondary school is still characterised by a specialist ideal. / digitalisering@umu

A multi professional team use different professional skills to a specific target. The people in the team complement each other to achieve the best performance possible. Professional identity is a mix between the professional and personal identity. Social identities, like professional identity, is a product of social categorization and social comparison. The purpose of this study was to examine how increased cooperation in cross-disciplinary teams has affected the professional identity of home care staff. The method I used to gather my material were focus groups with home care staff in relation to their workplace. Five focus groups were conducted and formed the basis of the results. I used parts of and got inspired from the hermeneutic approach in the analysis of my empirical findings. The results were interpreted by the social identity theory and the concepts of identity, professional identity and the dual task. The results show that home care staff finds it difficult to describe what their role is in the profession. The team's work has affected the staff to feel stronger in their profession and occupation. They have been able to learn from the other team members and have got a deeper understanding of the other team member’s profession. They also believe that the home care staff group has become more of a united group now that they know more about each other's work, work more equal and have more discussions within the group. Home care staff professional identity has been influenced, as all work within the team goes toward a common explicit goal. This has made stronger professional identity within the group and they can identify themselves more with each other. The teams work towards the common goal has also contributed to that they experience cooperation, understanding and affinity with the other team members. This has broadened their professional identity and they have become part of a new group - the team.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka sjuksköterskors upplevelser av vilken betydelse genus har i skapandet av en yrkesidentitet. Ett så kallat snöbollsurval användes för att hitta lämpliga informanter. Intervjuer genomfördes på fyra manliga och fyra kvinnliga sjuksköterskor. Vid analysen framkom sex kategorier, Yrkesvalet, Avsaknad av manliga förebilder, Yrkestitel, Heteronormativa ideal, Synen på manliga sjuksköterskors inträde i yrket samt Innebörden av omvårdnad. Resultatet visade att idealbilden av en sjuksköterska fortfarande ses som en vårdande, moderlig och omhändertagande kvinna, vilket sågs som den gemensamma förklaringen till varför fler kvinnor än män väljer att utbilda sig till sjuksköterskor. Detta medför att manliga sjuksköterskor har färre förebilder inom yrket och därmed andra förutsättningar att forma en yrkesidentitet. Informanterna upplevde skillnader i förväntningar på kvinnliga respektive manliga sjuksköterskor samt olika föreställningar om hur en sjuksköterska ska vara beroende på kön. I fråga om status och lön delade informanterna åsikten om att fler män inom yrket skulle vara gynnande. / The aim of this study was to explore nurse’s experiences on what significance gender has in creating a professional identity. Snowball sampling was used to find appropriate informants. Interviews were executed on four male and four female nurses. From the analysis six categories emerged, Choice of profession, Lack of male role models, Working title, Heteronormativity as an ideal, the View on male nurse’s entry into the profession and the Meaning of nursing care. The result demonstrated that the ideal of a nurse is still perceived as a caring, maternal and tending woman. This was seen as the common explanation to why there are more women then men who choose to study to become a nurse. This results in male nurses having fewer role models within the profession thus different conditions when it comes to forming a professional identity. The informants experienced differences in expectations on female and male nurses and also different ides on what a nurse should be like depending on gender. In the matter of status and reward there was an agreement among the informants that more men within the profession would be beneficial.

