Doctorat en sciences psychologiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Sports scientists and trainers generally agree that the multidimensional training in tennis should start during early childhood in order to ultimately reach a professional playing standard. Evidence suggests that motor skills, including power, strength, agility, speed and explosive power, as well as mental strength and a highly developed neuromuscular coordinating ability are strongly correlated with the level of tournament performance. Turner&Dent (1996) found that 27% of all tennis injuries in junior players occur in the shoulder region. The shoulder girdle is prone to injury because of its ability to maximally accelerate and decelerate the arm while the arm maintains it maintains precise control over the racquet at ball contact. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the occurrence of shoulder injuries could be minimized in tennis players by following a specific exercise programme, focusing on the shoulder girdle. A total of 42 tennis players participated in this study. They were all aged between 14 and 18 years. Both males and females were used for the purpose of this study. All the players were training at the SA Tennis Performance Centre and the International Tennis Federation at the University of Pretoria. They were all elite tennis players practising daily and scheduled for standard major tournaments throughout the year. Each subject completed a questionnaire of his or her tennis and medical history. The players were then divided into a control group and an experimental group. Both groups completed a series of physical scientific tests, consisting of posture analysis, body composition, flexibility, functional strength of the upper body; and isokinetic power and endurance of the shoulder muscles. These tests were executed every 3 months over a 9-month period and the results of each battery of tests were used to adjust and upgrade the new programmes. The experimental group did specific preventative shoulder exercises 5 times a week in addition to their usual gymnasium programme twice a week, while the control group followed a normal strengthening programme twice a week. A medical doctor immediately evaluated any muscle stresses or pains throughout the year. At the end of the year the data was compared to determine the difference in injury occurrence between the two groups. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the distribution of the lean body mass with the Lean body mass at T1 being lower than the Lean body mass at T3 in the control group. In the experimental group the fat percentage showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) from T1 to T3. The distribution of the muscle percentage at T1 was significantly different (p<0.05) from the distribution of the muscle percentage at T3 in the experimental group with the muscle percentage at T1 being lower than the muscle percentage at T3. There was a significant difference between the control and experimental group for 1RM bench press (p<0.05) with the 1RM bench press measurements at T3 being lower for the control group than for the experimental group. Also, the 1RM bench press at T1 was lower than the 1RM bench press at T3 in the experimental group. The experimental group showed a significant increase from T1 to T3, peaking at T3 with the 1RM bench press. Results of the tests done to determine isokinetic muscle strength showed that a statistical significant correlation (p<0.05) was found with regard to the strength of the internal rotators of the non-dominant shoulder at T3, with the experimental group having a higher measurement than the control group. The internal rotators and external rotators of both the dominant and non-dominant shoulders were lower at T1 than at T3 in the experimental group (p<0.05). The external rotators of the non-dominant shoulder at T1 were lower than the external rotators of the non-dominant shoulder at T3 in the control group. Results of the tests done to determine flexibility showed a statistically significant difference with the internal rotators and external rotators of the dominant as well as the non-dominant shoulders being lower at T1 than at T3 in the experimental group. Also, the external rotators of the non-dominant shoulder of the control group were lower at T1 than at T3. Results of the tests done to determine posture showed that in the control group, 54.5% of the players had scoliosis at T1 as opposed to 40.9% at T3. In the experimental group 55% had scoliosis at T1 compared to the 30% at T3. In the experimental group, 55% of the players’ shoulder heights were not level at T1, compared to 30% at T3. 63.6% of the control group’s non-dominant shoulders were higher than the dominant shoulder at T1, compared to the 40.9% of subjects at T3. Among the subjects in the experimental group, 50% had a higher non-dominant shoulder and 5% a higher dominant shoulder at T1, compared to 25% and 5% respectively in the control group, at T3. Results of the tests done to determine the occurrence of injuries, showed that the subjects with no injuries in the control group stayed stable from T1 (54.5%) to T2 (54.5%) whereafter it increased to 59.1% at T3. The experimental group stayed stable from T1 (55.0%) to T2 (55.0%) where after it increased to 85% at T3. In the control group the percentage grade 1 and 2 injuries was 13.6% at T1, increasing to 18.2% at T2, and decreasing to 13.6% at T3. In the experimental group 15% of the subjects had grade 1 injuries at T1. This percentage increased to 30% at T2 where after it decreased to 15% at T3 again. The percentage of subjects with grade 2 injuries in the experimental group remained stable at 10.0% from T1 to T2. None of the subjects had grade 2 injuries at T3. In the control group 9% had grade 3 injuries at T1, with none at T2 and T3. In the experimental group the percentage of subjects with grade 3 injuries remained stable at 5.0% from T1 to T2. None of the subjects had grade 3 injuries at T3. In the control group 4.5% of subjects had grade 4 injuries at T1. This stayed more or less stable at T2 (4.6%) and increased to 9.1% at T3. In the experimental group 10.0% had grade 4 injuries at T1. None of the subjects had grade 4 injuries at either T2 or T3. In the control group 4.5% had grade 5 injuries at T1, none had it at T2, and 4.5% had it at T3. In the experimental group none of the subjects had grade 5 injuries at T1, T2 or T3. In the control group none of the subjects had grade 6 injuries at T1 or T3. At T2, however, 4.6% had grade 6 injuries. In the experimental group 5.0% of the subjects had grade 6 injuries at T1 and none had this type of injury at T2 or T3. In conclusion, the results indicate that a specifically designed exercise programme can help to diminish the risk of shoulder injuries in tennis players. It can also improve bi-lateral muscle strength in opposing muscle groups which are used in tennis. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / unrestricted