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att se hur yrkesrollen och yrkesidentiteten hos redovisningskonsulter förändras på grund av de externa förändringar som ständigt sker i branschen. Teoretisk ansats: Litteraturgenomgången är uppbyggd kring två delar. Den första är yrkesrollen och den andra är yrkesidentiteten. Metodologi: Studien använder sig utav en kvalitativ metod för att skapa en förståelse kring hur redovisningskonsulterna själva ser på hur förändringarna har påverkat deras yrkesroll och yrkesidentitet. Slutsatser: Slutsatsen som denna studie har kommit fram till är att fyra externa förändringar: auktorisationen av redovisningskonsulter, införandet av Reko, avskaffandet av revisionsplikten och införandet av K2 och K3 regelverken påverkar redovisningskonsulternas yrkesroll och yrkesidentitet. De har fått en utbredd yrkesroll och den sociala biten har blivit viktigare och även de personliga egenskaperna har förändrats. / Aim: The aim of this study is to see how the professional role and professional identity of accounting consultant's changes due to the external changes that constantly occur in the accounting profession. Theoretical approach: The literature review is structured around two parts. The first is the role of the professional and the other is professional identity. Methodology: The study uses a qualitative method to create an understanding of how accounting consultants themselves look at how the changes have affected their professional role and professional identity. Conclusions: The conclusion of this study has concluded these four external changes: the authorization of accountants, the introduction of Reko, the abolishment of audit requirement and introduction of K2 and K3 regulations affecting accounting consultants' professional role and professional identity. They have a more widespread professional role and the sociability has become more important and also the personal characteristics have changed.

This thesis examines the professional identities of three Victorian novelists, George Eliot (1819-1880), Charlotte Yonge (1823-1901) and Florence Marryat (1837-1899), all of whom worked as editors between 1850 and 1880. I explore the practices that these women adopted as journalists in order to survive, and indeed thrive, within a male-dominated literary marketplace, revealing a number of strategies in common as well as some important differences. I also consider how these author-editors represented the experience of the female artist-professional in their fiction, demonstrating that each woman figured the mid-Victorian ideal of domesticity as useful when seeking to negotiate a public identity within a challenging professional climate. Working in the press during a period which has been described as a ‘golden age of women’s journalism,’ these writers nevertheless faced numerous challenges. The purpose of this thesis is to examine why George Eliot, Charlotte Yonge and Florence Marryat found useful the particular practices they chose when editing and writing fiction within the context of this rapidly changing climate. By examining this very diverse sample of writers, I demonstrate how women responded to the demands of the mid-Victorian periodical press, and their role within it, through the practices of anonymity, male pseudonyms, signature and posing as amateurs. The Introduction examines the nature of the professional/amateur divide at mid-century, and demonstrates how women could usefully subvert domestic ideology to position themselves as amateurs and thus covertly enter the public sphere. I offer an overview of research into the periodical press, as well as the position of the woman journalist. In the second part of my Introduction, I introduce the magazines that Eliot, Yonge and Marryat edited, describing a typical issue and offering important contextual information. Chapter One looks at George Eliot’s editorship of The Westminster Review (1852-1854), arguing that while Eliot adopted the tactic of anonymity and pseudonymity she nevertheless developed the persona of an ‘editress’ through her private correspondence. Chapter One examines the ideal of women’s literary professionalism that Eliot developed through the articles she published in The Westminster Review, based upon the values of hard work, training and excellence, and how this was then reflected in her representation of the female artist-professional in her fiction in texts as diverse as Scenes of Clerical Life (1858) and Daniel Deronda (1876). Chapter Two explores Charlotte Yonge’s editorship of The Monthly Packet (1851-1899) and the lesser-known privately circulated magazine The Barnacle (1863-1867). I examine Yonge’s practice of signature and posing as an amateur, as well as her editorial character of ‘Mother Goose,’ arguing that Yonge shared many of Eliot’s ideals of literary professionalism and that this is reflected in novels such as Dynevor Terrace (1857) and The Clever Woman of the Family (1865). In Chapter Three, I examine Florence Marryat’s editorship of London Society (1872-1876). I explore Marryat’s practice of signature, posing as an amateur when new to her profession and her editorial character of the ‘spiritualist editress,’ arguing that like Yonge, Marryat’s vision of women’s professionalism was similar to that of Eliot and that this was reflected in her representation of the female artist-professional in texts such as Her World Against a Lie (1878) and My Sister the Actress (1881). Despite writing for very different markets, what emerges from the fiction of all three author-editors is an idealised combination of posing as an amateur and skilful performance as an artist. Drawing on original archival research, this thesis recovers their hitherto under-researched editorial work, prompting a reconsideration of the canonical work of George Eliot, stressing the significance of the more familiar work of Charlotte Yonge and introducing Florence Marryat as an important but neglected literary figure.