Actuellement, le développement d’un logiciel de taille industriel repose généralement surdes tests ou des preuves unitaires pour garantir rigoureusement ses exigences. En outre, il adéjà été montré que l’utilisation combinée du test et de la preuve unitaires est plus efficaceque l’utilisation d’une seule de ces deux techniques. Néanmoins, un ingénieur en vérificationhésite encore à utiliser ces deux techniques conjointement, faute d’une notion de couverturecommune au test et à la preuve. Définir une telle notion est l’objet de cette thèse.En effet, nous introduisons une nouvelle couverture, appelée « couverture label-mutant ».Elle permet de représenter les critères de couverture structurelle habituels du test, comme lacouverture des instructions, la couverture des branches ou la couverture MC/DC et de décidersi le critère choisi est satisfait en utilisant une technique de vérification formelle, qu’elle soitpar test, par preuve ou par une combinaison des deux. Elle permet également de représenterles critères de couverture fonctionnelle. Nous introduisons aussi dans cette thèse une méthodereposant sur des outils automatiques de test et de preuve pour réduire l’effort de vérificationtout en satisfaisant le critère de couverture choisi. Cette méthode est mise en oeuvre au seinde la plateforme d’analyse de code C (Frama-C), fournissant ainsi à un ingénieur un moyenopérationnel pour contrôler et réaliser la vérification qu’il souhaite. / Currently, industrial-strength software development usually relies on unit testing or unitproof in order to ensure high-level requirements. Combining these techniques has already beendemonstrated more effective than using one of them alone. The verification engineer is yetnot been to combine these techniques because of the lack of a common notion of coverage fortesting and proving. Defining such a notion is the main objective of this thesis.We introduce here a new notion of coverage, named « label-mutant coverage ». It subsumesmost existing structural coverage criteria for unit testing, including statement coverage,branch coverage or MC/DC coverage, while allowing to decide whether the chosen criterionis satisfied by relying on a formal verification technique, either testing or proving or both.It also subsumes functional coverage criteria. Furthermore, we also introduce a method thatmakes use of automatic tools for testing or proving in order to reduce the verification costwhile satisfying the chosen coverage criterion. This method is implemented inside Frama-C, aframework for verification of C code (Frama-C). This way, it offers to the engineer a way tocontrol and to perform the expected verifications.

Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2015

Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2015

L'évaluation du programme de relations industrielles 1 à la F.E.P. (Faculté de l'Éducation Permanente) nous offre l'occasion d'appliquer le modèle conjoncturel*, qui a été introduit par Stake (1975) ainsi que Guba et Lincoln (1981a) dans la littérature concernant les modèles d'évaluation de programme d'études. L'utilisation de cette approche nous a permis de dresser un portrait de la situation, d'établir un consensus au niveau des différents groupes impliqués concernant les problèmes auxquels se confrontent le certificat et de formuler des recommandations appropriées. Cette expérience nous a aussi permis d'identifier les avantages et les limites reliés à l'application du modèle conjoncturel ainsi que de les confronter avec le point de vue de d'autres utilisateurs. / Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2015

The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the use of the funds of European Union for the development of tourism in the Czech Republic and France and find out what financial resources are invested in the support of tourism and if they are allocated effectively. The comparison between these countries was accomplished by two similar regions Central Bohemian Region and Lower Normandy.

L'objectif de ce mémoire est d'établir de quelle façon la Compétence 1 du programme Histoire et éducation à la citoyenneté, "Interroger les réalités sociales dans une perspective historique", s'occupe de développer la pensée historique chez les élèves du premier cycle du secondaire. C'est effectivement par la voie de la perspective historique, plus particulièrement l'attitude de questionnement, que le programme propose l'acquisition d'un mode de pensée historique. Cependant, parce qu'il s'agit de développer une attitude, il peut sembler embêtant de rendre concrète la première compétence du programme, c'est pourquoi nous avons bâti une activité pédagogique pour la mettre en oeuvre. Nous l'avons ensuite mise à l'épreuve auprès d'un groupe d'élèves de Ve secondaire pour vérifier si l'activité permettait vraiment d'améliorer la qualité de leur questionnement. L'analyse des résultats fait ressortir qu'il est effectivement possible de changer pour le mieux les questions des élèves à l'aide d'une telle activité pédagogique.

There is increasing evidence that aspects of human eating may be 'addictive'. Much of the existing literature examining this focuses on specific foods or individual pathologies of 'addiction'. Qualitative research methods, in particular content analysis, offers a rich opportunity to better understand 'addictive' aspects of human eating through the stories shared by those who have experienced compulsive eating. This research examines two different organizations that use storytelling as a tool for changing eating behaviours. Overeaters Anonymous (OA) and Weight Watchers (WW) began in the United States in the early 1960s as mutual support groups designed to help members with problems of compulsive overeating. This research examines: 1) the ways that OA and WW addressed 'addictions' with food when they were first formed; 2) how each organization has changed over time; and 3) the ways that identities are constructed through the telling of stories within each programme. For this thesis, I used historical analysis, in-person and online participant observation, and content analysis as research methods. I found that while OA and WW once similarly addressed 'addictions' with food, this is no longer the case. WW no longer understands their members as fundamentally different from others in the ways that they eat, and OA now welcomes members with a variety of different compulsive eating behaviours. However, similar themes regarding identity emerged from the OA and WW stories used in this research. OA and WW members describe that they acquire different belief systems regarding health and how to eat in each programme. In comparing these two organizations, how each has changed over time and the shifts in identity described by OA and WW members, this research identifies aspects of everyday living that members of both groups similarly highlight as important factors influencing compulsive eating. Based on these findings, I then assess to what extent a new framework for understanding 'addiction' may be needed, and conclude by suggesting further areas of research that would be suitable for constructing this.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.